Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Agency overview
Formed	1958
Employees	240
Annual Budget	$3. 2 billion
Agency Executive	Anthony J. Tether, Director
Website
www.darpa.mil

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new technology for use by the military. Anthony J Tether was appointed as Director of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA) on June 18, 2001. A government agency is a permanent or semi-permanent organization in the Machinery of government that is responsible for the oversight and administration of specific functions The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States DARPA has been responsible for funding the development of many technologies which have had a major impact on the world, including computer networking, as well as NLS, which was both the first hypertext system, and an important precursor to the contemporary ubiquitous graphical user interface. Computer networking is the Engineering Discipline concerned with communication between Computer systems or devices Networking routers NLS, or the "oN-Line System" was a revolutionary Computer collaboration system designed by Douglas Engelbart and the researchers

Its original name was simply Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), but it was renamed DARPA (for Defense) on 23 March 1972, then back to ARPA on 22 February 1993, and then back to DARPA again on 11 March 1996. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar)

DARPA was established in 1958 in response to the Soviet launching of Sputnik in 1957, with the mission of keeping the USA military technology ahead of its enemies. Sputnik 1 ( "Спутник-1", "Satellite-1" ПС-1 ( PS-1, i From DARPA's own introduction^[1]:

DARPA’s original mission, established in 1958, was to prevent technological surprise like the launch of Sputnik, which signaled that the Soviets had beaten the U. S. into space. The mission statement has evolved over time. Today, DARPA’s mission is still to prevent technological surprise to the US, but also to create technological surprise for our enemies.

DARPA is independent from other more conventional military R&D and reports directly to senior Department of Defense management. The phrase research and development (also R and D or more often R&D) according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, refers DARPA has around 240 personnel (about 140 technical) directly managing a $3. 2 billion budget. These figures are "on average" since DARPA focuses on short-term (two to four-year) projects run by small, purpose-built teams.

Contents 1 DARPA's mission 2 DARPA as a model 3 History 4 Organization 4.1 Current program offices 4.2 Former offices 5 Projects 5.1 Active Projects 5.2 Past Projects 6 Notable fiction 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

DARPA's mission

DARPA's own introduction^[1]:

DARPA is a Defense Agency with a unique role within DoD. DARPA is not tied to a specific operational mission: DARPA supplies technological options for the entire Department, and is designed to be the “technological engine” for transforming DoD.

Near-term needs and requirements generally drive the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force to focus on those needs at the expense of major change. Consequently, a large organization like DoD needs a place like DARPA whose only charter is radical innovation.

DARPA looks beyond today’s known needs and requirements. As military historian John Chambers noted, “None of the most important weapons transforming warfare in the 20th century – the airplane, tank, radar, jet engine, helicopter, electronic computer, not even the atomic bomb – owed its initial development to a doctrinal requirement or request of the military. ”^[2] None of them. And to this list, DARPA would add unmanned systems, Global Positioning System (GPS) and Internet technologies. Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks

DARPA’s approach is to imagine what capabilities a military commander might want in the future and accelerate those capabilities into being through technology demonstrations. These not only provide options to the commander, but also change minds about what is technologically possible today.

DARPA as a model

According to DARPA Director Tony Tether and W. Anthony J Tether was appointed as Director of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA) on June 18, 2001. B. Bonvillian (“Power Play,” W. B. Bonvillian, The American Interest, Volume II, p 39, November-December 2006); DARPA's key characteristics to be replicated to reproduce DARPA's success are:^[3]

