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The main entrance just after the liberation
The main entrance just after the liberation
Memorial at the camp in 1997
Memorial at the camp in 1997

Dachau was a Nazi German concentration camp, and the first one opened in Germany, located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory near the medieval town of Dachau, about 16 km (10 miles) northwest of Munich in the state of Bavaria which is located in southern Germany. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial Building where workers manufacture goods Dachau is a town in Bavaria, in the southern part of Germany It is a major district town—a Große Kreisstadt —of the administrative Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12

Opened in March 1933[1], it was the first regular concentration camp established by the coalition government of National Socialist (Nazi) NSDAP party and the Catholic Zentrum party (dissolved on 6 July 1933). The German Centre Party ( Deutsche Zentrumspartei or merely Zentrum) was a Catholic political party in Germany during the Kaiserreich Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Heinrich Himmler, Chief of Police of Munich, officially described the camp as "the first concentration camp for political prisoners. Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945 was a Nazi German politician and head of the Schutzstaffel (SS. A political prisoner is someone held in Prison or otherwise detained perhaps under House arrest, for his or her involvement in political activity "[2]

Dachau served as a prototype and model for the other Nazi concentration camps that followed. A prototype is an original type form or instance of something serving as a typical example basis or standard for other things of the same category See also List of Nazi-German concentration camps, Extermination camp Prior to and during World War II, Nazi Germany under Hitler maintained Its basic organization, camp layout as well as the plan for the buildings were developed by Kommandant Theodor Eicke and were applied to all later camps. Commandant (pronounced /'cɒmʊndɑnt/ or /'cɒmʊndænt/ COM-un-dahnt, -dant is a military or police title or rank Theodor Eicke ( October 17 1892 &ndash February 26, 1943) was a Nazi official SS- Obergruppenführer, commander He had a separate secure camp near the command center, which consisted of living quarters, administration, and army camps. Eicke himself became the chief inspector for all concentration camps, responsible for molding the others according to his model. [3]

In total, over 200,000 prisoners from more than 30 countries were housed in Dachau of whom two-thirds were political prisoners and nearly one-third were Jews. A political prisoner is someone held in Prison or otherwise detained perhaps under House arrest, for his or her involvement in political activity PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ [4] 25,613 prisoners are believed to have died in the camp and almost another 10,000 in its subcamps,[5] primarily from disease, malnutrition and suicide. A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient diet. In early 1945, there was a typhus epidemic in the camp followed by an evacuation, in which large numbers of the weaker prisoners died. Typhus is any of several similar diseases caused by Louse -borne bacteria In Epidemiology, an epidemic (from Greek epi- upon + demos people is a classification of a disease that appears as new cases in a

Together with the much larger Auschwitz, Dachau has come to symbolize the Nazi concentration camps to many people. "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany Konzentrationslager (KZ) Dachau holds a significant place in public memory because it was the second camp to be liberated by British or American forces. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Therefore, it was one of the first places where the West was exposed to the reality of Nazi brutality through firsthand journalist accounts and through newsreels. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends A newsreel is a Documentary film that is regularly released in a public presentation place containing filmed News stories [6]

Contents

Organization

Aerial photo of the camp
Aerial photo of the camp
All prisoners walked through this gate, marked with the sentence Arbeit macht frei
All prisoners walked through this gate, marked with the sentence Arbeit macht frei
Prisoners' barracks in 1945
Prisoners' barracks in 1945

The camp was divided into two sections: the camp area and the crematorium. Origin In 1872 the German-nationalist author Lorenz Diefenbach used the expression " Arbeit macht frei " as the title for a novel causing The camp area consisted of 32 barracks, including one for clergy imprisoned for opposing the Nazi regime and one reserved for medical experiments. The courtyard between the prison and the central kitchen was used for the summary execution of prisoners. The camp was surrounded by an electrified barbed-wire gate, a ditch, and a wall with seven guard towers. [3]

In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated construction of a large complex of buildings on the grounds of the original camp. Prisoners were forced to do this work, starting with the destruction of the old munitions factory, under terrible conditions. The construction was officially completed in mid-August 1938 and the camp remained essentially unchanged and in operation until 1945. Dachau thus was the longest running concentration camp of the Third Reich. The area in Dachau included other SS facilities beside the concentration camp—a leader school of the economic and civil service, the medical school of the SS, etc. The KZ at that time was called a "protective custody camp," and occupied less than half of the area of the entire complex.

