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Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. See also Timeline of Romanian history, Military history of Romania This article provides only a brief outline of each period of the History of Romania; details Prehistory 1000000 - 700000 - the appearance of the first carved tools the so-called "Pebble culture" ( Cultură de prund in Romanian The military History of Romania deals with conflicts spreading over a period of about 2500 years across the territory of modern Romania, the Balkan Prehistoric Romania (generally known before the Middle Ages emergence as a State as the region Dacia of the Dacians tribe The Roman province of Dacia on the Balkans included the modern Romanian regions of Transylvania, Banat and Oltenia, and temporarily The Early Middle Ages in Romania (also known the Dark Ages) lasted from about the 5th century to the 10th century, between the Hunnic The Romanians (also sometimes referred to along with other Balkan Latin peoples as Vlachs) are a people speaking Romanian, a Romance language The term Thraco-Roman refers to the culture and language of the Thracian peoples who were incorporated into the Roman Empire and ultimately fell under the Roman Context See also Romania in the Dark Ages The Dark Ages in what is now Romania ended around the 11th century, following Early Modern Romania is the portion of Romanian history that falls in the Early modern period, roughly from the end of the 15th century to the end of the 18th century Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks ( Greek:Φαναριώτες Romanian: Fanarioţi, Bulgarian:Фанариоти During the period of Austro-Hungarian rule in Transylvania and Ottoman suzerainty over Wallachia and Moldavia, most Romanians were Regulamentul Organic ( Romanian name translated as Organic Statute or Organic Regulation; French: Règlement Organique, The Wallachian Revolution of 1848 was a Romanian liberal and Romantic nationalist uprising in the principality of Wallachia. See also Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878 The Romanian War of Independence was fought in 1877 against the Ottoman Empire. See also Kings of Romania The Kingdom of Roumania (or ' Romania ' in post-1969 and also current spelling was the old Romanian state based on a form of The Romanian Campaign was a campaign in the Balkan theatre of World War I, with Romania and Russia allied against the armies of the Central See " România Mare " for other meanings The Greater Romania (România Mare generally refers to the territory of Romania in the years In June 1941 after a brief period of nominal neutrality under King Carol, Romania joined the Axis Powers. The Soviet occupation of Romania refers to the period from 1944 to August 1958 during which the Soviet Union maintained a significant military presence in Romania The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of increasingly violent riots and fighting in late December 1989 that overthrew the Communist regime of Nicolae 1989 revolution See also Romanian Revolution of 1989 1989 marked the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe The Dacians ( Lat Daci, Gr Dákai) were a Thracian people the ancient inhabitants of Dacia (located in the area It was named by the ancient Hellenes (Greeks) "Getae". The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The Getae ( Greek: Γέται singular Γέτης was the name given by the Greeks to several Thracian tribes that occupied the regions south of the Dacia was a large district of South Eastern Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathians, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisia or Tisa, on the east by the Tyras or Nistru, now in eastern Moldova. The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj "Tisa" redirects here For other uses see Tisa (disambiguation and Tisza (disambiguation. The Dniester (Дністер translit Dnister; Nistru is a river in Eastern Europe. Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania It thus corresponds in the main to modern Romania and Moldova, as well as parts of Hungary, Bulgaria and Ukraine. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The capital of Dacia was Sarmizegetusa. Sarmizegetusa (also Sarmisegetusa Sarmisegethusa Sarmisegethuza Ζαρμιζεγεθούσα (Zarmizegethousa Ζερμιζεγεθούση (Zermizegethouse) was the most The inhabitants of this district are generally considered as belonging to the Thracian nations. "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity

Contents

Name

The Dacians were known as Geta (plural Getae) in Greek writings, and as Dacus (plural Daci) and Getae in Roman documents; also as Dagae and Gaete—see the late Roman map Tabula Peutingeriana. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Tabula Peutingeriana ( Peutinger table) is an Itinerarium showing the Cursus publicus, the road network in the Roman Empire. Strabo tells that the original name of the Dacians was "daoi", which could be explained with a possible Phrygian cognate "daos", meaning "wolf". Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. The Phrygian language was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians a people from Thrace who later migrated to Asia Minor. This assumption is enforced by the fact that the Dacian standard, the Dacian Draco, had a wolf head. The Dacian Draco was the standard of the ancient Dacian military

It can be confusing that the geographical name "Dacia" was much later also used during the Middle Ages by the Roman Catholic Church for its northernmost province, namely Denmark-Norway-Sweden (Scandinavia) and even for Denmark alone. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well This article is about the region of Denmark. For the World War I naval battle see Battle of Jutland. In some historical documents, members of royalty of that area have been called "of Dacia".