• Small and flexible: DARPA has only about 140 technical professionals; some have referred to DARPA as “100 geniuses connected by a travel agent. The American Interest (AI is a bimonthly journal on foreign and domestic policy politics and culture ”
• Flat organization: DARPA avoids hierarchy, essentially operating at only two management levels to ensure the free and rapid flow of information and ideas, and rapid decision-making.
• Autonomy and freedom from bureaucratic impediments: DARPA has an exemption from Title V civilian personnel specifications, which provides for a direct hiring authority to hire talent with the expediency not allowed by the standard civil service process.
• Eclectic, world-class technical staff and performers: DARPA seeks great talent and ideas from industry, universities, government laboratories, and individuals, mixing disciplines and theoretical and experimental strengths. DARPA neither owns nor operates any laboratories or facilities, and the overwhelming majority of the research it sponsors is done in industry and universities. Very little of DARPA’s research is performed at government labs.
• Teams and networks: At its very best, DARPA creates and sustains great teams of researchers from different disciplines that collaborate and share in the teams’ advances.
• Hiring continuity and change: DARPA’s technical staff is hired or assigned for four to six years. Like any strong organization, DARPA mixes experience and change. It retains a base of experienced experts – its Office Directors and support staff – who are knowledgeable about DoD. The staff is rotated to ensure fresh thinking and perspectives, and to have room to bring technical staff from new areas into DARPA. It also allows the program managers to be bold and not fear failure.
• Project-based assignments organized around a challenge model: DARPA organizes a significant part of its portfolio around specific technology challenges. It foresees new innovation-based capabilities and then works back to the fundamental breakthroughs required to make them possible. Although individual projects typically last three to five years, major technological challenges may be addressed over longer time periods, ensuring patient investment on a series of focused steps and keeping teams together for ongoing collaboration. Continued funding for DARPA projects is based on passing specific milestones, sometimes called “go/no-go’s. ”
• Outsourced support personnel: DARPA extensively leverages technical, contracting, and administrative services from other DoD agencies and branches of the military. This provides DARPA the flexibility to get into and out of an area without the burden of sustaining staff, while building cooperative alliances with its “agents. ” These outside agents help create a constituency in their respective organizations for adopting the technology.
• Outstanding program managers: The best DARPA program managers have always been freewheeling zealots in pursuit of their goals. The Director’s most important task is to recruit and hire very creative people with big ideas, and empower them.
• Acceptance of failure: DARPA pursues breakthrough opportunities and is very tolerant of technical failure if the payoff from success will be great enough.
• Orientation to revolutionary breakthroughs in a connected approach: DARPA historically has focused not on incremental but radical innovation. It emphasizes high-risk investment, moves from fundamental technological advances to prototyping, and then hands off the system development and production to the military services or the commercial sector.
• Mix of connected collaborators: DARPA typically builds strong teams and networks of collaborators, bringing in a range of technical expertise and applicable disciplines, and involving university researchers and technology firms that are often not significant defense contractors or beltway consultants.

History

DARPA was created as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), by Public Law 85-325 and Department of Defense Directive 5105. 41, in February 1958. Its creation was directly attributed to the launching of Sputnik and to U. S. realization that the Soviet Union had developed the capacity to rapidly exploit military technology. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Additionally, the political and defense communities recognized the need for a high-level Department of Defense organization to formulate and execute R&D projects that would expand the frontiers of technology beyond the immediate and specific requirements of the Military Services and their laboratories. In pursuit of this mission, DARPA has developed and transferred technology programs encompassing a wide range of scientific disciplines which address the full spectrum of national security needs.

From 1958-1965, ARPA's emphasis centered on major national issues, including space, ballistic missile defense, and nuclear test detection. In 1960, all of its civilian space programs were transferred to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the military space programs to the individual Services. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program This allowed DARPA to concentrate its efforts on the DEFENDER (defense against ballistic missiles), Project Vela (nuclear test detection), and AGILE (counterinsurgency R&D) Programs, and to begin work on computer processing, behavioral sciences, and materials sciences. Project Vela was a project by the United States to develop and implement methods to monitor compliance with the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty. The DEFENDER and AGILE Programs formed the foundation of DARPA sensor, surveillance, and directed energy R&D, particularly in the study of radars, infrared sensing, and x-ray/gamma ray detection.

In the late 1960s, with the transfer of these mature programs to the Services, ARPA redefined its role and concentrated on a diverse set of relatively small, essentially exploratory research programs. The Agency was renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1972, and in the early 1970s, it emphasized direct energy programs, information processing, and tactical technologies.

