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Československo
Czechoslovakia
←
1918–1945 →
 
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Flag Coat of arms
Flag Coat of arms
Motto
Czech: Pravda vítězí
("Truth prevails"; 1918–1990)
Latin: Veritas Vincit
("Truth prevails"; 1990–1992)
Anthem
Kde domov můj and Nad Tatrou sa blýska
Location of Czechoslovakia
Capital Prague
Language(s) Czech, Slovak, Rusyn, Polish
Government Republic
President
 - 1918–1935 Tomáš G. Masaryk (first)
 - 1989–1992 Václav Havel (last)
Prime Minister
 - 1918–1919 Karel Kramář
 - 1992 Jan Stráský
History
 - Independence from Austria-Hungary 28 October, 1918
 - German occupation 1939
 - Liberation 1945
 - Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 31 December, 1945
Area
 - 1993 127,900 km² (49,382 sq mi)
Population
 - 1993 est. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million The flag of the Czech Republic is the same as the flag of the former Czechoslovakia. Several Coat of arms were used during Czechoslovakia 's history some alongside each other A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's Kde domov můj? (in English: Where is my home?) was written by the composer František Škroup and the playwright Josef Kajetán Tyl as a part Nad Tatrou sa blýska " Lightning Over the Tatras " is the National anthem of Slovakia. Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" Rusyn (ry русинськый язык) is an East Slavic language (along with Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, with which it shares Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its This is a list of Presidents of Czechoslovakia, both elected and acting Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (ˈtomaːʃ ˈɡarɪk ˈmasarɪk sometimes called Thomas Masaryk in English ( March 7, 1850 – September 14, Václav Havel, GCB, CC, ( (born October 5, 1936) is a Czech Playwright Writer and Politician This a list of Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia prior to its dissolution in 1993 Karel Kramář ( December 27 1860 - May 26 1937) was a Czech politician Jan Stráský (born 24 December 1940 in Plzeň) is a Czech politician Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Liberty, the freedom to act or believe without being stopped by unnecessary force Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The dissolution of Czechoslovakia, which took effect on January 1 1993, saw Czechoslovakia split into two separate countries the Czech Republic Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. 15,600,000 
     Density 122 /km²  (315. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 9 /sq mi)
Currency Czechoslovak koruna
Internet TLD .cs
Calling code +42
current ISO 3166-3 code:        CSHH
2Country code 42 was retired in Winter 1997. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The Czechoslovak koruna (in Czech and Slovak: Koruna československá, at times Koruna česko-slovenská; koruna means crown A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E ISO 3166-3 defines codes for outdated ISO 3166-1 Country codes and is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization The number range was subdivided, and re-allocated amongst Czech Republic, Slovakia and Liechtenstein. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland

Czechoslovakia (Czech and Slovak: Československo; after 1990: Česko-Slovensko) was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918 (upon declaring its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire) until 1992 (with a government-in-exile during the World War II period). Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and The Czechoslovak government-in-exile (sometimes styled officially as provisional government of Czechoslovakia was an informal title conferred upon the Czechoslovak National World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including On January 1, 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The dissolution of Czechoslovakia, which took effect on January 1 1993, saw Czechoslovakia split into two separate countries the Czech Republic The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million

Contents

Basic characteristics

Form of state:

Neighbors: Germany (1945–1990: BRD and DDR), Poland, from 1945 Soviet Union (1992: Ukraine), Romania (until 1939), Hungary, Austria

Topography: Generally irregular terrain. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based A planned economy or directed economy is an Economic system in which the Government or Workers' councils manages the Economy. The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ( Československá socialistická republika in Czech and Slovak) was the official name of Czechoslovakia A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" From 1969 to 1990 the Czech Socialist Republic ( Česká socialistická republika in Czech; abbreviated ČSR) was the official name of that part of From 1969 to 1990, the Slovak Socialist Republic ( Slovenská socialistická republika in Slovak; abbreviated SSR) was the official A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. BRD is an unofficial abbreviation for the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Western area is part of north-central European uplands. Eastern region is composed of northern reaches of Carpathian Mountains and Danube River Basin lands. The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj

Czechoslovakia 1920-1938, physical
Czechoslovakia 1920-1938, physical

Climate: Predominantly continental but varied from the moderate temperatures of Western Europe in the west to more severe weather systems affecting Eastern Europe and the western Soviet Union in the east.