Geography

Dacian Kingdom, during the rule of Burebista, 82 BC.
Dacian Kingdom, during the rule of Burebista, 82 BC. Burebista, is widely considered to be the greatest king of Dacia.

Towards the west Dacia may originally have extended as far as the Danube, where it runs from north to south at Waitzen (Vacz). Vác (ˈvaːts approximately "vats" (Vacov Waitzen Vacium is a city in Pest county in Hungary with approximately 33000 inhabitants Julius Caesar in his De Bello Gallico (book 6) speaks of the Hercynian forest extending along the Danube to the territory of the Dacians. Commentarii de Bello Gallico is Julius Caesar 's third-person account of his nine years of war in Gaul. The Hercynian Forest was an ancient and dense forest that stretched eastward from the Rhine River across southern Germany and formed the northern boundary of that part of Europe The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Ptolemy puts the eastern boundary of Dacia Trajana as far back as the Hierasus (Siret river, in modern Romania). Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca Siret is a town in Romania, Suceava County, 2 km close to the border with Ukraine, one of the main border passing points in the North of the country having Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania

The extent and location of the later geographical entity Dacia varied in its four distinct historical periods (see History, below);

Culture

Based on archaeological findings, the origins of the Dacian culture can be considered to have begun developing from north of the Danube river (south and east) to the Carpathian mountains, in the modern-day historical Romanian province of Muntenia and are identified as an evolution of the Iron Age Basarabi culture. Muntenia (or Greater Wallachia) is a historical province of Romania, usually considered Wallachia -proper ( Muntenia, Ţara Românească This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. The Basarabi culture was an archeological culture in Romania dated between 8th - 7th centuries BC

The Dacians had attained a considerable degree of civilization by the time they first became known to the Romans.

Religion

Main article: Dacian mythology
Dacian Sanctuary at Sarmisegetuza Regia.
Dacian Sanctuary at Sarmisegetuza Regia. Paleo-Balkanic mythology is a rubric that entails the gods and goddesses worshipped by the Dacians, Thracians, and Illyrians.

According to Herodotus History (book 4) account of the story of Zalmoxis (or Zamolxis), the Getae (speaking the same language as the Dacians - Strabo) believed in the immortality of the soul, and regarded death as merely a change of country. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Zalmoxis ( Greek Ζάλμοξις, also known as Salmoxis, Σάλμοξις Zamolxis, Ζάμολξις or Samolxis Σάμολξις Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. Their chief priest held a prominent position as the representative of the supreme deity, Zalmoxis. Zalmoxis ( Greek Ζάλμοξις, also known as Salmoxis, Σάλμοξις Zamolxis, Ζάμολξις or Samolxis Σάμολξις The chief priest was also the king's chief adviser. The Goth Jordanes in his Getica (The origin and deeds of the Goths), gives account of Dicineus (Deceneus), the highest priest of Buruista (Burebista) and considered the Dacians a related nation of the Goths. The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s Jordanes (also Jordanis or even Iornandes) was a 6th century Roman Bureaucrat, who turned his hand to History later in life De origine actibusque Getarum (lit The Origin and Deeds of the Getae but referring to the Goths whom Jordanes considered Getae or the Getica De origine actibusque Getarum (lit The Origin and Deeds of the Getae but referring to the Goths whom Jordanes considered Getae or the Getica Deceneus (or Dicineus, Dekaineos) refers in The Origin and Deeds of the Goths ( Getica) by Jordanes to two different men Burebista, is widely considered to be the greatest king of Dacia. The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s

Besides Zalmoxis, the Dacians believed in other deities such as Gebeleizis and Bendis.