Dachau also served as the central camp for Christian religious prisoners. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth According to records of the Roman Catholic Church, at least 3,000 religious, deacons, priests, and bishops were imprisoned there. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Deacon is a role in the Christian Church that is generally associated with service of some kind but which varies among theological and denominational traditions A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight [7]

In August 1944 a women's camp opened inside Dachau. Its first shipment of women came from Auschwitz Birkenau. Only 19 women guards served at Dachau, most of them until liberation. Of the 55000 guards who served in Nazi concentration camps, about 3700 were women [8][9]

In the last months of the war, the conditions at Dachau became even worse. As Allied forces advanced toward Germany, the Germans began to move prisoners in concentration camps near the front to more centrally located camps. They hoped to prevent the liberation of large numbers of prisoners. Transports from the evacuated camps arrived continuously at Dachau. After days of travel with little or no food or water, the prisoners arrived weak and exhausted, often near death. Typhus epidemics became a serious problem as a result of overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, insufficient provisions, and the weakened state of the prisoners.

Owing to continual new transportations from the front, the camp was constantly overcrowded and the hygiene conditions were beneath human dignity. Starting from the end of 1944 up to the day of liberation, 15,000 people died, about half of all victims in KZ Dachau. Five hundred Soviet POWs were executed by firing squad.

On 27 April 1945 Victor Maurer, delegate of the International Committee of the Red Cross, was allowed to enter camps and distribute food. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated In the evening of the same day a prisoner transport arrived from Buchenwald. Buchenwald concentration camp (German Konzentrationslager or 'KZ' Buchenwald) was a Nazi concentration camp established on the Ettersberg (Etter Mountain near Only 800 survivors were brought from the original 4,480 to 4,800 prisoners in transit. Over 2,300 corpses were left lying in and around the train. The last regular commander of the KZ, Obersturmbannführer Eduard Weiter, had fled on 26 April. Obersturmbannführer was a Paramilitary Nazi Party rank used by both the SA and the SS. He probably followed Obersturmbannführer Martin Gottfried Weiss, who had led the camp from September 1942 until November 1943. Martin Weiss (born 3 June 1905 in Weiden in der Oberpfalz – 29 May 1946) was the Commandant of Dachau concentration camp

On 28 April 1945, the day before the surrender, Camp Commandant Martin Gottfried Weiss had left the Dachau camp, along with most of the regular guards and administrators in the camp. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar On that same day, Victor Maurer, a representative of the Red Cross, had tried to persuade Untersturmführer Johannes Otto, the adjutant of Commandant Weiss, not to abandon the camp, but to leave guards posted to keep the prisoners inside until the Americans arrived. Untersturmführer was a paramilitary rank of the German Schutzstaffel first created in July 1934. Maurer feared that the prisoners would escape en masse and spread the active typhus fever epidemic. Lt. Otto declined to remain and fled.

Commanders

Liberation

Corpses lie in one of the open railcars of the Dachau death train
Corpses lie in one of the open railcars of the Dachau death train

On 29 April 1945 the watchtowers of the Dachau camp remained occupied and a white flag was hoisted. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Red Cross representative Maurer persuaded SS-Sturmscharführer Heinrich Wicker, an officer in the SS-Totenkopfverbände, to accompany him to the main gate of the complex to surrender the camp formally. Sturmscharführer was a Nazi rank of the Waffen-SS that existed between 1934 and 1945

Late in the afternoon of 29 April 1945 KZ Dachau was surrendered to the American Army by SS-Sturmscharführer Heinrich Wicker. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Sturmscharführer was a Nazi rank of the Waffen-SS that existed between 1934 and 1945 [10] A vivid description of the surrender appears in Brig. Gen. Henning Linden's official "Report on Surrender of Dachau Concentration Camp":