Official names

See also: Hyphen War

History

Main article: History of Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovak lands inside Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1911
     Czechs      Austrians/
     Germans		      Slovaks      Hungarians      Romanians      Poles

     Ruthenians (Rusyns and Ukrainians)

Foundation

Main article: History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)

Czechoslovakia was founded in October 1918 as one of the successor states of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I. The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ( Československá socialistická republika in Czech and Slovak) was the official name of Czechoslovakia Velvet Revolution See also Velvet Revolution Background Although in March 1987 Gustáv Husák nominally committed Czechoslovakia The Hyphen War (in Czech Pomlčková válka, in Slovak Pomlčková vojna &mdash literally " Dash War " was the tongue-in-cheek With the collapse of the Habsburg monarchy at the end of World War I, the independent country of Czechoslovakia ( Slovak: Česko-Slovensko Czech Independence The independence of Czechoslovakia was proclaimed on October 28, 1918, by the Czechoslovak National World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All It consisted of the present-day territories of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Rusinko Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia ( Rusyn and Ukrainian Its territory included some of the most industrialized regions of the former Austria-Hungary. It was a democratic republic throughout the pre-World War II period, but was characterized by ethnic problems stemming from dissatisfaction among the second and third largest ethnic groups (Germans and Slovaks, respectively) with the political and economic dominance of the Czechs, and from a failure among most Germans and Hungarians of Czechoslovakia to ever fully accept the creation of the new state. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including This article is about the German diaspora See Germans for the German ethnicity in general } The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic People that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is Czechs (Češi ˈt͡ʃɛʃɪ archaic Čechové) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary.

Czechoslovakia 1930: linguistic
Czechoslovakia 1930: linguistic

Nationalities of Czechoslovakia 1921
total population 13. 5 mill.
Czech 6. 8 mill. 50 %
German 3. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. 2 mill. 23 %
Slovak 2. } The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic People that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is 34 mill. 15 %
Hungarian ca. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. 0. 8 mill. 5. 5 %
Ruthenian ca. 0. 5 mill. 3. 5 %
others ca. 0. 5 mill. 4 %

The original ethnic composition of the new state was 51% Czechs, 16% Slovaks, 22% Germans, 5% Hungarians and 4% Rusyns. [1] Many of the Germans, Hungarians, Ruthenians and Poles[2] and also some Slovaks, felt disadvantaged in Czechoslovakia, because the political elite of the country introduced a centralized state and most of the time did not allow political autonomy for the ethnic groups. This policy, combined with increasing Nazi propaganda especially in the industrialized German speaking Sudetenland, led to increasing unrest among the Non-Czech population.

Czechoslovakia in 1928
Czechoslovakia in 1928

World War II

Main article: German occupation of Czechoslovakia
Annexations of Czechoslovakia
Annexations of Czechoslovakia

After the Munich Agreement of 1938 in which the UK and France forced Czechoslovakia to cede the German-speaking Sudetenland to Nazi Germany despite existing treaties in what is commonly known as part of the Western Betrayal. Following the Anschluss of Nazi Germany and Austria in March 1938 Nazi leader Adolf Hitler 's next target for annexation was Czechoslovakia The Munich Agreement (Mnichovská dohoda Mníchovská dohoda Münchner Abkommen Accords de Munich was an agreement regarding the Sudetenland, which were areas along borders The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Sudetenland ( Czech and Polish: Sudety) is the German name used in English in the first half of the 20th century for the western regions of Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Western betrayal or Yalta betrayal are popular terms in many Central European countries especially in Poland and the Czech Republic which refers The still-democratic state briefly existed as a basically non-functioning entity at the mercy of its fascist neighbours. In 1939 Czechoslovakia was invaded by Nazi Germany and divided into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the puppet Slovak State. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (Reichsprotektorat Böhmen und Mähren Protektorát Čechy a Morava was the majority ethnic-Czech Protectorate which The Slovak Republic ( Slovak: Slovenská republika) was an independent national Slovak state which existed from 14 March 1939 Much of Slovakia and all of Subcarpathian Ruthenia was annexed by Hungary. Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Rusinko Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia ( Rusyn and Ukrainian

Following the War the ante bellum arrangement was restored, with the exception of Subcarpathian Ruthenia which was annexed by the Soviet Union as part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or the Ukrainian SSR was one of the 15 constituent republics that made up the Former Soviet Union from its After the dissolution of the Soviet Union the territory passed to the hands of Ukraine where it remains today. The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985 Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.