Society

Comati
Comati

Dacians were divided into two classes: the aristocracy (tarabostes) and the common people (comati). The aristocracy alone had the right to cover their heads and wore a felt hat (hence pileati, their Latin name). The second class, who comprised the rank and file of the army, the peasants and artisans, might have been called capillati (in Latin). A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground Their appearance and clothing can be seen on Trajan's Column. Trajan's Column is a Monument in Rome raised in honour of the Roman emperor Trajan and constructed by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus

Dacians had developed the Murus dacicus, characteristic to their complexes of fortified cities, like their capital Sarmizegetusa in today Hunedoara (Romania). Murus Dacicus ( Latin for Dacian Wall) is a construction method for defence walls and fortifications developed in ancient Dacia sometime before the Roman Hunedoara ( German: Eisenmarkt; Hungarian: Vajdahunyad) is a city in Hunedoara County, Transylvania, Romania Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The degree of their urban development can be seen on Trajan's Column and in the account of how Sarmizegetusa was defeated by the Romans. Trajan's Column is a Monument in Rome raised in honour of the Roman emperor Trajan and constructed by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus The Romans identified and destroyed the water aqueducts or pipelines of the Dacian capital, only thus being able to end the long siege of Sarmizegetusa. An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe.

Greek and Roman chroniclers record the defeat and capture of Lysimachus in the 3rd century BC by the Getae (Dacians) ruled by Dromihete, their military strategy, and the release of Lysimachus following a debate in the assembly of the Getae. Lysimachus ( Greek: Λυσίμαχος Lysimachos; 360 BCE - 281 BCE was a Macedonian officer and diadochus (i The Dacian language was spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Dacia. Dromichaetes was ruler of the Getae on both sides of the lower Danube (present day Romania and Bulgaria) around 300 BC.

The cities of the Dacians were known as -dava, -deva, -δαυα ("-dawa" or "-dava", Anc. Gk.), -δεβα ("-deva", Byz. Gk.) or -δαβα ("-dava", Byz. Gk.), etc. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Medieval Greek (Μεσαιωνική Ελληνική is a linguistic term that describes the fourth period in the history of the Greek language. Medieval Greek (Μεσαιωνική Ελληνική is a linguistic term that describes the fourth period in the history of the Greek language. . A list of Dacian davas 1 and, more actual, at SOLTDM:

  1. In Dacia: Acidava, Argedava, Burridava, Dokidava, Carsidava, Clepidava, Cumidava, Marcodava, Netindava, Patridava, Pelendava, *Perburidava, Petrodaua, Piroboridaua, Rhamidaua, Rusidava, Sacidava, Sangidava, Setidava, Singidava, , Tamasidava, Utidava, Zargidava, Ziridava, Sucidava – 26 names altogether. Argedava (or Sargedava) was the capital of Burebista 's Dacian kingdom Craiova (kraˈjova the fifth largest Romanian city and capital of Dolj County, is situated near the east bank of the river Jiu in central
  2. In Lower Moesia (the present Northern Bulgaria) and Scythia minor (Dobrudja): Aedeba, *Buteridava, *Giridava, Dausadava, Kapidaua, Murideba, Sacidava, Scaidava (Skedeba), Sagadava, Sukidaua (Sucidava) – 10 names in total. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian
  3. In Upper Moesia (the districts of Nish, Sofia, and partly Kjustendil): Aiadaba, Bregedaba, Danedebai, Desudaba, Itadeba, Kuimedaba, Zisnudeba – 7 names in total.

Gil-doba, a village in Thracia, of unknown location. Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe

Thermi-daua, a town in Dalmatia. Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern Probably a Grecized form of *Germidava.

Pulpu-deva, (Phillipopolis) today Plovdiv in Bulgaria. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian

Occupations

Dacian gold coins of Koson type, 1st century BC.
Dacian gold coins of Koson type, 1st century BC.

