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Cyzicus was a town of Mysia.
Cyzicus was a town of Mysia.

Cyzicus (Greek: Κύζικος) was an ancient town of Mysia in Anatolia, situated on the shoreward side of the present peninsula of Kapu-Dagh (Arctonnesus), which is said to have been originally an island in the Sea of Marmara, and to have been artificially connected with the mainland in historic times. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Mysia (Μυσία was a region in the northwest of ancient Asia Minor or Anatolia (part of modern Turkey) Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian

Now, Cyzicus is protected by the Turkey's Ministry of Culture, and located on the Erdek and Bandırma roads in Turkey. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Erdek is a town and district of Balıkesir Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. This article is about the Balıkesir Province district of Bandırma

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History

The city was probably founded by Pelasgians from Thessaly, according to tradition at the coming of the Argonauts; later it received many colonies from Miletus, allegedly in 756 BC, but its importance began only after the Peloponnesian war, when the decay of Athens and Miletus set in. The name Pelasgians (from Ancient Greek grc Πελασγοί Pelasgoí, singular Πελασγός Pelasgós) was used by some ancient Greek Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. For other uses of this term see Argonaut. In Greek mythology, the Argonauts ( Ancient Greek:) were a band of heroes Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient Events and trends 756 BC — Founding of Cyzicus. 755 BC — Ashur-nirari V succeeds Ashur-Dan III as king of Assyria Alcibiades defeated the Lacedaemonians there (410 BC). Alcibiades Cleiniou Scambonides (ˌælsɨˈbaɪədiːz (pronunciation Greek:, transliterated Alkibiádēs Kleiníou Skambōnidēs) meaning Alcibiades The era of its Olympiads was reckoned from 135 or 139.

Owing to its advantageous position it speedily acquired commercial importance, and the gold staters of Cyzicus were a staple currency in the ancient world till they were superseded by those of Philip of Macedon. The stater was an ancient coin of Greek or Lydian origin which circulated from about 700 BCE to 50 CE Philip was the name of several Macedonian monarchs Philip I of Macedon (ruled 640–602 BC Its unique and characteristic coin, the Cyzicenus, was worth 28 drachmae.

During the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) Cyzicus was subject to the Athenians and Lacedaemonians alternately. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's In the naval Battle of Cyzicus in 410 during the Peloponnesian War, an Athenian fleet routed and completely destroyed a Spartan fleet. The naval Battle of Cyzicus took place in 410 BC during the Peloponnesian War. At the peace of Antalcidas (387 BC), like the other Greek cities in Asia, it was made over to Persia. Antalcidas (Ανταλκίδας was a Spartan soldier and diplomat the son of Leon The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Alexander the Great later captured it from the Persians in 334 BC. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ'

The history of the town in Hellenistic times is closely connected with that of the Attalids of Pergamon, with whose extinction it came into direct relations with Rome. The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great Cyzicus was held for the Romans against king Mithridates VI of Pontus who besieged it with 300,000 men in 74 BC, but it withstood him stoutly, and the siege was raised by Lucullus: the loyalty of the city was rewarded by an extension of territory and other privileges. See Mithridates for people and concepts with the same name Mithridates VI (Μιθριδάτης 132&ndash63 BC also known as Mithridates For his grandfather and namesake see Lucius Licinius Lucullus. The Romans favoured it and recognized its municipal independence. Cyzicus was the leading city of Northern Mysia as far as Troas. Mysia (Μυσία was a region in the northwest of ancient Asia Minor or Anatolia (part of modern Turkey)

Bas-relief of a charioteer, late 6th century,shows Hittite influence at Cyzicus
Bas-relief of a charioteer, late 6th century,shows Hittite influence at Cyzicus

Under Roman Emperor Tiberius it was incorporated with the empire, but remained the capital of Mysia, afterwards of Hellespontus, and became one of the greatest cities in the ancient world. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (or Tiberius I) born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16 42 BC – March 16 AD 37) was the second Roman Mysia (Μυσία was a region in the northwest of ancient Asia Minor or Anatolia (part of modern Turkey)

Cyzicus was captured temporarily by the Arabs in 675. It appears to have been ruined by a series of earthquakes since 443 — the last in AD 1063; it began to be deserted as early as the eleventh century and the population was transferred to Artaki at least as early as the 13th century, when the peninsula was occupied by the Crusades. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents

In the Ottoman era it was part of the caza of Erdek, in the Anatolian vilayet of Brusa. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Kaza, qadaa, qaza, qazaa, or caza (قضاء qaḍāʾ, plural أقضية aqḍiyah; Ottoman Turkish pronunciation Erdek is a town and district of Balıkesir Province in the Marmara region of Turkey.