In the area of information processing, DARPA made great strides, initially through its support of the development of time-sharing (all modern operating systems rely on concepts invented for the Multics system, developed by a cooperation between Bell Labs, General Electric and MIT, which DARPA supported by funding Project MAC at MIT with an initial two-million-dollar grant), and later through the evolution of the ARPANET (the first wide-area packet switching network), Packet Radio Network, Packet Satellite Network and ultimately, the Internet and research in the artificial intelligence (AI) fields of speech recognition and signal processing. Time-sharing refers to sharing a computing resource among many users by multitasking. Multics ( Mult iplexed I nformation and C omputing S ervice was an extremely influential early Time-sharing Operating system Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the Research organization Project MAC (the MIT Project on Mathematics and Computation later the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science ( LCS) was a research laboratory at MIT The ARPANET ( Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) developed by ARPA of the United States Department of Defense, was the world's first operational The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks DARPA also funded the development of the Douglas Engelbart's NLS computer system and the Aspen Movie Map, which was probably the first hypermedia system and an important precursor of virtual reality. Dr Douglas C Engelbart (born January 30 1925 is an American Inventor. The Aspen Movie Map was a revolutionary Hypermedia system developed at MIT by a team working with Andrew Lippman in 1978 with funding from Hypermedia is used as a logical extension of the term Hypertext in which graphics audio video plain text and Hyperlinks intertwine to create a generally non-linear Virtual reality ( VR) is a technology which allows a user to interact with a Computer-simulated environment be it a real or imagined one

The controversial Mansfield Amendment of 1973 expressly limited appropriations for defense research (through ARPA/DARPA) to projects with direct military application. Michael Joseph Mansfield (March 16 1903 – October 5 2001 was an American Democratic politician and the longest-serving Majority Leader of the United States Some contend that the amendment devastated American science, since ARPA/DARPA was a major funding source for basic science projects at the time; the National Science Foundation never took up the slack as expected. The National Science Foundation (NSF is a United States Government agency that supports fundamental Research and Education in all the non-medical But the resulting brain drain is also credited with boosting the development of the fledgling personal computer industry. A brain drain or human capital flight is a large emigration of individuals with technical skills or knowledge, normally due to conflict, lack of opportunity Many young computer scientists fled from the universities to startups and private research labs like Xerox PARC. PARC (Palo Alto Research Center Inc formerly Xerox PARC, is a Research and development company in Palo Alto California that began as a division of

From 1976-1981, DARPA's major thrusts were dominated by air, land, sea, and space technology, such as follow-on forces attack with standoff weapons and associated Command, Control, and Communications; tactical armor and anti-armor programs; infrared sensing for space-based surveillance; high-energy laser technology for space-based missile defense; antisubmarine warfare; advanced cruise missiles; advanced aircraft; and defense applications of advanced computing. These large-scale technological program demonstrations were joined by integrated circuit research, which resulted in submicrometre electronic technology and electron devices that evolved into the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Program and the Congressionally mandated charged particle beam program. Many of the successful programs were transitioned to the Services, such as the foundation technologies in automatic target recognition, space based sensing, propulsion, and materials that were transferred to the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO), later known as the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO), now titled the Missile Defense Agency (MDA). Automatic Target Recognition, or ATR, is the ability for an algorithm or device to recognize targets or objects based on data obtained from sensors The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI was a proposal by US President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 to use ground and space-based systems to protect The Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (or BMDO) was an agency of the United States Department of Defense. The Missile Defense Agency ( MDA) is the section of the United States government's Department of Defense responsible for developing a layered defense

During the 1980s, the attention of the Agency was centered on information processing and aircraft-related programs, including the National Aerospace Plane (NASP) or Hypersonic Research Program. The X-30 National Aero-Space Plane (NASP was an attempt by the United States to create a viable Single stage to orbit (SSTO Spacecraft. The Strategic Computing Program enabled DARPA to exploit advanced processing and networking technologies and to rebuild and strengthen relationships with universities after the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia In addition, DARPA began to pursue new concepts for small, lightweight satellites (LIGHTSAT) and directed new programs regarding defense manufacturing, submarine technology, and armor/anti-armor.

Organization

Current program offices

DARPA has eight program offices, all of which report to the DARPA director.

• The Defense Sciences Office (DSO) vigorously pursues the most promising technologies within a broad spectrum of the science and engineering research communities and develops those technologies into important, radically new military capabilities.