The chief occupations of Dacians were agriculture, apiculture, viticulture, livestock, ceramics and metal working. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin apis, Bee) is the maintenance of Honey bee colonies commonly in Hives Viticulture (from the Latin word for Vine) is the Science, production and study of Grapes which deals with the series of Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food Ceramics and ceramic art in the art world means artwork made out of clay bodies and fired to form a ceramic. Metalworking is craft and practice of working with Metals to create individual parts assemblies or large scale structures The Roman province Dacia is represented on Roman Sestertius (coin) as a woman seated on a rock, holding aquila, a small child on her knee holding ears of grain, and a small child seated before her holding grapes. The sestertius, or sesterce, was an ancient Roman Coin. During the Roman Republic it was a small Silver, and rare coin issued

They also worked the gold and silver mines of Transylvania. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian They carried on a considerable outside trade, as is shown by the number of foreign coins found in the country (see also Decebalus Treasure). The story During the Second Dacian War many nobles were caught and some surrounded among them was one named Biklis who has shown the place were the treasure was hidden

Commercial relations were flourishing for centuries, first with the Greeks, then with Romans, as we can find even today an impressive collection of gold currency used in various periods of Dacian history. The first coins produced by the Geto-Dacians were imitations of silver coins of the Macedonian kings Philip II and Alexander III (the Great). Early in the 1st century BC, the Dacians replaced these with silver denarii of the Roman Republic, both official coins of Rome exported to Dacia and locally made imitations of them.

Language

Dacian objects.
Dacian objects.
Main article: Dacian language

The Dacians spoke an Indo-European language, but its characteristics are still disputed, due to insufficient archaeological evidence. The Dacian language was spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Dacia. Greek sources quote some place names, words, and even a list of about fifty plants written in Greek and Roman sources (see List of Dacian plant names), but this is still not enough to classify it, although many scholars assume it was part of the Satem branch. This is a list of plant names in Dacian, an ancient language of South Eastern Europe, from Dioscorides ' De Materia Medica ( abb

The modern Romanian language has a substratum of several hundred words from an ancient Balkan language, often identified with the language of the Dacians(like:"buturuga, barza, barda, beci. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance The Eastern Romance languages developed from the Proto-Romanian language which in turn developed from the Vulgar Latin spoken in a region of the Balkans . ").

Political entities

Classical Dacia and environs, from Alexander G. Findlay's Classical Atlas to Illustrate Ancient Geography, New York, 1849.
Classical Dacia and environs, from Alexander G. Findlay's Classical Atlas to Illustrate Ancient Geography, New York, 1849.

The migrations of the fore bearers of Ancient Greece (ca. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca 750 BC— or earlier) most likely originated at least in part from periodic swelled populations in the easy living found in the fertile plains of the region. Such migrations were in mythological times, and well before historical records. It is likely that trade with communities along the Danube via the Black sea was a regular occurrence, even in Minoan times (2700 to 1450 BC). The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete.

At the beginning of the 2nd century BC, under the rule of Rubobostes, a Dacian king in present-day Transylvania, the Dacians' power in the Carpathian basin increased by defeating the Celts who previously held the power in the region. Rubobostes was a Dacian king in Transylvania, during the 2nd century BC. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian The Pannonian Basin or Carpathian Basin is a large basin in Central Europe. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts

A kingdom of Dacia was in existence at least as early as the first half of the 2nd century BC under King Oroles. Oroles was a king of Dacia during the first half of the 2nd century BC. Conflicts with the Bastarnae and the Romans (112 BC-109 BC, 74 BC), against whom they had assisted the Scordisci and Dardani, greatly weakened the resources of the Dacians. The Bastarnae were an important ancient people of uncertain but probably mixed Germanic-Celtic-Sarmatian ethnic origin who lived between the Danube and the Dnieper (Strabo Geography Scordisci were in ancient geography a war-like tribe inhabiting the southern part of lower Pannonia, comprising parts of the present-day countries Austria, The Dardani ( Ancient Greek Δαρδάνιοι were a Thraco-Illyrian tribe

Under Burebista (Boerebista), a contemporary of Julius Caesar, who thoroughly reorganised the army and raised the moral standard of the people, the limits of the kingdom were extended to their maximum. Burebista, is widely considered to be the greatest king of Dacia. The Bastarnae and Boii were conquered, and even the Greek towns of Olbia and Apollonia on the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus) recognised Burebista's authority. Boii ( Latin plural singular Boius; Greek) is the Roman name of an ancient Celtic tribe, attested at various Olbia ( Sardinian: Terranoa, Gallurese: Tarranoa) is a town of approximately 51000 inhabitants in northeastern The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Burebista, is widely considered to be the greatest king of Dacia.

