| Archaeological Site of Cyrene* | |
|---|---|
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
 |
|
| State Party |  Libyan Arab Jamahiriya |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | ii, iii, vi |
| Reference | 190 |
| Region† | Arab States |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1982 (6th Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO. |
|
Cyrene (Greek Κυρήνη, Kurene) was an ancient Greek colony in present-day Libya, the oldest and most important of the five Greek cities in the region. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex As of 2008 there are a total of 878 World Heritage Sites located in 145 "State Parties" Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab It gave eastern Libya the classical name 'Cyrenaica' that it has retained to modern times. It lies in a lush valley in the Jebel Akhdar uplands. Al'Jabel Al'Akhdar ( Arabic: الجبل الأخضر meaning The Green Mountain) is a heavily forested fertile upland area in eastern Libya Named after a spring, Kyre, which the Greeks consecrated to Apollo, the city was the seat of a famous school of philosophy in the 3rd century BC, founded by Aristippus, a disciple of Socrates. The Cyrenaics were an ultra- Hedonist Greek school of philosophy founded in the 4th century BC supposedly by Aristippus of Cyrene, although many of the principles Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC Aristippus (Ἀρίστιππος of Cyrene, (c 435-c 356 BCE was the founder of the Cyrenaic school of Philosophy SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education.
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History
Greek period
Cyrene was founded as a colony of the Greeks of Thera (modern Santorini), traditionally led by Battus I, in 630 BC, ten miles from its port, Apollonia (Marsa Sousa). This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. Battus I of Cyrene or Battus I (Battus in Greek Βάττος Ἀριστοτέλης) lived in the 7th century BC Events and trends 636 BC — Duke Wen of Jin ascends to power in the State of Jin during the Zhou Dynasty of China. Details concerning the founding of the city are contained in Book IV of the Histories of Herodotus. The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus is considered the first work of history in Western literature. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash It promptly became the chief town of ancient Libya and established commercial relations with all the Greek cities, reaching the height of its prosperity under its own kings in the 5th century BC. Ancient Libya was the region west of the Nile Valley. It corresponds to what is now generally called Northwest Africa. The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. Soon after 460 BC it became a republic; after the death of Alexander the Great (323 BC) it was passed to the Ptolemaic dynasty. Events By place Persian Empire Egypt revolts against Persian rule A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Events By place Macedonian Empire 10 June — In Babylon, Alexander the Great dies ten days after being taken ill The Ptolemaic dynasty (sometimes also known as the Lagids, from the name of Ptolemy I's father Lagus) was a Hellenistic Macedonian royal family
Ophelas, the general who occupied the city in Ptolemy I's name, ruled the city almost independently until his death, when Ptolemy's son-in-law Magas received governorship of the territory. For the astronomer see Ptolemy; for others named "Ptolemy" or "Ptolemaeus" see Ptolemy (disambiguation. Magas of Cyrene (r 276 - 250 BCE was a Greek king of Cyrene (today's Libya) In 276 BC Magas crowned himself king and declared de facto independence, marrying the daughter of the Seleucid king and forming with him an alliance in order to invade Egypt. Events By place Egypt The Egyptian King Ptolemy II's first wife Arsinoe I (daughter of the late King Lysimachus The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i The invasion was unsuccessful and in 250 BC, after Magas' death, the city was reabsorbed into Ptolemaic Egypt. Events By place Egypt Ptolemy II encourages the Jewish residents of Alexandria to have their Bible translated Cyrenaica became part of the Ptolemaic empire controlled from Alexandria, and became Roman territory in 96 BC when Ptolemy Apion bequeathed Cirenaica to Rome. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Year 96 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Gaius Cassius Longinus and Ptolemy Apion or simply known as Apion (Greek Πτολεμαίος ο Απίων, between 150 BC & 145 BC - 96 BC was the last Greek Cyrenaean King and was Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 In 74 BC the territory was formally transformed into a Roman province. Year 74 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Nicomedes IV, last king of Bithynia In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa
Roman period
The inhabitants of Cyrene at the time of Sulla (c. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix ( Latin: L•CORNELIVS•L•F•P•N•SVLLA•FELIX (c 85 BC) were divided into four classes: citizens, farmers, resident aliens, and Jews, who formed a restless minority. Year 85 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome First Mithridatic War — Lucius Cornelius PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The ruler of the town, Apion bequeathed it to the Romans, but it kept its self-government. In 74 BC Cyrene was created a Roman province; but, whereas under the Ptolemies the Jewish inhabitants had enjoyed equal rights, they now found themselves increasingly oppressed by the now autonomous and much larger Greek population. Year 74 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Nicomedes IV, last king of Bithynia Tensions came to a head in the insurrection of the Jews of Cyrene under Vespasian (73) and especially Trajan (117). Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Vespasian ( November 17 9 &ndash June 23 79) was a Roman Emperor who Year 73 was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who This revolt was quelled by Marcius Turbo, but not before huge numbers of people had been killed. Quintus Marcius Turbo Fronto Publicius Severus, commonly referred to as Marcius Turbo, was a Roman General during the 2nd century who served [1]. According to Eusebius the outbreak of violence left Libya depopulated to such an extent that a few years later new colonies had to be established there by emperor Hadrian just to maintain the viability of continued settlement. Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after
Plutarch in his work De mulierum virtutes ("On the Virtues of Women") describes how the tyrant of Cyrene, Nicocrates, was deposed by his wife Aretaphila of Cyrene around the year 50 BC [2]
Decadence
Cyrene's chief local export through much of its early history, the medicinal herb silphium, was pictured on most Cyrenian coins, until it was harvested to extinction, and commercial competition from Carthage and Alexandria reduced the city's trade. Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c Aretaphila of Cyrene (Flourished circa 50 BC Cyrene, an ancient Greek colony in North Africa was a Cyrenean noble woman who according to Plutarch in Year 50 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Silphium (also known as silphion or laser) was a plant of the Genus Ferula. main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Cyrene, with its port of Apollonia (Marsa Susa), remained an important urban center until the earthquake of 262. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer Events By Place Roman Empire The original Temple of Artemis in Ephesus is burnt down by the Goths. After the disaster, the emperor Claudius Gothicus restored Cyrene, naming it Claudiopolis, but the restorations were poor and precarious, and soon decadence hit Cyrene irremediably. Natural catastrophes and a profound economic decline dictated its death, and in 365 another particularly devastating earthquake destroyed its already meager hopes of recovery. Events By place Roman Empire July 21 — An earthquake and Tsunami devastates Crete, Alexandria Ammianus Marcellinus described it in the 4th century as a deserted city, and Synesius, a native of Cyrene, described it in the following century as a vast ruin at the mercy of the nomads. Amiricanus Gambilinus (325/330-after 391 was a fourth-century Roman historian. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century Synesius (c 373 - c 414 a Greek bishop of Ptolemais in the Libyan Pentapolis after 410 was born of wealthy parents who claimed descent from
The final chapter occurred in 643, with the Arab conquest. Events By Place Europe Rothari King of the Lombards, issues the Lombard law code The initial Arab Muslim conquests (632–732 (فتح Fatah, literally opening, also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab Little was left of the opulent Roman cities of Northern Africa; the ruins of Cyrene are located near the modern village of Shahhat, in Libyan territory. Shahhat is a Town in the Municipality of Al Jabal al Akhdar in north-eastern Libya.
