The Rhinoceros

Albrecht Dürer, 1515

woodcut, 21. Albrecht Dürer (ˈalbʀɛçt ˈdyʀɐ ( May 21, 1471 &ndash April 6, 1528) was a German painter, Printmaker 4 × 29. 8 cm

Dürer's Rhinoceros is the name commonly given to a woodcut created by German painter and printmaker Albrecht Dürer in 1515. For the origins of the technique and non-artistic use see Woodblock printing; for the related technique invented in the 18th century see Wood engraving Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Printmaking is the Process of making artworks by Printing, normally on Paper. Albrecht Dürer (ˈalbʀɛçt ˈdyʀɐ ( May 21, 1471 &ndash April 6, 1528) was a German painter, Printmaker ^[1] The image was based on a written description and brief sketch by an unknown artist of an Indian rhinoceros that had arrived in Lisbon earlier that year. The Indian Rhinoceros or the Great One-horned Rhinoceros or the Asian One-horned Rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicornis) is a large mammal found in Nepal Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Dürer never saw the actual rhinoceros, which was the first living example seen in Europe since Roman times. Rhinoceros (raɪˈnɒsərəs often colloquially abbreviated rhino, is a name used to group five extant species of Odd-toed ungulates in the family The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial In late 1515, the King of Portugal, Manuel I, sent the animal as a gift for Pope Leo X, but it died in a shipwreck off the coast of Italy in early 1516. Manuel I (mɐnuˈɛɫ Archaic Portuguese: Manoel I, English: Emmanuel I) the Fortunate ( Port Pope Leo X, born Giovanni de' Medici (December 11 1475 – December 1 1521 was Pope from 1513 to his death Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A live rhinoceros was not seen again in Europe until a second specimen arrived from India at the court of Philip II in Spain in around 1579. Abada (alternatively Bada or Ibada) was the name given to a female Indian rhinoceros kept by Philip II of Spain from about 1579 to 1588 India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. ^[2][3]

Despite its anatomical inaccuracies, Dürer's woodcut became very popular in Europe and was copied many times in the following three centuries. It was regarded as a true representation of a rhinoceros into the late 18th century. Eventually, it was supplanted by more realistic drawings and paintings, particularly those of Clara the rhinoceros, who toured Europe in the 1740s and 1750s. Clara the rhinoceros (?1738- 14 April 1758) was a female Indian Rhinoceros who became famous during 17 years of touring Europe in the mid-18th It has been said of Dürer's woodcut: "probably no animal picture has exerted such a profound influence on the arts". ^[4]

The rhinoceros

On 20 May 1515, an Indian rhinoceros arrived in Lisbon from the Far East. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held The Far East is a term often used by people in the Western world to refer to the countries of East Asia. In early 1514, Afonso de Albuquerque, governor of Portuguese India, sent ambassadors to Sultan Muzafar II, ruler of Cambay (modern Gujarat), to seek permission to build a fort on the island of Diu. Dom Afonso de Albuquerque (or Afonso d'Albuquerque - disused (ɐˈfõsu dɨ aɫbuˈkɛɾk(ɨ (1453 Alhandra - Goa, December 16 1515 was a Portuguese Portuguese India (Índia Portuguesa or Estado da Índia) was the aggregate of Portugal 's colonial holdings in India. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Muzafar II was the last Sultan of Ahmedabad from the Muzaffarid dynasty. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Khambhat, formerly known as Cambay, is a city and a Municipality in Anand district Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Diu is a city in Diu district in the union territory of Daman and Diu, India. The mission returned without an agreement, but diplomatic gifts were exchanged, including the rhinoceros. ^[5] At that time, the rulers of different countries would occasionally send each other exotic animals to be kept in a menagerie. Menagerie is the term for a historical form of keeping wild and exotic animals in human captivity and therefore a predecessor of the modern Zoological garden. The rhinoceros was already well accustomed to being kept in captivity. De Albuquerque decided to forward the gift, known by its Gujarati name of ganda, and its Indian keeper, named Ocem, to King Manuel I of Portugal. Gujarati (ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī ? Manuel I (mɐnuˈɛɫ Archaic Portuguese: Manoel I, English: Emmanuel I) the Fortunate ( Port It sailed on the Nossa Senhora da Ajuda,^[6] which left Goa in January 1515. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. ^[7] The ship, captained by Francisco Pereira Coutinho,^[8] and two companion vessels, all loaded with exotic spices, sailed across the Indian Ocean, around the Cape of Good Hope and north through the Atlantic, stopping briefly in Mozambique, Saint Helena and the Azores. A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Kaap de Goede Hoop Cabo da Boa Esperança Persian Language: دماغه امید نیک Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa Saint Helena (pronounced saint he-LEE-na) named after St Helena of Constantinople, is an island of volcanic origin and a British overseas territory The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950  mi) from