Indeed the Dacians appeared so formidable that Caesar contemplated an expedition against them; something his death prevented. About the same time, Burebista was murdered, and the kingdom was divided into four (or five) parts under separate rulers. One of these was Cotiso, whose daughter Augustus is said to have desired to marry and to whom Augustus betrothed his own five-year-old daughter Julia. Cotiso (approximately 30 BC) was a Dacian king who ruled the mountains between Banat and Oltenia (modern-day Romania) Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was He is well known from the line in Horace (Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen, Odes, III. Quintus Horatius Flaccus, ( Venosa, December 8, 65 BC - Rome, November 27, 8 BC known in the English-speaking world as Horace 8. 18).

The Dacians are often mentioned under Augustus, according to whom they were compelled to recognise Roman supremacy. However they were by no means subdued, and in later times to maintain their independence they seized every opportunity of crossing the frozen Danube during the winter and ravaging the Roman cities in the province of Moesia. Moesia (Μοισία Moisía; Мизия Miziya; Moesia Мезија Mezija) was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the

Roman conquest

Roman Dacia
Roman Dacia
Main articles: Dacian Wars and Roman Dacia

Trajan turned his attention to Dacia, an area north of Macedon and Greece and east of the Danube that had been on the Roman agenda since before the days of Caesar[2][3] when they had beaten a Roman army at the Battle of Histria. The Roman province of Dacia on the Balkans included the modern Romanian regions of Transylvania, Banat and Oltenia, and temporarily Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who Histria may refer to one of the following Ancient name of Istria Peninsula Histria Town an ancient Greek colony on the western [4] In 85, the Dacians had swarmed over the Danube and pillaged Moesia[5][6] and initially defeated an army the Emperor Domitian sent against them,[7] but the Romans were victorious in the Battle of Tapae in 88 AD and a truce was drawn up. Two battles took place at Tapae under the Roman Emperor Domitian in order to protect the Roman province of Moesia, nearly two decades before [7]

From AD85 to AD89, the Dacians (under Decebalus) were engaged in two wars with the Romans. Decebalus or "The Brave One" was a king of Dacia (originally named Diurpaneus &mdashruled the Dacians 87 – 106 and is famous for fighting three

In AD87, the Roman troops under Cornelius Fuscus were defeated, and Cornelius Fuscus was killed by the Dacians under the authority of their ruler, Diurpaneus. Cornelius Fuscus (?&ndash86 was a Roman General who fought campaigns under the Emperors of the Flavian dynasty. After this victory, Diurpaneus took the name of Decebalus. The next year, AD88, new Roman troops under Tettius Iullianus, gained a signal advantage, but were obliged to make peace owing to the defeat of Domitian by the Marcomanni, so the Dacians were really left independent. Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 &ndash 18 September 96 commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Buri, Suebi or Suevi Even more, Decebalus received the status of "king client to Rome", receiving from Rome military instructors, craftsmen and even money.