Philosophy
Cyrene was the birthplace of Eratosthenes and there are a number of philosophers associated with the city including Aristippus, the founder of the School of Cyrene, and his successor daughter Arete, Callimachus, Carneades, and Synesius, bishop of Ptolemais in the 4th century CE. Eratosthenes of Cyrene ( Greek; 276 BC - 194 BC was a Greek Mathematician, Poet, athlete, Geographer and Aristippus (Ἀρίστιππος of Cyrene, (c 435-c 356 BCE was the founder of the Cyrenaic school of Philosophy The Cyrenaics were an ultra- Hedonist Greek school of philosophy founded in the 4th century BC supposedly by Aristippus of Cyrene, although many of the principles Arete of Cyrene (or Arate of Cyrene) (fl late 5th and early 4th centuries BCE was the daughter of Aristippus of Cyrene a follower of Socrates. Callimachus ( Greek:, 310 BC/305 BC-240 BC was a native of the Greek colony of Cyrene, Libya. Carneades (Καρνεάδης (c 214 – 129 BC) was a radical Skeptic born in Cyrene and the first of the Philosophers to pronounce Synesius (c 373 - c 414 a Greek bishop of Ptolemais in the Libyan Pentapolis after 410 was born of wealthy parents who claimed descent from Ptolemais or Ptolemaida was one of the ancient capitals of Cyrenaica. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century
Archaeology
Cyrene is now an archeological site near the village of Shahhat. One of its more significant features is the Temple of Apollo which was originally constructed as early as 7th century BC. The 7th century BC started the first day of 700 BC and ended the last day of 601 BC. Other ancient structures include a Temple to Demeter and a partially unexcavated Temple to Zeus (the latter was intentionally damaged under orders of Muammar al-Gaddafi in the summer of 1978). Demeter (dɨˈmiːtɚ Greek:, possibly "distribution-mother" from the noun of the Indo-European mother-earth * dheghom * mater Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi 1 (معمر القذافي) (born 7 June 1942) also known as Colonel Gaddafi There is a large necropolis approximately 10 km between Cyrene and its ancient port of Apollonia. A necropolis (plural necropoleis or necropoles) is a large Cemetery or burial place (from Greek nekropolis "city of the dead"
Cyrene in the Bible
Cyrene is mentioned in 2 Maccabees: The book of 2 Maccabees itself is said by its author to be an abridgment of a five-volume work by a Hellenized Jew by the name of Jason of Cyrene who lived around 100 BC. 2 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book of the Bible which focuses on the Jews revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Jason of Cyrene was a Hellenistic Jew who lived about 100 BCE and wrote a history of the times of the Maccabees down to the victory over (Both the Catholic and the Eastern churches consider 2 Maccabees to be canonical; Protestants do not. 2 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book of the Bible which focuses on the Jews revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Canonical is an Adjective derived from canon. Canon comes from the Greek word kanon, "rule" (perhaps originally from ) Cyrene is also mentioned in the New Testament: One Simon of Cyrene carried the cross of Christ (Mark 15:21 and parallels). Simon of Cyrene ( שמעון "Hearkening listening" Standard Hebrew Šimʿon, Tiberian Hebrew Šimʿôn) was the person Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Content Authorship The gospel itself is anonymous but as early as Papias in the early 2nd century a text was attributed to Mark, a cousin See also Acts 2:10, 6:9; 11:20; 13:1, where Jews from Cyrene heard the disciples speaking in their own language in Jerusalem on the day called Pentecost.
New discoveries
In 2005, Italian archaeologists from the University of Urbino discovered 76 intact Roman statues at Cyrene from the 2nd century AD. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging The University of Urbino "Carlo Bo" ( Italian Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", UNIURB is an Italian university located in Urbino The 2nd century is the period from 101 to 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The statues remained undiscovered for so long because “during the earthquake of 375 AD, a supporting wall of the temple fell on its side, burying all the statues. Events By Place Roman Empire Valentinian I leaves Trier to repress the rebellious Quadi in Slovakia. They remained hidden under stone, rubble and earth for 1,600 years. The other walls sheltered the statues, so we were able to recover all the pieces, even works that had been broken. "[3]
References
- ^ Cassius Dio, lxviii. Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Greek:) (c 155 or 163/164 to after 229 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was 32
- ^ De Mulierum Virtutibus by Plutarch as published in Vol. III of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1931. Accessed February 2008
- ^ Interview with archaeologist Mario Luni
See also
External links
- Livius, Cyrene and the Cyrenaica by Jona Lendering
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