• The Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) focuses on inventing the networking, computing, and software technologies vital to ensuring DOD military superiority.

• The Information Exploitation Office (IXO) develops sensor and information system technology and systems with application to battle space awareness, targeting, command and control, and the supporting infrastructure required to address land-based threats in a dynamic, closed-loop process. IXO leverages ongoing DARPA efforts in sensors, sensor exploitation, information management, and command and control, and addresses systemic challenges associated with performing surface target interdiction in environments that require very high combat identification confidence and an associated low likelihood for inadvertent collateral damage.

• The Microsystems Technology Office (MTO) mission focuses on the heterogeneous microchip-scale integration of electronics, photonics, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Their high risk/high payoff technology is aimed at solving the national level problems of protection from biological, chemical and information attack and to provide operational dominance for mobile distributed command and control, combined manned/unmanned warfare, and dynamic, adaptive military planning and execution.

• The Strategic Technology Office (STO) - In July 2006, the SPO and ATO were merged into a single Strategic Technology Office (STO) that complements the Tactical Technology Office (TTO) as one of the two "systems" offices.

• The Tactical Technology Office (TTO) engages in high-risk, high-payoff advanced military research, emphasizing the "system" and "subsystem" approach to the development of aeronautic, space, and land systems as well as embedded processors and control systems. This research includes an effort within the TTO to develop a small satellite launch vehicle. In Spaceflight, a launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a Rocket used to carry a payload from the Earth's surface into Outer space. ^[4] This vehicle is under development by AirLaunch LLC. ^[5] This is part of the Force Application and Launch from Continental United States (FALCON) effort.

Former offices

• Information Awareness Office - 2002-2003
• The Advanced Technology Office (ATO) researches, demonstrates, and develops high payoff projects in maritime, communications, special operations, command and control, and information assurance and survivability mission areas. The Information Awareness Office (IAO was established by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA the research and development agency of the United States
• The Special Projects Office (SPO) researches, develops, demonstrates, and transitions technologies focused on addressing present and emerging national challenges. SPO investments range from the development of enabling technologies to the demonstration of large prototype systems. SPO is developing technologies to counter the emerging threat of underground facilities used for purposes ranging from command-and-control, to weapons storage and staging, to the manufacture of weapons of mass destruction. SPO is also developing significantly more cost-effective ways to counter proliferated, inexpensive cruise missiles, UAVs, and other platforms used for weapon delivery, jamming, and surveillance. SPO is investing in novel space technologies across the spectrum of space control applications including rapid access, space situational awareness, counterspace, and persistent tactical grade sensing approaches including extremely large space apertures and structures.

Projects

Active Projects

• Boeing X-37
• Combat Zones That See
• DARPA Grand Challenge - driverless car competition
• DARPA XG
• FALCON
• High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System
• Northrop Grumman Switchblade
• System F6 - Fractionated Spacecraft demonstrator
• WolfPack
• XOS

Past Projects

• AGILE
• ARPANET
• Aspen Movie Map
• Boeing X-45
• DAML
• DEFENDER
• High Performance Knowledge Bases
• Hypersonic Research Program
• LIGHTSAT
• Multics
• NLS Computer System
• Onion routing
• Passive radar
• Policy Analysis Market
• Project MAC
• MQ-1 Predator
• POSSE
• Project Vela
• Rapid Knowledge Formation
• Sea Shadow
• Strategic Computing Program
• SURAN