Communist Czechoslovakia

Main article: History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)

After World War II, pre-war Czechoslovakia was reestablished, the so-called Beneš decrees concerned the expropriation of wartime "traitors" and collaborators accused of treason but also all ethnic Germans (see Potsdam Agreement) and Hungarians. Stalinization (1948&ndash1963 Following the coup d'état of February 1948, when the Communists definitively took power in Czechoslovakia the country was declared a People's The Beneš decrees is a current popular term (officially they are called Decrees of the President of the Republic - dekrety presidenta republiky) for a series of The pursuit of Nazi collaborators refers to the post-WWII pursuit and apprehension of individuals who were not citizens of the Third Reich at the outbreak of World War II The Potsdam Agreement was an agreement on policy for the occupation and reconstruction of Germany and other nations after fighting in the European Theatre of World War II They also ordered the removal of citizenship for people of German and Hungarian ethnic origin who decided to acquire the German and Hungarian citizenship during the occupation. (These provisions were cancelled for the Hungarians, but not for the Germans, in 1948). This was then used to confiscate their property and expel around 90% of the ethnic German population of Czechoslovakia. The expulsion of Germans after World War II was the Forced migration and Ethnic cleansing of German nationals ( Reichsdeutsche) and ethnic The people who remained were collectively accused of supporting the Nazis (after the Munich Agreement, in December 1938, 97. ---- Guilt is the Fact, state or Verdict (by a Court or other Tribunal) of an Offence, Crime, Violation The Munich Agreement (Mnichovská dohoda Mníchovská dohoda Münchner Abkommen Accords de Munich was an agreement regarding the Sudetenland, which were areas along borders 32% of adult Sudetengermans voted for NSDAP in elections). The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 Almost every decree explicitly stated that the sanctions did not apply to anti-fascists although the term Anti-fascist was not explicitly defined. Some 250,000 Germans, many married to Czechs, some anti-fascists, but also people required for the post-war reconstruction of the country remained in Czechoslovakia. The Benes Decrees still cause controversy between nationalist groups in Czech Republic, Germany, Austria and Hungary. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation [3]

Carpathian Ruthenia was occupied by (and in June 1945 formally ceded to) the Soviet Union. Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Rusinko Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia ( Rusyn and Ukrainian The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 In 1946 parliamentary election the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia emerged as the winner in the Czech lands (the Democratic Party won in Slovakia). The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, in Czech and in Slovak Komunistická strana Československa (KSČ was a political party in Czechoslovakia that existed between The Democratic Party ( Demokratická strana) was a Political party in Slovakia. In February 1948 the Communists seized power. Although they would maintain the fiction of political pluralism through the existence of the National Front, except for a short period in the late 1960s (the Prague Spring) the country was characterised by the absence of liberal democracy. The National Front (in Czech: Národní fronta, in Slovak: Národný front) was the coalition of parties which headed the re-established The Prague Spring ( Czech: Pražské jaro, Slovak: Pražská jar) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during The term "liberal" in "liberal democracy" does not imply that the government of such a democracy must follow the political ideology of While its economy remained more advanced than those of its neighbours in Eastern Europe, Czechoslovakia grew increasingly economically weak relative to Western Europe. In the religious sphere, atheism was officially promoted and taught. Atheism

In 1968, in response to a brief period of liberalization, five Eastern Bloc countries invaded Czechoslovakia. The Prague Spring ( Czech: Pražské jaro, Slovak: Pražská jar) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during In 1969, Czechoslovakia was turned into a federation of the Czech Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist Republic. A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" From 1969 to 1990 the Czech Socialist Republic ( Česká socialistická republika in Czech; abbreviated ČSR) was the official name of that part of From 1969 to 1990, the Slovak Socialist Republic ( Slovenská socialistická republika in Slovak; abbreviated SSR) was the official Under the federation, social and economic inequities between the Czech and Slovak halves of the state were largely eliminated. A number of ministries, such as Education, were formally transferred to the two republics. However, the centralized political control by the Communist Party severely limited the effects of federalization.

The 1970s saw the rise of the dissident movement in Czechoslovakia, represented (among others) by Václav Havel. A dissident, broadly defined is a person who actively challenges an established doctrine policy or institution Václav Havel, GCB, CC, ( (born October 5, 1936) is a Czech Playwright Writer and Politician The movement sought greater political participation and expression in the face of official disapproval, making itself felt by limits on work activities (up to a ban on any professional employment and refusal of higher education to the dissidents' children), police harassment and even prison time.