The first known print of the rhinoceros is a rather primitive woodcut which illustrates a poem by Giovanni Giacomo Penni published in Rome in July 1515. Giovanni Giacomo Penni (fl 16th century) was an Italian physician born in Florence. (Biblioteca Colombina, Seville).

After a relatively fast voyage of 120 days, the rhinoceros was finally unloaded in Portugal, near the site where the Manueline Belém Tower was under construction. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Manueline, or Portuguese late Gothic is the sumptuous composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century Belém Tower (in Portuguese Torre de Belém, pron. 'toɾ(ɨ dɨ bɨ'lɐ̃ĩ is a fortified tower located in the Belém district of The tower was later decorated with gargoyles shaped as rhinoceros heads under its corbels. In Architecture, a gargoyle is a carved stone Grotesque with a spout designed to convey water from a roof and away from the side of a building In Architecture a corbel (or console) is a piece of stone jutting out of a wall to carry any superincumbent weight ^[9] A rhinoceros had not been seen in Europe since Roman times: it had become something of a mythical beast, occasionally conflated in bestiaries with the "monoceros" (unicorn), so the arrival of a living example created a sensation. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial A legendary creature is a mythological or folkloric creature (often known as "fabulous creatures" in historical literature A bestiary, or Bestiarum vocabulum is a compendium of beasts Bestiaries were made popular in the Middle Ages in illustrated volumes that described various animals A unicorn (from Latin unus 'one' and cornu 'horn' is a Mythological creature. In the context of the Renaissance, it was a piece of Classical Antiquity which had been rediscovered, like a statue or an inscription. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean

The animal was examined by scholars and the curious, and letters describing the fantastic creature were sent to correspondents throughout Europe. The earliest known image of the animal illustrates a poemetto by Florentine Giovanni Giacomo Penni, published in Rome on 13 July 1515, fewer than eight weeks after its arrival in Lisbon. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Giovanni Giacomo Penni (fl 16th century) was an Italian physician born in Florence. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to ^[10] The only known copy of the original published poem is held by the Institución Colombina in Seville. The Institución Colombina, situated in Seville, Spain, is the modern-day administrative branch that comprises the Biblioteca Capitular, the Biblioteca Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain.

The exotic animal was housed in King Manuel's menagerie at the Ribeira Palace in Lisbon, separate from his elephants and other large beasts at the Estãos Palace. The Ribeira Palace ( Portuguese: Paço(s da Ribeira) was Lisbon 's royal palace for over 200 years until it was destroyed by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake Elephants ( family: Elephantidae) are large land Mammals of the order Proboscidea. The Estaus Palace ( Portuguese: Paço dos Estaus; Palácio dos Estaus) in Rossio Square, in Lisbon, was the headquarters of the On Trinity Sunday, 3 June, Manuel arranged a fight between the rhinoceros and a young elephant from his collection, to test the account by Pliny the Elder that the elephant and the rhinoceros are bitter enemies. Trinity Sunday is the first Sunday after Pentecost in the Western Christian liturgical calendar, and the Sunday of Pentecost in Eastern Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author ^[11] The rhinoceros advanced slowly and deliberately towards its foe; the elephant, unaccustomed to the noisy crowd that turned out to witness the spectacle, fled the field in panic before a single blow was struck. ^[12][13]