Notable fiction

ARPA/DARPA is well known as a high-tech government agency, and as such has many appearances in popular fiction. The Boeing X-37 Advanced Technology Demonstrator is a demonstration Spaceplane that is intended to test future launch technologies while in Orbit and during atmospheric Combat Zones That See, or CTS, is a project of the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA whose goal is to "track everything The DARPA Grand Challenge is a prize competition for Driverless cars sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA the most prominent research The driverless car concept embraces an emerging family of highly automated cognitive and control technologies ultimately aimed at a full "taxi-like" experience for car users The neXt Generation program or XG is a technology development project sponsored by DARPA 's Strategic Technology Office with the goals of "develop both the enabling The High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System (HELLADS a weapon system that is under development by The Pentagon 's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency The Switchblade is a proposed Unmanned aerial vehicle being developed by Northrop Grumman for the United States. A fractionated spacecraft is a Satellite architecture where the functional capabilities of a conventional monolithic spacecraft are distributed across multiple Modules A fractionated spacecraft is a Satellite architecture where the functional capabilities of a conventional monolithic spacecraft are distributed across multiple Modules Sarcos is an American engineering and robotics firm based in Salt Lake City Utah. The ARPANET ( Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) developed by ARPA of the United States Department of Defense, was the world's first operational The Boeing X-45 Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV is a concept demonstrator for a next generation of completely autonomous Military aircraft, developed by Boeing's The DARPA Agent Markup Language ( DAML) is a agent Markup language developed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA for the The High Performance Knowledge Bases (HPKB was a DARPA research program to advance the technology of how computers acquire represent and manipulate knowledge Onion routing is a technique for anonymous communication over a Computer network. Passive radar systems (also referred to as passive coherent location and passive covert radar) encompass a class of Radar systems that detect and track The Policy Analysis Market (PAM part of the FutureMAP project was a proposed Futures exchange developed by the United States ' Defense Advanced Research Projects Project MAC (the MIT Project on Mathematics and Computation later the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science ( LCS) was a research laboratory at MIT WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Portable Open Source Security Elements, or POSSE project was a co-operative venture between the University of Pennsylvania Distributed Systems Laboratory the OpenBSD Development Sea Shadow was built in 1985 and used in secret but in normal service until its public debut in 1994 to examine the application of Stealth The Survivable Radio Network (SURAN project was sponsored by DARPA in the 1980s to develop a set of Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET radio-routers then known as "packet Appearances can be classed into three forms. The first are more or less realistic references. Second are references that incorrectly attribute to ARPA an operational or political role, in addition to its high-tech responsibilities. Finally are those that want a realistic government reference, but are not DARPA specific - any other agency would do as well. These are numerous and not particularly notable.

Some realistic references to ARPA in fiction are in Tom Swift and the Visitor from Planet X (DARPA consults on a technical threat)^[6], in episodes of television program The West Wing (the ARPA-DARPA distinction), and in the motion picture Executive Decision (use of a one-of-a-kind experimental prototype in an emergency). Tom Swift is the young protagonist in several series of juvenile adventure novels which began in the early twentieth century and continues to the present Executive Decision is a 1996 Action film, directed by Stuart Baird and starring Kurt Russell, Halle Berry, John Leguizamo

Non-realistic references often attribute to DARPA an operational or political role, in addition to its real high-tech responsibilities. Examples are the Matthew Reilly books Temple and Hell Island, the James Rollins' books Sandstorm, Map of Bones, and Black Order, and the video game Metal Gear Solid. Matthew John "Matt" Reilly (born 2 July, 1974 in Sydney) is an Australian action/thriller Writer. Temple is a Thriller novel written by Australian author Matthew Reilly and first published in 1999. Hell Island is a horror / adventure Novella written in conjunction with the Australian Books Alive promotion by young thriller James Rollins and James Clemens are two of the Pen names of American Veterinarian Jim Czajkowski (born 1961 author of bestselling Black Order is a 2005 novel by James Rollins. The novel centers on Nazi mysticism and features the Schwarze is a stealth-action Video game directed by Hideo Kojima. The game was developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Japan and first published

See also

• History of the Internet
• Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA)
• People: Barry Boehm, Vint Cerf, Douglas Engelbart, Robert Fano, Anup K. Ghosh, James Hendler, Bob Kahn, JCR Licklider, John Poindexter, Robert Sproull, Bob Taylor, Larry Roberts

References

• This article was originally based on material from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, which is licensed under the GFDL. The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing ( FOLDOC) is an online searchable encyclopedic Dictionary of Computing subjects The GNU Free Documentation License ( GNU FDL or simply GFDL) is a Copyleft License for free documentation designed by the Free Software
• Castell, Manuel The Network Society: A Cross-cultural Perspective Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham UK 2004

External links

• DARPA Home Page
• DARPA TransTac speech-to-speech translation project
• DARPA Technology Transition - A lengthy presentation of DARPA technology successesPDF (1. 59 MB)

---

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic