Cyrillic alphabet
Type	Alphabet
Spoken languages	Many East and South Slavic languages, and almost all languages in the former Soviet Union (see Languages using Cyrillic)
Time period	Earliest variants exist circa 940
Parent systems	Phoenician alphabet  → Greek alphabet   → Glagolitic alphabet    → Early Cyrillic alphabet     → Cyrillic alphabet
Sister systems	Latin alphabet Coptic alphabet Armenian
Unicode range	U+0400 to U+04FF U+0500 to U+052F U+2DE0 to U+2DFF U+A640 to U+A69F
ISO 15924	Cyrl Cyrs (Old Church Slavonic variant)
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. An alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a Phoneme, a Spoken language, either The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 This is a list of languages that have been written in the Cyrillic alphabet at one time or another The original Cyrillic alphabet was a writing system developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the tenth century to write the Old Church Slavonic Liturgical Events By Place Asia Saadia Gaon compiles his Siddur (Jewish prayer book in Iraq. The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to originate around 1050 BC The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. The original Cyrillic alphabet was a writing system developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the tenth century to write the Old Church Slavonic Liturgical The Coptic alphabet is the script used for writing the Coptic language. The Armenian alphabet is an Alphabet that has been used to write the Armenian language since the year 405 or 406. Unicode ’s ISO 15924, Codes for the representation of names of scripts, defines two sets of codes for a number of Writing systems (scripts In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

The Cyrillic alphabet (pronounced /səˈrɪlɪk/; also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is actually a family of alphabets, subsets of which are used by six Slavic national languages (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian and Ukrainian) as well as non-Slavic (Kazakh, Uzbek, Kyrgyz and Tajik of the former Soviet Union, and Mongolian). An alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a Phoneme, a Spoken language, either The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages A national language is a Language (or language variant, ie Dialect) which has some connection - de facto or de jure - with The Belarusian language, or Belorussian,(беларуская мова BGN/PCGN: byelaruskaya mova, Scientific: belaruskaja mova Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Kazakh (also Qazaq and variants natively kk Qazaq tili, kk Қазақ тілі; pronounced tˈlə is a Turkic language closely related to Uzbek ( O‘zbek tili or O'zbekcha in Latin script, Ўзбек тили in Cyrillic script; أۇزبېك ﺗﻴﻠی in Arabic Kyrgyz or Kirghiz (Кыргыз тили Kyrgyz tili, قىرعىز ٴتىلى is a Turkic language, and together with Russian, an official The Tajik language, or Tajik Persian, or Tajiki, (sometimes written Tadjik or Tadzhik; тоҷикӣ, tg-Latn ''tojikí'') is a modern The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Mongolian language (mn [[ImageMonggol kelesvg 17px]] Mongɣol kele, Cyrillic: Монгол хэл Mongol khel) is the best-known member of It is also used by many other languages of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Siberia and other languages in the past. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Not all letters in the Cyrillic alphabet are used in every language that is written with it.

The alphabet has official status with many organisations. With the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union on 1 January 2007, Cyrillic became the third official alphabet of the EU. The accession of Bulgaria to the European Union took place on 1 January 2007 New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in

History

A page from Azbuka, the first Russian textbook, printed by Ivan Fyodorov in 1574. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ivan Fedorov (later changed to Fedorovych (Ива́н Фёдоров i'van 'fʲodɘrɘf (born around 1510 died December 14, 1583 in Lviv) was one of This page features the Cyrillic alphabet.

Main article: Early Cyrillic alphabet

The layout of the early Cyrillic alphabet shares a common root with the ninth-century Glagolitic alphabet^[1], which was based on the Greek uncial script and the Latin alphabet. Canadian Aboriginal syllabic writing', or simply syllabics, is a family of Abugidas {dubious}} used to write a number of Aboriginal Canadian Nearly all the segmental scripts (loosely " Alphabets " but see below for more precise terminology used around the globe appear to have derived from the The original Cyrillic alphabet was a writing system developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the tenth century to write the Old Church Slavonic Liturgical The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early The original mother letter-forms are closely related to uncial (ustav) cursive Greek. Uncial is a Majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek Scribes From the 8th century to the For the indie rock band see Cursive (band. Cursive is any style of handwriting that is designed for writing down notes and Saints Cyril and Methodius, Byzantine Greeks from Thessaloniki, are usually credited with the Glagolithic alphabet's development. Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Byzantine Greeks or Byzantines or Romaioi, is a conventional term used by modern historians to refer to the medieval Greek or Hellenized citizens Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia

Although it is widely accepted that the Glagolitic alphabet was invented by Saints Cyril and Methodius, the origins of the early Cyrillic alphabet are still a source of much controversy. Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born It has been attributed to Saint Clement of Ohrid, disciple of Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius. Saint Clement of Ohrid (Свети Климент Охридски sve'ti 'kliment 'oxridski (ca Recent studies have suggested that the Cyrillic alphabet was more likely developed at the Preslav Literary School in northeastern Bulgaria. The Preslav Literary School (Pliska Literary School was the first literary school in the medieval Bulgarian Empire. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian

Among the reasons for the replacement of the Glagolitic with the Cyrillic alphabet is the greater simplicity and ease of use of the latter and its closeness with the Bulgar and Greek alphabets, which were widely in use among the population of the Bulgarian Empire. Bulgarian Empire (Българско царство Balgarsko tsarstvo ˈʦar

There are also other theories regarding the origins of the Cyrillic alphabet, namely that the alphabet was created by Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius themselves, or that it preceded the Glagolitic alphabet, representing a "transitional" stage between Greek and Glagolitic cursive, but these have been disproved. Although Cyril is almost certainly not the author of the Cyrillic alphabet, his contributions to the Glagolitic and hence to the Cyrillic alphabet are still recognised, as the latter is named after him.

The alphabet was disseminated along with the Old Church Slavonic liturgical language, and the alphabet used for modern Church Slavonic language in Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic rites still resembles early Cyrillic. to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ A sacred language, or liturgical language, is a Language that is cultivated for religious reasons by people who speak another language in their daily life Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See However, over the following ten centuries, the Cyrillic alphabet adapted to changes in spoken language, developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages, and was subjected to academic reforms and political decrees. Today, dozens of languages in Eastern Europe and Asia are written in the Cyrillic alphabet. This is a list of languages that have been written in the Cyrillic alphabet at one time or another

As the Cyrillic alphabet spread throughout the East and South Slavic territories, it was adopted for writing local languages, such as Old Ruthenian. Old East Slavic, also known as Old Russian (древнерусский or Old Ruthenian, was a vernacular literary language used from the 10th to the 14th centuries Its adaptation to the characteristics of local languages led to the development of its many modern variants, below.