Woodcut of Hanno the elephant, from a pamphlet, issued under the pseudonym "Philomathes" (Rome, c. For the origins of the technique and non-artistic use see Woodblock printing; for the related technique invented in the 18th century see Wood engraving For other uses of Hanno see Hanno (disambiguation Hanno (Italian Annone; c A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 1514)

Manuel decided to give the rhinoceros as a gift to the Medici Pope, Leo X. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Pope Leo X, born Giovanni de' Medici (December 11 1475 – December 1 1521 was Pope from 1513 to his death The King was keen to curry favour with the Pope, to maintain the papal grants of exclusive possession to the new lands that his naval forces had been exploring in the Far East since Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to India around Africa in 1498. The Far East is a term often used by people in the Western world to refer to the countries of East Asia. Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca The previous year, the Pope had been very pleased with Manuel's gift of a white elephant, also from India, which the Pope had named Hanno. A white elephant (also albino elephant) is a rare kind of Elephant, but not a distinct species For other uses of Hanno see Hanno (disambiguation Hanno (Italian Annone; c Together with other precious gifts of silver plate and spices, the rhinoceros, with its new collar of green velvet decorated with flowers, embarked in December 1515 for the voyage from the Tagus to Rome. Velvet is a type of tufted fabric in which the cut threads are very evenly distributed with a short dense pile giving it a distinct feel The Tagus ( Latin Tagus, Spanish Tajo, Portuguese Tejo, pron. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 ^[14] The vessel passed near Marseille in early 1516. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ King Francis I of France was returning from Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume in Provence, and requested a viewing of the beast. Francis I (September 12 1494 &ndash March 31 1547 was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547 Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume is a commune of southeastern France, 40 km east of Aix-en-Provence, in the westernmost point of Var département Provence ( Provençal Occitan: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm is a region of southeastern France The Portuguese vessel stopped briefly at an island off Marseilles,^[15] where the rhinoceros disembarked to be observed by the King on 24 January. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled

"Creation of the animals" by Raphael, 1518–1519, a fresco on the second floor of the Palazzi Pontifici in the Vatican. Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28 1483 – April 6 1520 was an Italian painter and The Palazzi Pontificí is a building that forms part of the Vatican City in Rome. A rhinoceros appears in profile to the right of the tree, with an elephant - possibly Hanno - to the left. For other uses of Hanno see Hanno (disambiguation Hanno (Italian Annone; c

After resuming its journey, the ship was wrecked in a sudden storm as it passed through the narrows of Porto Venere, north of La Spezia on the coast of Liguria. La Spezia |istat = 011022--> Portovenere (sometimes in English Porto Venere) is a town and La Spezia ( Spèsa in the local dialect of Ligurian) is a city in the Liguria region of northern Italy, at the head of La Spezia Liguria is a coastal region of north-western Italy, the third smallest of the Italian regions The rhinoceros, chained and shackled to the deck to keep it under control, was unable to swim to safety and drowned. The carcass of the rhinoceros was recovered near Villefranche and its hide was returned to Lisbon, where it was stuffed. Villefranche-sur-Mer ( Niçard: Vilafranca de Mar, Italian: Villafranca Marittima) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes Taxidermy ( Greek for "skin arrangement" is the art of mounting or reproducing Animals for display (e Some reports say that the mounted skin was sent to Rome, arriving in February 1516, to be exhibited impagliato (Italian for "stuffed with straw"), although such a feat would have challenged 16th-century methods of taxidermy. In any event, the rhinoceros did not cause a popular sensation in Rome like the living beast had in Lisbon, although a rhinoceros was depicted in contemporary paintings in Rome by Giovanni da Udine and Raphael. Giovanni Nanni, also Giovanni de' Ricamatori, better known as Giovanni da Udine (1487-1564 was an Italian painter and architect born in Udine Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28 1483 – April 6 1520 was an Italian painter and ^[16][17]