Emperor Trajan recommenced hostilities against Dacia and, following an uncertain number of battles,[8] defeated the Dacian general Decebalus in the Second Battle of Tapae in 101 AD. Decebalus or "The Brave One" was a king of Dacia (originally named Diurpaneus &mdashruled the Dacians 87 – 106 and is famous for fighting three The Battle of Tapae ( 101) was the decisive battle of the first Dacian War, in which Roman Emperor Trajan defeated the Dacian [9] With Trajan's troops pressing towards the Dacian capital Sarmizegethusa, Decebalus once more sought terms. Sarmizegetusa (also Sarmisegetusa Sarmisegethusa Sarmisegethuza Ζαρμιζεγεθούσα (Zarmizegethousa Ζερμιζεγεθούση (Zermizegethouse) was the most [10] Decebalus rebuilt his power over the following years and attacked Roman garrisons again in 105 AD. In response Trajan again marched into Dacia,[11] besieging the Dacian capital in the Siege of Sarmizegethusa, and razing it to the ground. [12] With Dacia quelled, Trajan subsequently invaded the Parthian empire to the east, his conquests taking the Roman Empire to its greatest extent. Rome's borders in the east were indirectly governed through a system of client states for some time, leading to less direct campaigning than in the west in this period. Satellite state is a political term that refers to a country which is formally independent but under heavy influence or control by another country [13]

To expand the glory of his reign, restore the finances of Rome, and end a treaty perceived as humiliating, Trajan resolved on the conquest of Dacia and with it the capture of the famous Treasure of Decebalus and control over the Dacian gold mines of Transylvania. "Gold mine" redirects here See Goldmine for other uses of the term Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian The result of his first campaign (101–102) was the siege of the Dacian capital Sarmizegethusa and the occupation of a part of the country. The second campaign (105–106) ended with the suicide of Decebalus, and the conquest of the territory that was to form the Roman province Dacia Traiana. In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa The Roman province of Dacia on the Balkans included the modern Romanian regions of Transylvania, Banat and Oltenia, and temporarily The history of the war is given by Cassius Dio, but the best commentary upon it is the famous Column of Trajan in Rome. Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Greek:) (c 155 or 163/164 to after 229 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was Trajan's Column is a Monument in Rome raised in honour of the Roman emperor Trajan and constructed by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2

Although the Romans conquered and destroyed the ancient Kingdom of Dacia, a large remainder of the land remained outside of Roman Imperial authority. Additionally, the conquest changed the balance of power in the region and was the catalyst for a renewed alliance of Germanic and Celtic tribes and kingdoms against the Roman Empire. However, the material advantages of the Roman Imperial system wasn't lost on much of the surviving aristocracy. Thus, most of the Romanian historians and linguists believe that many of the Dacians became Romanised (see also Origin of Romanians). The Romanians (also sometimes referred to along with other Balkan Latin peoples as Vlachs) are a people speaking Romanian, a Romance language

Nonetheless, Germanic and Celtic kingdoms, particularly the Gothic tribes made a slow progression toward the Dacian borders and soon within a generation were making assaults on the province. Ultimately, the Goths succeeded in dislodging the Romans and restoring the independence of Dacia following Aurelian's withdrawal, in 275. The province was abandoned by Roman troops, but the bulk of the civilian population remained. At this time a surviving aristocratic Dacian line revived the kingdom under Regalianus. P C(assius? Regalianus (d 260 was a Roman usurper against Gallienus. About his origin, the Tyranni Triginta says he was a Dacian, a kinsman of Decebalus. Nonetheless, the Gothic aristocracy remained ascendant and through intermarriage soon dominated the kingdom which was absorbed into their larger empire.

During Diocletian, circa AD296, in order to defend the Roman border, fortifications are erected by the Romans, on both banks of the Danube[14]. Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus ( ca. December 22 244 The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes December 22 as his birthdate

See also

Royal helmet
Royal helmet



< Prehistory | History of Romania | Roman Dacia >

References

  1. ^ Charles Matson Odahl: Constantine and the Christian Empire
  2. ^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 322
  3. ^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 213
  4. ^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 215
  5. ^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 216
  6. ^ Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 53
  7. ^ a b Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 217
  8. ^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 219
  9. ^ Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 54
  10. ^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 329
  11. ^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 222
  12. ^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome, p. 223
  13. ^ Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 39
  14. ^ Charles Matson Odahl: Constantine and the Christian Empire

External links

Dictionary

Dacia

-proper noun

  1. An ancient kingdom located in the area now known as Romania. The Dacian kingdom was conquered by the Romans and later named Romania after them.
  2. Denmark (Dacia is an obsolete Medieval Latin name for Denmark).
  3. An automobile produced in Romania, the Dacia.
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