Capital and lowercase letters were not distinguished in old manuscripts. A (А а is the first letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It arose directly from the Greek letter alpha. Ve (В в is the third letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the sound /v/ Ge or He (Г г italics Г, г) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing /g/ or /ɦ/ in different languages De (Д д italics Д д) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. Ye (Є є is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in Ukrainian and Rusyn languages to represent the iotated vowel sound /je/ Zhe (Ж ж is the letter of Cyrillic alphabet which represents the Voiced postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ ( listen) similar to the s Dze (Ѕ ѕ is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used to represent the sound /dz/ in the Macedonian alphabet. Ze (З з is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant /z/ I or Y (И и italics И, и) is a letter of almost all ancient and modern Cyrillic alphabets representing typically /i/ (in Old Slavonic I (І і (also called dotted I) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in the orthographies of the Belarusian, Kazakh and Ka (К к is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It is derived from the Greek letter kappa (Κ κ El (Л л is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant /l/ unless it comes before a palatalizing vowel when it represents /lʲ/ except in Serbian Kje (Ќ ќ is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Macedonian language. En (Н н is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It represents the consonant /n/ unless followed by ь or any of the Palatalizing vowels when it represents /nʲ/ O (О о is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the vowel /o/ word-initially and after hard consonants Pe (П п (formerly referred to by the mnemonic name pokoy) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant /p/ unless followed The letter koppa in the Early Cyrillic alphabet Er (Р р is the eighteenth letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It was developed from the Greek letter Rho. Es (С с is the eighteenth letter in the Bulgarian the nineteenth letter in the Russian and the twenty-first letter in Serbian Cyrillic alphabet. Te (Т т italics Т, т) is the letter in the Cyrillic alphabet corresponding to T in the Latin alphabet Uk (Оу оу is a letter of the Early Cyrillic alphabet. It was originally a Digraph of о and either {{unicode|ѵ}} or у Ef (Ф ф is the twenty-second letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. Kha, (Х х is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the Voiceless velar fricative /x/ in Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian Omega,, is a letter used in the Early Cyrillic alphabet, descended from the Greek Omega, Ω ω Tse (Ц ц is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It looks somewhat like U with square corners and a "pig tail" on the bottom right Che or Cha (Ч ч italics Ч ч) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. Sha (Ш ш italics Ш ш) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant sound /ʃ/ or /ʂ/ Shcha or Shta (Щ щ italics Щ щ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, historically representing The letter Yer or Jer ( Ъ, ъ) of the Cyrillic alphabet is known as the hard sign (твёрдый знак znak in the modern Yery or Yeru (Ы ы usually called ы in modern Russian) is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. The soft sign (Ь ь is a symbol in the Cyrillic alphabet. In the Old Slavic language, it represented a short -like vowel but in modern Slavic Cyrillic writing italics. IPA is used to make sure that old Cyrillic is displayed properly Yu (Ю ю is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing either the combination /ju/ (a so-called iotated vowel or /u/ after a palatalized consonant Ya (Я я is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet, representing either the combination /ja/ (a so-called Iotated vowel) or /a/ after a palatalized consonant Little Yus and Big Yus, or Jus, are the letters representing two Common Slavonic Nasal vowels in the early Cyrillic and Little Yus and Big Yus, or Jus, are the letters representing two Common Slavonic Nasal vowels in the early Cyrillic and Little Yus and Big Yus, or Jus, are the letters representing two Common Slavonic Nasal vowels in the early Cyrillic and Little Yus and Big Yus, or Jus, are the letters representing two Common Slavonic Nasal vowels in the early Cyrillic and Psi (Ѱ ѱ is a letter in the Early Cyrillic alphabet, derived from the Greek letter psi (Ψ ψ For the acronym see FITA Fita (Ѳ ѳ is a letter of the Early Cyrillic alphabet, descended from the Greek Theta. Izhitsa ( Ѵ, ѵ; И́жица is a letter of the Early Cyrillic alphabet. E iotified (Ѥ ѥ is a letter of the Early Cyrillic alphabet.

A page from the Church Slavonic Grammar of Meletius Smotrytsky (1619). Meletius Smotrytsky (Мелетій Смотрицький Meletiy Smotryts’kyy; Belarusian: Мялецій Сматрыцкі Russian: Мелетий

Yeri (Ы) was originally a ligature of Yer and I (ЪІ). Iotation was indicated by ligatures formed with the letter I: ІА (ancestor of modern ya, я), Ѥ, Ю (ligature of I and ОУ), Ѩ, Ѭ. Iotation is a form of Palatalization which occurs in Slavic languages. Ya (Я я is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet, representing either the combination /ja/ (a so-called Iotated vowel) or /a/ after a palatalized consonant Many letters had variant forms and commonly-used ligatures, for example И=І=Ї, Ѡ=Ѻ, ОУ=Ѹ, ѠТ=Ѿ.

The letters also had numeric values, based not on the native Cyrillic alphabetical order, but inherited from the letters' Greek ancestors. ʹ the numeral sign redirects here For the accent ´ see Acute accent.

The early Cyrillic alphabet is difficult to represent on computers. Cyrillic numerals was a numbering system derived from the Cyrillic alphabet, used by South and East Slavic peoples. Many of the letterforms differed from modern Cyrillic, varied a great deal in manuscripts, and changed over time. A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way Few fonts include adequate glyphs to reproduce the alphabet. A glyph is an element of writing Two or more glyphs representing the same symbol whether interchangeable or context-dependent are called Allographs the abstract unit they The current Unicode standard does not represent some significant letterform variations, and omits some characters, such as Cyrillic dotless I, iotified Yat, abbreviated Yer (Yerok), and many ligatures. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's italics. IPA is used to make sure that old Cyrillic is displayed properly The letter Yer or Jer ( Ъ, ъ) of the Cyrillic alphabet is known as the hard sign (твёрдый знак znak in the modern

The Unicode 5. 1 standard, released on April 4, 2008, greatly improves computer support for the early Cyrillic and the modern Church Slavonic language. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox

Letter-forms and typography

The development of Cyrillic typography passed directly from the medieval stage to the late Baroque, without a Renaissance phase as in Western Europe. Typography is the art and techniques of arranging type, Type design, and modifying type Glyphs Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' Late Medieval Cyrillic letters (still found on many icon inscriptions even today) show a marked tendency to be very tall and narrow; strokes are often shared between adjacent letters. An icon (from Greek εἰκών eikōn, "image" is a religious work of art most commonly a painting from Eastern Christianity.

Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, mandated the use of westernized letter forms in the early eighteenth century. Over time, these were largely adopted in the other languages that use the alphabet. Thus, unlike modern Greek fonts that retained their own set of design principles (such as the placement of serifs, the shapes of stroke ends, and stroke-thickness rules), modern Cyrillic fonts are much the same as modern Latin fonts of the same font family. Origins & etymology Serifs are thought to have originated in the Roman alphabet with inscriptional lettering —words carved into stone in Roman antiquity The development of some Cyrillic computer typefaces from Latin ones has also contributed to the visual Latinization of Cyrillic type.

Cyrillic uppercase and lowercase letter-forms are not as differentiated as in Latin typography. Capital letters or majuscules pronunciation /məˈdʒʌskyuls ˈmædʒəˌskyuls/ in the Roman alphabet A, B, C, D, Upright Cyrillic lowercase letters are essentially small capitals (with the few exceptions: "а", "е", "p", "y" adopted Western lowercase shapes, lowercase "ф" is typically designed under the influence of "p", lowercase "Б" is "б", one of traditional hand-written forms), although a good-quality Cyrillic typeface will still include separate small caps glyphs. In Typography, small capitals (usually abbreviated small caps) are Uppercase ( capital) characters set at the same height as surrounding ^[2]

Comparison of some upright and hand-written letters (Ge, De, I, I kratkoye, Em, Te and Tse. Top row is set in Georgia font, bottom in Kisty CY)

Cyrillic fonts, as well as Latin ones, have roman and italic variants (practically all popular modern fonts include parallel sets of Latin and Cyrillic letters, where many glyphs, uppercase as well as lowercase, are simply shared by both). In Typography, "roman" type has two principal meanings both stemming from the stylistic origin of text typefaces from inscriptional capitals used in In Typography, italic type /ɪˈtælɪk/ or /aɪˈtælɪk/ refers to cursive Typefaces based on a stylized form of calligraphic Handwriting. However, the native font terminology in Slavic languages (for example, in Russian) does not use the words "roman" and "italic" in this sense. ^[3] Instead, the nomenclature follows German naming patterns:

• A roman-style font (Cyrillic, Latin, Greek. . . ) is simply called pryamoy shrift (‘upright font')—compare with Normalschrift (‘regular font') in German
• An italic font is called kursiv (literally ‘cursive’) or kursivniy shrift (‘cursive font’)—from the German word Kursive, meaning italic typefaces and not actual cursive
• Cursive handwriting is rukopisniy shrift (‘hand-written font’) in Russian—in German: Kurrentschrift or Laufschrift, both meaning literally ‘running font’

Similarly to the Latin fonts, italic and handwritten shapes of many Cyrillic letters (typically lowercase; uppercase only for hand-written or stylish types) are very different from their upright shapes. For the indie rock band see Cursive (band. Cursive is any style of handwriting that is designed for writing down notes and Kurrent is an old form of German handwriting based on late medieval cursive writing In certain cases, the correspondence between uppercase and lowercase glyphs does not coincide in Latin and Cyrillic fonts: for example, handwritten Cyrillic m is a possible lowercase counterpart of T instead of M.

The standard Cyrillic letters compared to the ones used in Serbian and Macedonian, both in regular shape and italic/cursive

As in Latin typography, a sans-serif face may have a mechanically-sloped oblique font (naklonniy shrift—‘sloped’, or ‘slanted font’) instead of italic.

A boldfaced font is called poluzhirniy shrift (‘semi-bold font’), because there existed fully-boldfaced shapes which are out of use since the beginning of the twentieth century.

A bold italic combination (bold slanted) doesn't exist for all font families.

In Serbian and Macedonian, some italic and cursive letters are different from those used in other languages. These letter shapes are often used in upright fonts as well, especially for advertisements, road signs, inscriptions, posters and the like, less so in newspapers or books. The Cyrillic lowercase B, б, has a slightly different design both in the regular and italic/cursive shape, which is related to the lowercase Greek letter Delta, δ. Delta (uppercase Δ, lowercase δ; Δέλτα Thelta is the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet.