If a stuffed rhinoceros arrived in Rome, its fate remains unknown: it may have been removed to Florence by the Medici, or it may have been destroyed in the sack of Rome in 1527. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany The Sack of Rome on 6 May 1527, carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V Holy Roman Emperor, marked a crucial imperial victory in Its story was the basis for Lawrence Norfolk's 1996 novel The Pope's Rhinoceros. Lawrence Norfolk (born 1963 is a British Novelist known for historical works with complex plots and intricate detail ^[18]

Dürer's woodcut

Pen and ink drawing of the rhinoceros, by Albrecht Dürer, 1515, now held by the British Museum. Albrecht Dürer (ˈalbʀɛçt ˈdyʀɐ ( May 21, 1471 &ndash April 6, 1528) was a German painter, Printmaker The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London. The manuscript caption gives the date of the arrival of the rhinoceros in Lisbon as "1513" [sic]. ^[19]

Valentim Fernandes, a Moravian merchant and printer, saw the rhinoceros in Lisbon shortly after it arrived and wrote a letter describing it to a friend in Nuremberg in June 1515. Valentim Fernandes (died 1518 or 1519 was a printer who lived in Portugal. Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. A printer is a company that provides commercial Printing services often also offering Typesetting and Book-binding services The original letter in German has not survived, but a copy in Italian is held in the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale in Florence. ^[20] A second letter of unknown authorship was sent from Lisbon to Nuremberg at around the same time, enclosing a sketch by an unknown artist. Dürer saw the second letter and sketch in Nuremberg. Without ever seeing the rhinoceros himself, Dürer made two pen and ink drawings,^[21] and then a woodcut was created from the second drawing, the process of fabrication making one a reflection of the other. Pen and ink refers to a technique of drawing or writing in which colored (this includes black Ink is applied to paper using a Pen or other Stylus. For the origins of the technique and non-artistic use see Woodblock printing; for the related technique invented in the 18th century see Wood engraving ^[17][22]

The German inscription on the woodcut, drawing largely from Pliny's account,^[11] reads:

The folds of skin of an Indian rhinoceros match up well to the plates of armour depicted by Dürer. The Indian Rhinoceros or the Great One-horned Rhinoceros or the Asian One-horned Rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicornis) is a large mammal found in Nepal Armour (or armor) is protective covering most commonly manufactured from metals to prevent damage from being inflicted to an individual or a vehicle through use of direct contact Albrecht Dürer (ˈalbʀɛçt ˈdyʀɐ ( May 21, 1471 &ndash April 6, 1528) was a German painter, Printmaker

Dürer's woodcut is not an entirely accurate representation of a rhinoceros. He depicts an animal with hard plates that cover its body like sheets of armour, with a gorget at the throat, a solid-looking breastplate, and rivets along the seams; he also places a small twisted horn on its back, and gives it scaly legs and saw-like rear quarters. Armour (or armor) is protective covering most commonly manufactured from metals to prevent damage from being inflicted to an individual or a vehicle through use of direct contact A gorget originally was a steel collar designed to protect the Throat. This can also refer to a piece of riding equipment see Breastplate (tack. A rivet is a mechanical Fastener. Before it is installed it consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end None of these features is present in a real rhinoceros. ^[25][26] It is possible that a suit of armour was created for the rhinoceros's fight against the elephant in Portugal, and that these features depicted by Dürer are parts of the armour. Armour (or armor) is protective covering most commonly manufactured from metals to prevent damage from being inflicted to an individual or a vehicle through use of direct contact ^[27] Alternatively, Dürer's "armour" may represent the heavy folds of thick skin of an Indian rhinoceros, or, as with the other inaccuracies, may simply be misunderstandings or creative additions by Dürer. ^[28] Dürer also draws a scaly texture over the body of the animal, including the "armour". This may be Dürer's attempt to reflect the rough and almost hairless hide of the Indian rhinoceros, which has wart-like bumps covering its upper legs and shoulders. A wart (also known as verruca) is generally a small rough Tumor, typically on hands and feet but often other locations that can resemble a Cauliflower On the other hand, his depiction of the texture may represent dermatitis induced by the rhinoceros' close confinement during the four-month journey by ship from India to Portugal. Dermatitis is a Blanket term meaning any " Inflammation of the skin" (e ^[29]

Pen and ink drawing of the rhinoceros, by Hans Burgkmair, 1515, now held by the Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna

A second woodcut was created by Hans Burgkmair in Augsburg around the same time as Dürer's in Nuremberg. Pen and ink refers to a technique of drawing or writing in which colored (this includes black Ink is applied to paper using a Pen or other Stylus. Hans Burgkmair the elder (1473 - 1531 was a German painter and Printmaker in Woodcut. The Albertina is a Museum in the Innere Stadt (First District of Vienna, Austria. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Hans Burgkmair the elder (1473 - 1531 was a German painter and Printmaker in Woodcut. Augsburg is an independent City in the south-west of Bavaria. Burgkmair corresponded with merchants in Lisbon and Nuremberg, but it is not clear whether he had access to a letter or sketch as Dürer did, perhaps even Dürer's sources, or saw the animal himself in Portugal. ^[30] His image is truer to life, omitting Dürer's more fanciful additions and including the shackles and chain used to restrain the rhinoceros;^[30] however, Dürer's woodcut is more powerful and eclipsed Burgkmair's in popularity. Only one copy of Burgkmair's image has survived,^[31] whereas Dürer's original single block print was copied many times. Dürer produced a first printing of his woodcut in 1515, distinguished by only five lines of text in the heading,^[8] and many further printings followed after Dürer's death in 1528, including two printings in the 1540s, and a further two in the late 16th century. ^[32] Later printings have six lines of descriptive text. ^[8] The original wood block continued to be used, even though later printings are marred by woodworm holes and a crack through the rhino's legs. A Woodworm is not a specific species. It is the Larval stage of certain Wood-boring beetles including Ambrosia beetles ( Platypodidae ^[33]

Emblem of Alessandro de' Medici, from Paolo Giovio's Dialogo dell'impresse militari et amorosi. This article is on the first Duke of Florence. For the Alessandro de' Medici who was Pope, see Pope Leo XI. Paolo Giovio ( April 19 1483 – December 11, 1552) was an Italian physician historian and biographer and prelate