As we moved down along the west side of the concentration camp and approached the southwest corner, three people approached down the road under a flag of truce. We met these people about 75 yards north of the southwest entrance to the camp. These three people were a Swiss Red Cross representative and two SS troopers who said they were the camp commander and assistant camp commander and that they had come into the camp on the night of the 28th to take over from the regular camp personnel for the purpose of turning the camp over to the advancing Americans. The Swiss Red Cross representative acted as interpreter and stated that there were about 100 SS guards in the camp who had their arms stacked except for the people in the tower. He said he had given instructions that there would be no shots fired and it would take about 50 men to relieve the guards, as there were 42,000 half-crazed prisoners of war in the camp, many of them typhus infected. He asked if I were an officer of the American army, to which I replied, "Yes, I am Assistant Division Commander of the 42d Division and will accept the surrender of the camp in the name of the Rainbow Division for the American army. "

This picture shows an execution of SS troops by American soldiers
This picture shows an execution of SS troops by American soldiers

General Dwight D. Eisenhower, issued a communique over the capture of Dachau concentration "Our forces liberated and mopped up the infamous concentration camp at Dachau. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Approximately 32,000 prisoners were liberated; 300 SS camp guards were quickly neutralized. "[11]

Tablet dedicated to the 42nd Division.
Tablet dedicated to the 42nd Division.

A tablet at the camp commemorates the liberation of Dachau by the 42nd Infantry Division of the U.S. Seventh Army on 29 April 1945. The 42nd Infantry Division is an division of the National Guard and United States Army. The Seventh United States Army, formerly the United States Army Europe, is the land component of United States European Command. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Other claim that the first forces to enter the main camp were a battalion of the 157th Infantry Regiment of the 45th Infantry Division commanded by Felix L. Sparks. Brigadier General Felix Sparks ( August 2[[ 917]]&mdash September 25 2007) was an American military commander who led the 3rd Battalion There is an on-going disagreement as to which division, the 42nd or the 45th, actually liberated Dachau because they seem to have approached by different routes and by the American Army's definition, anyone arriving at such a camp within 48 hours was a liberator. [12] General Patton visited the Buchenwald camp after it was liberated, but not Dachau.

The Americans found approximately 32,000 prisoners, crammed 1,600 to each of 20 barracks, which had been designed to house 250 people each.

The American troops were so horrified by conditions at the camp that a few shot some of the camp guards after they had surrendered in what is called the Dachau massacre. The Dachau massacre took place in the area of Dachau concentration camp, near Dachau, Germany, on April 29, 1945 during World The number massacred is disputed as some Germans were killed in combat, some were killed while attempting to surrender, and others were killed after their surrender was accepted. Felix L. Sparks, the commander of a battalion that captured the camp, has stated that "The total number of German guards killed at Dachau during that day most certainly not exceed fifty, with thirty probably being a more accurate figure. The regimental records [of the 57th Infantry Regiment] for that date indicate that over a thousand German prisoners were brought to the regimental collecting point. Since my task force was leading the regimental attack, almost all the prisoners were taken by the task force, including several hundred from Dachau". [13] The "[American Army] Investigation of Alleged Mistreatment of German Guards at Dachau" found that about 15 Germans were killed (with another 4 or 5 wounded) after their surrender had been accepted. Two other reports collated years after the incident put the figure between 122 and 520 Germans killed after their surrender had been accepted. [14]

As a result of the American Army investigation court-martial charges were drawn up against Sparks and several other men under his command, but as General Patton, the recently appointed military governor of Bavaria, chose to dismiss the charges so the witnesses to the massacre were never cross examined in court and no one was found guilty. A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a Military court. These military courts can determine Punishments for members of the Military subject For the 19th century Scottish jurist/politician see George Patton Lord Glenalmond. [13]

The U. S. troops also forced citizens of the local community to come to the camp, observe the conditions, and help clean the facilities. Many local residents were indignant about the experience and claimed no knowledge of the camp's activities.