The following table shows the differences between the upright and italic/cursive Cyrillic letters as used in Russian. Italic, and especially cursive glyphs that are bound to confuse beginners are highlighted (confusing either because of an entirely different look, or because of being a false friend with an entirely different Latin character). False friends (or faux amis) are pairs of Words in two Languages or Dialects (or letters in two alphabets that look and/or sound similar but differ

As used in various languages

Main articles: Cyrillic alphabet variants, Languages using Cyrillic, and List of Cyrillic letters

Distribution of the Cyrillic alphabet worldwide. This is a list of national variants of the Cyrillic alphabet. This is a list of languages that have been written in the Cyrillic alphabet at one time or another Variants of the Cyrillic alphabet are used by the Writing systems of many languages especially languages used in the former Soviet Union The dark green shows the countries that use Cyrillic as the one main script; the lighter green those that use Cyrillic alongside another official script.

Sounds are indicated using the IPA. These are only approximate indicators. While these languages by and large have phonemic orthographies, there are occasional exceptions-for example, Russian его (yego, 'him/his'), which is pronounced [jɪˈvo] instead of [jɪˈgo]. A phonemic orthography is a Writing system where the written Graphemes correspond to Phonemes the spoken sounds of the language

Note that transliterated spellings of names may vary, especially y/j/i, but also gh/g/h and zh/j.

Derived alphabets

The first alphabet partly derived from Cyrillic is Abur, applied to the Komi language. The Old Permic script, sometimes called Abur or Anbur, is an original ancient Permic Writing system. The Komi language, also known as Zyrian, or Komi-Zyrian, is a Finno-Permic language spoken by the Komi peoples in the northeastern European Other writing systems derived from Cyrillic were applied to Caucasian languages and the Molodtsov alphabet for Komi language. In the 1920s the Komi language was written with the Molodtsov alphabet, derived from the Cyrillic alphabet. The Komi language, also known as Zyrian, or Komi-Zyrian, is a Finno-Permic language spoken by the Komi peoples in the northeastern European

Relationship to other writing systems

Latin alphabets

A number of languages written in the Cyrillic alphabet have also been written in the Latin alphabet, such as Azerbaijani, Uzbek and Moldavian. Uzbek ( O‘zbek tili or O'zbekcha in Latin script, Ўзбек тили in Cyrillic script; أۇزبېك ﺗﻴﻠی in Arabic History and politics After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, official status shifted from Cyrillic to Latin. The transition is complete in most of Moldova and Azerbaijan, but Uzbekistan still uses both systems.

Romanization

There are various systems for romanization of Cyrillic text, including transliteration to convey Cyrillic spelling in Latin characters, and transcription to convey pronunciation. In Linguistics, romanization (or latinization, also spelled romanisation or latinisation) is the representation of a Word or Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Transcription is the conversion into written typewritten or printed form of a Spoken language source such as the proceedings of a court hearing

Standard Cyrillic-to-Latin transliteration systems include:

• Scientific transliteration, used in linguistics, is based on the Latin Croatian alphabet. Scientific transliteration, also called the International Scholarly System, is a system for Transliteration of text from the Cyrillic to the Latin
• The Working Group on Romanization Systems of the United Nations recommends different systems for specific languages. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security These are the most commonly used around the world.
• ISO 9:1995, from the International Organization for Standardization. The International standard ISO 9 establishes a system for the Transliteration into Latin characters of Cyrillic characters constituting the alphabets
• American Library Association and Library of Congress Romanization tables for Slavic alphabets (ALA-LC Romanization), used in North American libraries. ALA-LC is a set of standards for Romanization, or the representation of text in other Writing systems using the Latin alphabet.
• BGN/PCGN romanization (1947), United States Board on Geographic Names & Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use). BGN/PCGN romanization refers to the systems for Romanization ( Transliteration into the Latin alphabet) and Roman-script spelling conventions adopted by
• GOST 16876, a now defunct Soviet transliteration standard. GOST 16876-71 (ГОСТ 16876-71 is a Romanization system (for Transliteration of Cyrillic texts into the Latin alphabet) devised by the National Replaced by GOST 7. 79, which is ISO 9 equivalent. The International standard ISO 9 establishes a system for the Transliteration into Latin characters of Cyrillic characters constituting the alphabets
• Volapuk encoding, an informal rendering of Cyrillic text over Latin-alphabet ASCII. Volapuk encoding ( Russian: кодировка "волапюк" kodirovka "volapyuk") is a slang term for rendering the letters of the Cyrillic