Despite its errors, the image remained very popular,^[26] and was taken to be an accurate representation of a rhinoceros until the late 18th century. Dürer may have deliberately chosen to create a woodcut, rather than a more refined and detailed copperplate engraving, to ensure it would be suitable for mass-market printing. Copperplate refers to the use of inscribed sheets of copper in printing ^[33] Images derived from it were included in naturalist texts, including Sebastian Münster's Cosmographiae (1544), Conrad Gessner's Historiae Animalium (1551), Edward Topsell's Histoire of Foure-footed Beastes (1607) and many others. Sebastian Münster ( 20 January 1488 – 26 May 1552) was a German Cartographer, Cosmographer, and a Konrad Gessner (Conrad Gessner Conrad Geßner Conrad von Gesner Conradus Gesnerus Conrad Gesner 26 March 1516 – 13 December 1565) Edward Topsell (c 1572 &ndash1625 was an English cleric and author best remembered for his Bestiary. A rhinoceros that was clearly based on Dürer's woodcut was chosen by Alessandro de' Medici as his emblem in June 1536, with the motto "Non buelvo sin vencer" (old Spanish for "I shall not return without victory"). This article is on the first Duke of Florence. For the Alessandro de' Medici who was Pope, see Pope Leo XI. ^[34] A sculpture of a rhinoceros based on Dürer's image was placed at the base of a 70-foot (21 m) high obelisk designed by Jean Goujon and erected in front of the Church of the Sepulchre in the rue Saint-Denis in Paris in 1549 to welcome the arrival of the new King of France, Henri II. An obelisk (from Greek ὀβελίσκος - obeliskos, diminutive of ὀβελός - obelos, "spit nail pointed pillar" Jean Goujon ( Normandy ? c 1510 &ndash Bologna after 1572) French sculptor and Architect, is one of the major figures Rue Saint-Denis is one of the oldest streets in Paris - its route was first laid out in the 1st century by the Romans, and then extended to the north in Henry II (Henri II (31 March 1519 &ndash 10 July 1559 of the House of Valois and the son and successor of Francis I, was King of France from 31 ^[35] A similar rhinoceros, in relief, decorates a panel in one of the bronze west doors of Pisa cathedral. The Piazza del Duomo ("Cathedral Square" is a wide walled area at the heart of the city of Pisa, Tuscany The rhinoceros was depicted in numerous other paintings and sculptures, and became a popular decoration for porcelain. Porcelain is a Ceramic material made by heating raw materials generally including Clay in the form of Kaolin, in a Kiln to temperatures The popularity of the inaccurate Dürer image remained undiminished despite an Indian rhinoceros spending eight years in Madrid, from 1579 to 1587 (although a few examples of a print of the Madrid rhinoceros created by Philippe Galle in Antwerp in 1586, and derivative works, have survived), and the exhibition of a live rhinoceros in London a century later, from 1684–86, and of a second individual after 1739. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Philip or Philips Galle ( Haarlem 1537 &ndash Antwerp March 1612 was best known as a publisher of Old master prints which he also produced as ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the ^[36]

Modern porcelain rhinoceros in the Porcelain Museum in Meissen, based on a version sculpted by Johann Gottlieb Kirchner around 1730. Porcelain is a Ceramic material made by heating raw materials generally including Clay in the form of Kaolin, in a Kiln to temperatures Meissen (in German orthography: Meißen; Sorbian: Mišno; Misena Misnia Misnensium is a Town of approximately 30000 near ^[37] It is clearly based on Dürer's image, with a prominent "Dürer horn".