Ecclesiastical history

A titular see of Asia Minor, metropolitan of the ancient ecclesiastical province of Hellespontus. A titular see in the Roman Catholic Church is a Diocese or Archdiocese that now exists in title only As ecclesiastical metropolis of the Roman Hellespontus province, Cyzicus had a catalogue of bishops beginning with the first century; Michel Le Quien (I, 747) mentions fifty-nine. Michel Le Quien ( Boulogne-sur-Mer 8 October 1661 – Paris 12 March 1733) was a French historian and theologian A more complete list is found in Nicodemos, in the Greek "Office of St. Emilian" (Constantinople, 1876), 34-36, which has eighty-five names. Of particular importance are the famous Arian; Eunomius of Cyzicus; Saint Dalmatius; Proclus of Constantinople and Germanus of Auxerre, who became Patriarchs of Constantinople; and Saint Emilian, a martyr in the eighth century. Arianism is the theological teaching of Arius (c AD 250-336 who was ruled a heretic by the Christian church at the Council of Nicea. Eunomius (Εὐνόμιος (died c393 one of the leaders of the extreme or anomoeans who are sometimes accordingly called Eunomians was born at Dacora in Saint Dalmatius may refer to Dalmatius of Constantinople Dalmatius of Pavia Dalmatius of Rodez Saint Proclus (died July 446 or 447 was an Archbishop of Constantinople. Germanus of Auxerre (c 378– 31 July, 448) was a Bishop of Auxerre in Gaul. Another Saint who came from Cyzicus is Saint Tryphaena of Cyzicus. Tryphaena (name in Greek: η Τρύφαινα or Τρυφαίνη) was a Roman Christian woman that lived in the Roman Empire. Tryphaena is the patron saint of the city. Gelasius, a historian of Arianism, who wrote about 475, was born at Cyzicus. Gelasius of Cyzicus is the name of an Ecclesiastical writer in the fifth century Lequien (III, 941) mentions a Latin bishop in 1477.

Cyzicus is still a metropolitan title for the Greek Orthodox, the metropolitan residing at Artake (Erdek), a little port on the western shore of the peninsula. In Hierarchical Christian churches the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan, pertains to the Diocesan bishop or Opposite to Artake is another port, Peramos (Perama), where an Assumptionist Father founded a Greek parish. At Panormos (Panderma), another more important port nine miles south-east of the ruins of Cyzicus (10,000 inhabitants), there is a Catholic Armenian parish. At the Dardanelles there is also a Latin parish. It remains a Catholic titular see.

Monuments

The site amid the marshes of Balkiz Serai is known as Bal-Kiz and entirely uninhabited, though under cultivation. The principal extant ruins are the walls, dating from the fourth century, which are traceable for nearly their whole extent, and the substructures of the temple of Hadrian, the ruins of a Roman aqueduct and a theatre. Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after

The picturesque amphitheatre, intersected by a stream, built in the third century B. C. , was one of the largest in the world; its diameter was nearly 500 feet. Of this magnificent building, sometimes ranked among the seven wonders of the ancient world, thirty-one immense columns still stood erect in 1444. These have since been carried away piecemeal for building purposes.

Colossal foundations of a temple dedicated to the Emperor Hadrian are still visible: the columns were 21. Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after 35 metres high (about 70 feet), while the highest known elsewhere, those at Baalbek in Syria are only 19. Baalbek (بعلبك is a town in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon, altitude 1170 m (3850 ft situated east of the Litani River. 35 metres (about 63 feet).

The monuments of Cyzicus were used by the Byzantine emperor Justinian as a quarry for the building of his Saint Sophia cathedral, and were still exploited by the Ottomans.

See also

Sources and references

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