After 1989

Main article: History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)

In 1989 the country became democratic again through the Velvet Revolution. Velvet Revolution See also Velvet Revolution Background Although in March 1987 Gustáv Husák nominally committed Czechoslovakia The " Velvet Revolution " (sametová revoluce nežná revolúcia ( November 16 &ndash December 29 1989) refers to a non-violent This occurred at around the same time as the fall of communism in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Poland. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Within three years communist rule had been totally eradicated from Europe.

Unlike Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, the end of communism in this country did not automatically mean the end of the "communist" name: the word "socialist" was removed from the name on March 29, 1990, and replaced by "federal". See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar)

In 1992, because of growing nationalist tensions, Czechoslovakia was peacefully dissolved by parliament. The dissolution of Czechoslovakia, which took effect on January 1 1993, saw Czechoslovakia split into two separate countries the Czech Republic Its territory became the Czech Republic and Slovakia, which were formally created on January 1, 1993. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar)

Heads of state and government

International agreements and membership

After WWII, active participant in Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon), Warsaw Pact, United Nations and its specialized agencies; signatory of conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia

Population and ethnic groups

Main article: Demographics of Czechoslovakia

Politics

Main article: History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
Main article: Politics of Communist Czechoslovakia

After WWII, monopoly on politics held by Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. This is a list of Presidents of Czechoslovakia, both elected and acting This a list of Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia prior to its dissolution in 1993 The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, in Czech and in Slovak Komunistická strana Československa (KSČ was a political party in Czechoslovakia that existed between The Warsaw Pact (see Nomenclature) was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security This article deals with historic administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia up to 1992 when the country was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Ruthenia is a geographic and culturo-ethnic name applied to the parts of Eastern Europe populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to the past various Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading Okres ( Czech and Slovak term meaning "district" in English; from Old Slavic окрьсть - around refers to administrative entities in the Population (1991 156 millions out of which Czechs 628% Slovaks 31% Hungarians 3 Independence The independence of Czechoslovakia was proclaimed on October 28, 1918, by the Czechoslovak National Although political control of Communist Czechoslovakia was largely monopolized by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ the political power was technically The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, in Czech and in Slovak Komunistická strana Československa (KSČ was a political party in Czechoslovakia that existed between Gustáv Husák elected first secretary of KSC in 1969 (changed to general secretary in 1971) and president of Czechoslovakia in 1975. Gustáv Husák ( January 10, 1913 - November 18, 1991) was a Slovak politician president of Czechoslovakia and a long-term Other parties and organizations existed but functioned in subordinate roles to KSC. All political parties, as well as numerous mass organizations, grouped under umbrella of the National Front. The National Front (in Czech: Národní fronta, in Slovak: Národný front) was the coalition of parties which headed the re-established Human rights activists and religious activists severely repressed.

Constitutional development

Czechoslovakia had the following constitutions throughout its history (1918 – 1992):

Economy

Main article: Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia

After WWII, economy centrally planned with command links controlled by communist party, similar to Soviet Union. The term Czecho-Slovakia (in Czech and Slovak Česko-Slovensko) was the official short-form name of Czechoslovakia during several periods of In the mid-1980s Czechoslovakia was one of Eastern Europe 's most industrialized and prosperous countries The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Large metallurgical industry but dependent on imports for iron and nonferrous ores.

Resource base

Main article: Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia

After WWII, country energy short, relying on imported crude oil and natural gas from Soviet Union, domestic brown coal, and nuclear and hydroelectric energy. Minerals Oil and Power Plants Minerals and Mining Czechoslovakia had significant quantities of Coal and Lignite. Energy constraints a major factor in 1980s.

Transportation and communications

Main article: Transportation in Czechoslovakia

Society and social groups

Main article: Society of Communist Czechoslovakia

Education

Main article: Education in Czechoslovakia

Education free at all levels and compulsory from age six to fifteen. Czechoslovakia was one of Europe's major transit countries for north-south movement Czechoslovakia, of all the East European countries entered the postwar era with a relatively balanced social structure and an equitable distribution of resources This article is part of the main article Czechoslovakia History Before the Communist Era Czechoslovakia (and its succession states had a tradition Vast majority of population literate. Highly developed system of apprenticeship training and vocational schools supplemented general secondary schools and institutions of higher education.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Socialist Czechoslovakia