Post-liberation Easter at Dachau

Liberated Dachau camp prisoners cheer U.S. troops
Liberated Dachau camp prisoners cheer U. S. troops

A few days after the liberation of the camp was the day of Pascha, Orthodox Easter. Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. In a cell block used by Catholic priests to say daily Mass, several Greek, Serbian, and Russian priests and one Serbian deacon, wearing makeshift vestments made from towels of the SS guard, gathered with several hundred Greek, Serbian and Russian prisoners to celebrate the Paschal Matins and Liturgy. The Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Deacon is a role in the Christian Church that is generally associated with service of some kind but which varies among theological and denominational traditions The Easter Vigil, also called the Paschal Vigil or the Great Vigil of Easter, is a service held in many Christian churches as the first official celebration A prisoner named Rahr described the scene:

In the entire history of the Orthodox Church there has probably never been an Easter service like the one at Dachau in 1945. The term Orthodox Christianity may refer to The Eastern Orthodox Church: the Eastern Christian churches of Byzantine Greek and Serbian priests together with a Serbian deacon adorned the make-shift 'vestments' over their blue and gray-striped prisoners' uniforms. Then they began to chant, changing from Greek to Slavonic, and then back again to Greek. The Easter Canon, the Easter Sticheras—everything was recited from memory. A canon is a structured Hymn used in a number of Eastern Orthodox services The Gospel—In the beginning was the Word—also from memory. And finally, the Homily of Saint John—also from memory. The Paschal homily or sermon (also known in Greek as Hieratikon or as the Catechetical Homily) of St John Chrysostom is read aloud A young Greek monk from the Holy Mountain stood up in front of us and recited it with such infectious enthusiasm that we shall never forget him as long as we live. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective Mount Athos (Όρος Άθως is a mountain on the Peninsula of the same name in Macedonia, of northern Greece, called in Greek Άγιον Saint John Chrysostomos himself seemed to speak through him to us and to the rest of the world as well!

Crowd of cheering survivors.
Crowd of cheering survivors. This article refers to the Christian saint For other uses of the name see Chrysostomos.

There is a Russian Orthodox chapel at the camp today, and it is well known for its exquisite icon of Christ leading the prisoners out of the camp gates. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure An icon (from Greek εἰκών eikōn, "image" is a religious work of art most commonly a painting from Eastern Christianity.

The U. S. 7th Army's version of the events of the Dachau Liberation are available in Report of Operations of the Seventh United States Army, Vol. 3, page 382.

After liberation

After liberation, the camp was used by the US Army as an internment camp. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial In 1948 the Bavarian government established housing for refugees on the site, and this remained for many years. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race [15]

The memorial site

The commemorative mass grave dedicated to the unknown dead at Dachau
The commemorative mass grave dedicated to the unknown dead at Dachau
"Never again" written in several languages
"Never again" written in several languages

Between 1945 and 1948 when the camp was handed over to the Bavarian authorities, many accused war criminals and members of the SS were imprisoned at the camp. After this period, due to a severe housing shortage and the arrival of many thousands of refugees from Eastern Germany, the camp was used as temporary housing until the 1950s. During this time, former prisoners banded together to erect a memorial on the site of the camp, finding it unbelievable that there were still people (refugees) living in the former camp. A memorial is an object which serves as a memory of something usually a person (who has died or an event

The display, which was reworked in 2003, takes the visitor through the path of new arrivals to the camp. Special presentations of some of the notable prisoners are also provided. Two of the barracks have been rebuilt and one shows a cross-section of the entire history of the camp, since the original barracks had to be torn down due to their poor condition when the memorial was built. Barracks are living quarters for personnel on a Military post The other 28 barracks are indicated by concrete foundations.

The memorial includes four chapels for the various religions represented among the prisoners.

The local government resisted designating the complete site a memorial. The former SS barracks adjacent to the camp are now occupied by the Bavarian Bereitschaftspolizei (rapid response police unit). The Bereitschaftspolizei (literally "Alert Police" or "Readiness Police" are the support and rapid reaction units of Germany 's police forces [16]

Notable prisoners of Dachau

Hundreds of prisoners were stacked into triple bunks in each barracks
Hundreds of prisoners were stacked into triple bunks in each barracks
The sign says that prisoners were hanged from the rafters. The ovens cremated the dead
The sign says that prisoners were hanged from the rafters. The ovens cremated the dead
The modern sign outside the building housing the cremation ovens says in German: "Think about how we died here"
The modern sign outside the building housing the cremation ovens says in German: "Think about how we died here"
Sign on the gravel road leading to the entrance
Sign on the gravel road leading to the entrance
The camp courtyard
The camp courtyard

Jewish political prisoners

Resistance fighters

Clergymen

Dachau had a special "priest block. Yolande Beekman (born November 7, 1911, Paris, died September 13, 1944, Dachau concentration camp, Germany The Special Operations Executive ( SOE) (sometimes referred to as "the Baker Street Irregulars " after Sherlock Holmes ' fictional group of helpers Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Madeleine Zoe Damerment (b November 11 1917, Lille, France - d The Special Operations Executive ( SOE) (sometimes referred to as "the Baker Street Irregulars " after Sherlock Holmes ' fictional group of helpers Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Eliane Plewman ( 1917 - September 13[[ 944]] was a French SOE agent and member of French resistance. The Special Operations Executive ( SOE) (sometimes referred to as "the Baker Street Irregulars " after Sherlock Holmes ' fictional group of helpers Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. " Of the 2720 priests (among them 2579 Catholic) held in Dachau, 1034 did not survive the camp. The majority were Polish (1780), of whom 868 died in Dachau.

Politicians

Communists

Writers

Royalty

Others

Gallery

Memorial to the victims of Dachau (October 2007)

New crematorium (October 2007)

Original crematorium used by the Nazis (October 2007)

Protestant Church of Reconciliation (June 2005)

Catholic Mortal Agony of Christ chapel (June 2005)

Jewish Memorial (June 2005)

Tower (June 2005)

Marker where barracks building #9 stood (June 2005)

View of roll-call area from one of the buildings (June 2005)

Prisoner bunks (June 2005)

Prisoner bunks (June 2005)

Prisoner sinks (June 2005)

Prisoner bathroom (June 2005)

The entrance and the northern part of the bunker (September 2007)

The hallway inside the bunker (September 2007)

References

  1. ^ The Dachau Gas Chambers: Photograph 2 - Münchner Neueste Nachrichten (The Munich Latest News), March 21, 1933
  2. ^ http://www.mazal.org/archive/DACHPHO/Dach02.htm Translation: The Munich Chief of Police, Himmler, has issued the following press announcement: On Wednesday the first concentration camp is to be opened in Dachau with an accommodation for 5000 persons. All Communists and—where necessary—Reichsbanner and Social Democratic functionaries who endanger state security are to be concentrated here, as in the long run it is not possible to keep individual functionaries in the state prisons without overburdening these prisons, and on the other hand these people cannot be released because attempts have shown that they persist in their efforts to agitate and organise as soon as they are released.
  3. ^ a b United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. "The Holocaust. " Holocaust Encyclopedia. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005214
  4. ^ Dachau - The First Concentration Camp. Archived from the original on 2006-01-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.
  5. ^ That Was Dachau 1933 - 1945 by Stanislav Zámečník Page 377 and 379
  6. ^ Among the most famous inmates of the Dachau concentration camp were Hans Litten, Fred Rabinowitz (a. k. a. Fred Roberts), Stefan Starzynski, the composer Blaž Arnič and Alfred Gruenebaum, the father of a prominent U.S. obstetrician, Amos Grunebaum. Stefan Starzyński ( January 19, 1893 - c October 17, 1943) was a Polish Politician, Economist, Writer Blaž Arnič ( 31 January 1901 &ndash 1 February 1970) was a Slovenian symphonic Composer. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Obstetrics (from the Latin obstare, "to stand by" is the surgical speciality dealing with the care of a woman and her offspring during Pregnancy Amos Grunebaum ( January 27, 1950 - present is one of the top US Obstetricians and Gynecologists His subspecialty is in Maternal-fetal medicine
  7. ^ Particularly notable among the Christian residents are Karl Leisner (Catholic priest ordained while in the camp, beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1996) and Martin Niemöller (Protestant theologian and Nazi resistance leader). Karl Leisner ( February 28, 1915 &ndash August 12, 1945) was a Roman Catholic Priest interned in the Dachau concentration Beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed via Greek μακάριος makarios) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic church Pope Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Friedrich Gustav Emil Martin Niemöller (14 January 1892 &ndash 6 March 1984 was a prominent German anti-Nazi Theologian and Lutheran pastor Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.
  8. ^ THE CAMP WOMEN, The Female Auxiliaries who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System by Daniel Patrick Brown.
  9. ^ Sources show the names of sixteen of the nineteen women guarding the camp; Fanny Baur, Leopoldine Bittermann, Ernestine Brenner, Anna Buck, Rosa Dolaschko, Maria Eder, Rosa Grassmann, Betty Hanneschaleger, Ruth Elfriede Hildner, Josefa Keller, Berta Kimplinger, Lieselotte Klaudat, Theresia Kopp, Rosalie Leimboeck, and Thea Miesl. Ruth Elfriede Hildner ( November 1, 1919 – May 2, 1947) was an SS guard at several Nazi concentration camps during Rosalie Leimboeck was a female Nazi guard at three concentration camps from August 1944 until April 1945 Women guards were also staffed at the Augsburg Michelwerke, Burgau, Kaufering, Muhldorf, and Munich Agfa Camera Werke subcamps. In mid-April 1945 many female subcamps at Kaufering, Augsburg and Munich closed, and the SS women stationed at Dachau. Kaufering is a Municipality in the district of Landsberg in Bavaria in Germany. Augsburg is an independent City in the south-west of Bavaria. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. It is reported that female SS guards gave prisoners guns before liberation to save them from postwar prosecution.
  10. ^ 2nd Lt. Heinrich Wicker, the man who surrendered the Dachau concentration camp, 29 April 1945
  11. ^ Staff, quoting Abram Sachar on The Liberation of Dachau, Nizkor Project. The Nizkor Project ( Hebrew: נִזְכּוֹר we will remember) is an ongoing Internet -based project run by Ken McVay which is dedicated
  12. ^ Albert Panebianco (ed). Dachau its liberation 57th Infantry Association, Felix L. Sparks, Secretary 15 June 1989. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history (backup site) Cites a letter by James R. Bird to Joseph I. Lieberman
  13. ^ a b Albert Panebianco (ed). Joseph Isadore "Joe" Lieberman (born February 24 1942 is the junior United States Senator from Connecticut. Dachau its liberation 57th Infantry Association, Felix L. Sparks, Secretary 15 June 1989. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history (backup site)
  14. ^ Staff. A review of Col. Howard A. Buechner's account of execution of Waffen-SS soldiers during the liberation of Dachau, Scrapbookpages.com, 28 July, 2006
  15. ^ Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site (pedagogical information) (German)
  16. ^ Sven Felix Kellerhoff. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. "Neue Museumskonzepte für die Konzentrationslager", WELT ONLINE, Axel Springer AG, 2002-10-21 23:33. Retrieved on 2008-06-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks (German) ". . . die SS-Kasernen neben dem KZ Dachau wurden zuerst (bis 1974) von der US-Armee bezogen. Seither nutzt sie die VI. Bayerische Bereitschaftspolizei. (. . . the SS barracks adjacent to the Dachau concentration camp were at first occupied by the US Army (until 1974) . Since then they have been used by the Sixth Rapid Response Unit of the Bavarian Police. )" 

External links

See also


The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Dachau Trials were proceedings against minor war criminals found in the United States sectors of occupation in Germany and Austria and those accused of committing war crimes against This article is a list of Nazi-German concentration camps.In the table below Extermination camps are marked with pink Below is the list of subcamps of the Dachau complex of Nazi concentration camps.
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