The pre-eminent position of Dürer's image and its derivatives declined from the mid- to late-18th century, when more live rhinoceroses were transported to Europe, shown to the curious public, and depicted in more accurate representations. Jean-Baptiste Oudry painted a life-size portrait of Clara the rhinoceros in 1749, and George Stubbs painted a large portrait of a rhinoceros in London around 1790. Jean-Baptiste Oudry ( 17 March 1686, Paris - 30 April 1755, Beauvais was a French Rococo painter engraver and Clara the rhinoceros (?1738- 14 April 1758) was a female Indian Rhinoceros who became famous during 17 years of touring Europe in the mid-18th George Stubbs (born in Liverpool on August 25, 1724 &ndash died in London July 10, 1806) was a British Both of these paintings were more accurate than Dürer's woodcut, and a more realistic conception of the rhinoceros gradually started to displace Dürer's image in the public imagination. In particular, Oudry's painting was the inspiration for a plate in Buffon's encyclopedic Histoire naturelle, which was widely copied. Georges-Louis Leclerc fr Comte de Buffon ( September 7, 1707 April 16, 1788) was a French naturalist, mathematician biologist ^[38] In 1790, James Bruce's travelogue Travels to discover the source of the Nile dismissed Dürer's work as "wonderfully ill-executed in all its parts" and "the origin of all the monstrous forms under which that animal has been painted, ever since". James Bruce ( December 14, 1730 &ndash April 27, 1794) was a Scottish traveller and Travel writer who spent more than a The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River Even so, Bruce's own illustration of the African white rhinoceros, which is noticeably different in appearance to the Indian rhinoceros, still shares conspicuous inaccuracies with Dürer's work. The White Rhinoceros or Square-lipped rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum) is one of the five species of Rhinoceros that still exist and is one of the few ^[39] Semiotician Umberto Eco argues that Dürer's "scales and imbricated plates" became a necessary element of depicting the animal, even to those who might know better, because "they knew that only these conventionalized graphic signs could denote «rhinoceros» to the person interpreting the iconic sign. Semiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology is the study of sign processes (semiosis or signification and communication signs and Symbols both Umberto Eco (born 5 January 1932 is an Italian Medievalist, semiotician, Philosopher, literary critic and Novelist, best " He also notes that the skin of a rhinoceros is rougher than it visually appears and that such plates and scales portray this non-visual information to a degree. ^[40] Until the late 1930s, Dürer's image appeared in school textbooks in Germany as a faithful image of the rhinoceros;^[4] in German, the Indian rhinoceros is still called the Panzernashorn, or "armoured rhinoceros". Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. It remains a powerful artistic influence, and was the inspiration for Salvador Dalí's 1956 sculpture, Rinoceronte vestido con puntillas, which has been displayed at Puerto Banús in Marbella since 2004. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist Puerto José Banús, more commonly known as Puerto Banús is a Marina in Marbella, Spain on the Costa del Sol. Marbella is a city in Andalusia, Spain, by the Mediterranean, situated in the province of Málaga, beneath La Concha.

Notes

References

Rinoceronte vestido con puntillas (1956) by Salvador Dalí. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist

• Bedini, Silvano A. (1997). The Pope's Elephant. Manchester: Carcanet Press. ISBN 1857542770.   (particularly Chapter 5, "The Ill-Fated Rhinoceros")
• Clarke, T. H. (1986). The Rhinoceros from Dürer to Stubbs: 1515–1799. London: Sotheby's Publications. ISBN 0856673226.   (particularly Chapter 1, "The first Lisbon or 'Dürer Rhinoceros' of 1515")
• David Quammen (2000), The Boilerplate Rhino: Nature in the Eye of the Beholder, Scribner, ISBN 0684837285 (particularly p. David Quammen ( 1948 &ndash) is an award-winning science nature and travel writer whose work has appeared in publications such as National Geographic, 201–209, The Boilerplate Rhino, previously published in this "Natural Acts" column in Outside magazine, June 1993)

This article was originally based on a translation of part of an article of the French Wikipedia, dated 2006-07-18

External links

• Rhino Images by Albert Dürer
• Albert Dürer, by T. Sturge Moore, from Project Gutenberg
• Vector Graphic Adaptions of Dürer's Rhinoceros in Adobe Illustrator Format by LAFKON (under a creative commons license)
• The rhinoceros by Albrecht Dürer, in the collection of the National Gallery of Victoria. Outside is a magazine focused on the outdoors The first issue debuted in September 1977 with its mission statement declaring that the publication was "dedicated to covering The French Wikipedia (Wikipédia francophone Wikipédia en français is the French language edition of Wikipedia, spelled Wikipédia. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Thomas Sturge Moore ( March 4, 1870 – July 18, 1944) was an English poet author and artist Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works Adobe Systems Incorporated (pronounced a-DOE-bee əˈdoʊbiː ( is an American Computer software company headquartered in San Jose California Adobe Illustrator is a vector-based drawing program developed and marketed by Adobe Systems. A file format is a particular way to encode information for storage in a Computer file. Creative Commons (CC is a Non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share Albrecht Dürer (ˈalbʀɛçt ˈdyʀɐ ( May 21, 1471 &ndash April 6, 1528) was a German painter, Printmaker The National Gallery of Victoria is an art gallery and museum in Melbourne Australia.