See also romanization of Belarusian, Bulgarian, Kyrgyz, Russian, and Ukrainian. Romanization or Latinization of Belarusian is any system for Transliterating written Belarusian from the Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin Romanization of Bulgarian is the Transliteration of text in the Bulgarian language from the Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet. The Kyrgyz language language is written in the Kyrgyz alphabet, a modification of the Cyrillic alphabet. The Romanization of the Russian alphabet is the process of transliterating the Russian language from the Cyrillic alphabet and The romanization or latinization of Ukrainian is the representation of the Ukrainian language using Latin letters.

Cyrillization

Representing other writing systems with Cyrillic letters is called Cyrillization. A Cyrillization is a system for rendering words of a language that normally uses a writing system other than the Cyrillic alphabet into a (version of Cyrillic alphabet

Computer encoding

Further information: Cyrillic characters in Unicode

In Unicode, the Cyrillic and Cyrillic Supplementary blocks extend from U+0400 to U+052F. The Cyrillic blocks In Unicode extend from U+0400 to U+052F The characters in the range U+0400–U+045F Cyrillic are basically the characters from ISO 8859-5 The Cyrillic blocks In Unicode extend from U+0400 to U+052F The characters in the range U+0400–U+045F Cyrillic are basically the characters from ISO 8859-5 In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's The characters in the range U+0400 to U+045F are basically the characters from ISO 8859-5 moved upward by 864 positions. ISO 8859-5, also known as Cyrillic is an 8-bit Character encoding, part of the ISO 8859 standard The characters in the range U+0460 to U+0489 are historic letters, not used now. The characters in the range U+048A to U+052F are additional letters for various languages that are written with Cyrillic script.

Unicode does not include accented Cyrillic letters, but they can be combined by adding U+0301 ("combining acute accent") after the accented vowel (e. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's In Digital typography, combining characters are characters that are intended to modify other characters g. , ы́ э́ ю́ я́). Some languages, including modern Church Slavonic, are still not fully supported. Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox

Unicode 5. 1, released on April 4, 2008, introduces major changes to the Cyrillic blocks. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Revisions to the existing Cyrillic blocks, and the addition of Cyrillic Extended A (2DE0. . . 2DFF) and Cyrillic Extended B (A640. . . A69F), significantly improve support for the early Cyrillic alphabet, Abkhaz, Aleut, Chuvash, Kurdish, and Mordvin. The original Cyrillic alphabet was a writing system developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the tenth century to write the Old Church Slavonic Liturgical The Aleuts ( self-denomination from Aleut language allíthuh 'community' older or regional self-denomination Unangax̂, Unangan or The Mordvins (also Mordva, Mordvinians) are a people who speak languages of the Volga-Finnic (Finno-Volgaic branch of the Finno-Ugric language [2]

Punctuation for Cyrillic text is similar to that used in European Latin-alphabet languages.

Other character encoding systems for Cyrillic:

• CP866 – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use in MS-DOS also known as GOST-alternative
• ISO/IEC 8859-5 – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by International Organization for Standardization
• KOI8-R – 8-bit native Russian character encoding
• KOI8-U – KOI8-R with addition of Ukrainian letters
• MIK – 8-bit native Bulgarian character encoding for use in DOS
• Windows-1251 – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use in Microsoft Windows. A character encoding consists of a code that pairs a sequence of characters from a given character set (sometimes incorrectly referred to as Code page CP866 is a Cyrillic Code page to be used with MS-DOS. It is based on the "alternative character set" of GOST 19768-87 Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer MS-DOS (short for M icro' s' oft D isk O perating S ystem is an Operating system commercialized by Microsoft. ISO 8859-5, also known as Cyrillic is an 8-bit Character encoding, part of the ISO 8859 standard KOI8-R is an 8-bit Character encoding, designed to cover Russian, which uses the Cyrillic alphabet KOI8-U is an 8-bit Character encoding, designed to cover Ukrainian, which uses the Cyrillic alphabet MIK is a Cyrillic Code page to be used with MS-DOS. It is based on the character set used in the Bulgarian Pravetz 16 IBM PC compatible system DOS, short for "Disk Operating System" is a shorthand term for several closely related Operating systems that dominated the IBM PC compatible market Windows-1251 is a popular 8-bit Character encoding, designed to cover languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet such as Russian, Bulgarian and Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Former standard encoding in some Linux distributions for Belarusian and Bulgarian, but currently displaced by UTF-8. Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks UTF-8 (8- Bit UCS / Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length Character encoding for Unicode.
• GOST-main
• GB 2312 - Principally simplified Chinese encodings, but there are also basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case). GB2312 is the registered internet name for a key official Character set of the People's Republic of China, used for simplified Chinese characters
• JIS and Shift JIS - Principally Japanese encodings, but there are also basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case). In computing JIS encoding refers to several Japanese Industrial Standards for encoding the Japanese language.

Keyboard layouts

Each language has its own standard keyboard layout, adopted from typewriters. QWERTY keyboardjpg|thumb|right|300px|QWERTY keyboard on a Laptop of 2007]]A keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional A typewriter is a mechanical or Electromechanical device with a set of "keys" that when pressed cause characters to be printed on a medium With the flexibility of computer input methods, there are also transliterating or homophonic keyboard layouts made for typists who are more familiar with other layouts, like the common English qwerty keyboard. In Music, homophony (hoʊˈmɒfəni from Greek "homófonos" where ομοιο = the same and φωνή = a sound tone is a texture in which two or more QWERTY (ˈkwɜː(rti is the most common modern-day Keyboard layout on English-language computer and Typewriter keyboards It takes its When practical Cyrillic keyboard layouts or fonts are not available, computer users sometimes use transliteration or look-alike "volapuk" encoding to type languages which are normally written with the Cyrillic alphabet. Volapuk encoding ( Russian: кодировка "волапюк" kodirovka "volapyuk") is a slang term for rendering the letters of the Cyrillic

See Keyboard layouts for non-Roman alphabetic scripts. QWERTY keyboardjpg|thumb|right|300px|QWERTY keyboard on a Laptop of 2007]]A keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional

Notes

References

• Bringhurst, Robert (2002). Robert Bringhurst (born October 16, 1946) is a Poet, Typographer and Author. The Elements of Typographic Style (version 2. The Elements of Typographic Style is a book by Canadian Typographer, Poet and Translator Robert Bringhurst. 5), pp. 262–264. Vancouver, Hartley & Marks. ISBN 0-88179-133-4.
• Nezirović, M. (1992). Jevrejsko-španjolska književnost. Sarajevo: Svjetlost. [cited in Šmid, 2002]
• Šmid, Katja (2002). "Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardíPDF (603 KiB)", in Verba Hispanica, vol X. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International Liubliana: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Liubliana. ISSN 0353-9660.

See also

• .рф
• Languages using Cyrillic
• List of Cyrillic letters
• Faux Cyrillic, real or fake Cyrillic letters used to give Latin-alphabet text a Soviet or Russian feel
• Russian Manual Alphabet (the fingerspelled Cyrillic alphabet)
• Cyrillic Alphabet Day
• Vladislav the Grammarian

External links

• Minority Languages of Russia on the Net, a list of resources. This is a list of languages that have been written in the Cyrillic alphabet at one time or another Variants of the Cyrillic alphabet are used by the Writing systems of many languages especially languages used in the former Soviet Union Faux Cyrillic, pseudo-Cyrillic, pseudo-Russian or faux Russian Typography is the use of Cyrillic letters in Latin text The Russian Manual Alphabet is used for Fingerspelling in Russian sign language. Fingerspelling (or dactylology) is the representation of the letters of a Writing system, and sometimes Numeral systems using only the hands Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Vladislav the Grammarian (Владислав Граматик (also V
• Information on Cyrillic transliteration and the handwritten script form of Cyrillic.
• A Survey of the Use of Modern Cyrillic Script, including the complete required repertoire of graphic characters, by J. W. van Wingen.
• Tipometar: Serbian Cyrillic typography and typefaces
• The Cyrillic Charset Soup, Roman Czyborra’s overview and history of Cyrillic charsets.
• Unicode Code Charts "Cyrillic"PDF (174 KB)
• Unicode Code Charts "Cyrillic Supplement"PDF (69. 8 KB)
• Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts, a collection of writing systems and transliteration tables, by Thomas T. Pedersen. Includes PDF reference charts for many languages' transliteration systems.
• Rusklaviatura: Real-time Cyrillic Converter