In 1991: Roman Catholics 46. 1948 Czechoslovakia entered the socialist era with a varied religious heritage 4%, Evangelic Lutheran 5. 3%, Atheist 29. 5%, n/a 16. 7%, but there were huge differences between the 2 constituent republics – see Czech Republic and Slovakia

Health, social welfare and housing

Main article: Health and Social Welfare in Communist Czechoslovakia

After WWII, free health care was available to all citizens. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Characteristics In the 1980s Czechoslovakia had a comprehensive and universal system of social security under which everyone was entitled to free medical care and medicine in theory National health planning emphasized preventive medicine; factory and local health-care centers supplemented hospitals and other inpatient institutions. There became substantial improvement in rural health care during the 1960s and 1970s. Rural areas can be large and isolated (also referred to as "the country" and/or "the countryside over the course of time Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing

Mass media

Main article: Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia

The mass media in Czechoslovakia was controlled by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ). The mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia was controlled by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, in Czech and in Slovak Komunistická strana Československa (KSČ was a political party in Czechoslovakia that existed between Private ownership of any publication or agency of the mass media was generally forbidden, although churches and other organizations published small periodicals and newspapers. Even with this informational monopoly in the hands of organizations under KSČ control, all publications were reviewed by the government's Office for Press and Information. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor

Sports

The Czechoslovakia national football team was a consistent performer in the international scene, with 8 appearances in the FIFA World Cup Finals, finishing in second-place in 1934 and 1962. The Czechoslovakia national football team was the national football team of Czechoslovakia, before the country was split into the Czech Republic The FIFA World Cup, occasionally called the Football World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international Association football The 1934 FIFA World Cup was the second World Cup staged and was hosted in Italy from 27 May to 10 June The 1962 FIFA World Cup, the seventh staging of the World Cup was held in Chile from May 30 to June 17. The team also won the European Football Championship in 1976 and came in third in 1980. The UEFA European Football Championship is the main football competition of the men's national football teams governed by UEFA (the Union of European The 1976 UEFA European Football Championship final tournament was held in Yugoslavia. The 1980 UEFA European Football Championship final tournament was held in Italy.

The Czechoslovak national ice hockey team won many medals from the world championships and Olympic games. The Czechoslovak national men's ice hockey team was one of the world's premiere teams during the Soviet dominated international hockey era often fighting Sweden

Emil Zátopek, winner of four Olympic gold medals in athletics, is considered one of the top athletes in history. Emil Zátopek ( pronounced) (September 19 1922 &ndash November 22 2000 was a Czech athlete probably best known for his amazing feat of winning The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games

The famous tennis players Ivan Lendl, Miloslav Mečíř, Daniela Hantuchová and Martina Navrátilová were born in Czechoslovakia. Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles) Ivan Lendl (born March 7, 1960) is a former World No 1 professional Tennis player of Czech origin Miloslav Mečíř (ˈmɪloslaf ˈmɛtʃir̝ (born May 19 1964) is a former professional Tennis player from Slovakia. Daniela Hantuchová (ˈdanɪjɛla ˈɦantuxɔvaː roughly HAHN-too-koh-vah; born April 23, 1983 in Poprad, Czechoslovakia, now Martina Navratilova ( Czech: Martina Navrátilová; born October 18, 1956, in Prague, Czechoslovakia) is a former World

Culture

Postage stamps

From creation to dissolution—overview

References

  1. ^ "The War of the World", Niall Ferguson Allen Lane 2006. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million This is a Partial list of famous Czech, and Czech intelligible people This is a list of notable people who either are or were citizens of Slovakia or Czechoslovakia, are or were of Slovak identity or ancestry International Women's Day ( IWD) is marked on March 8 every year Czechoslovakia ’s Jazz roots were established by Jaroslav Ježek and Rudolf Antonín Dvorský in the 1920’s and 30’s This list of people of stamps of Czechoslovakia is intended to end with the division into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
  2. ^ Playing the blame game, Prague Post, July 6th, 2005
  3. ^ East European Constitutional Review

Czechoslovak Republic

See also

External links

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (Андре́й Дми́триевич Са́харов (May 21 1921 – December 14 1989 was an eminent Soviet nuclear Physicist KGB ( Transliteration of "КГБ" is the Russian abbreviation of Committee for State Security ( Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty

Dictionary

Czechoslovakia

-proper noun

  1. (historical) a former country in central Europe; now the Czech Republic and Slovakia
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