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"Pentapolis (North Africa)" redirects here. For other uses, see Pentapolis. A pentapolis, from the Greek words penta 'five' and Polis 'city(-state' is geographic and/or institutional grouping of five cities
Cyrenaica in modern day Libya
Cyrenaica in modern day Libya

Cyrenaica or Cirenaica (Greek: Κυρηναϊκή, Arabic: برقه, Barqah) is the eastern coastal region of Libya and also an ex-province or State ("muhafazah" or "wilayah") of the country (alongside Tripolitania and Fezzan) in the pre-1970s administrative system. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Barqah ( Arabic: برقه transliterated as Barqah, Barqa or Barka with the first two variants being more accurate than the last Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab The Arabic word muhafazah (محافظة muḥāfaẓä plural محافظات muhafazat) is usually translated to Governorate in English occasionally to A wilāyah (ولاية or vilâyet (in Persian and Ottoman Turkish) is an administrative division usually Tripolitaniajpg|thumb|250px|Tripolitania]] Tripolitania or Tripolitana ( Arabic: طرابلس, Transliterated: Tarābulus) is a historic Libya 5210 Wan Caza Luca Galuzzi 2007jpg|thumb|Wan Caza dunes in Fezzan What used to be Cyrenaica in the old system is now divided up into several "Sha'biyat" (see administrative divisions in Libya). Shabiyah ( شعبية) (plural Shabiyat شعبيات is an Administrative division of Libya. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab In addition to the coastal region, i. e. historical Cyrenaica, the former Province, during the Kingdom and the Italian era extended to the south to include the entire eastern section of the country (see relevant map).

The name Cyrenaica is obviously derived from Cyrene, an ancient Greek colony around which the region evolved, while the Arabic name Barqah is similar to Barca and might also be related to Barneek or Berenice, the ancient names of Benghazi, capital of the region in modern times. Cyrene (in Greek, Κυρήνη &ndash Kurene) was an ancient Greek Colony in present-day Libya, the oldest and most Barqah ( Arabic: برقه transliterated as Barqah, Barqa or Barka with the first two variants being more accurate than the last This article is about a city or area in eastern present-day Libya during its Greek and Roman antiquities Benghazi or Bengasi ( Arabic بنغازي, transliterated Banġāzī,) is the second largest city in Libya and the Kufra, a vital oasis for overland travel is situated amid the desert southern part of the ex-Province of Cyrenaica. Kufra (also spelled Cufra or Khofra) is an Oasis in Southeastern Libya that played a minor role in the Western Desert Campaign of World In Geography, an oasis (plural oases) or Cienega ( Southwestern United States) is an isolated area of vegetation in a Desert, typically

Contents

Greek colonization

Coat of arms of Libya  History of Libya  
Periods

Ancient Libya

Islamic Tripolitania
and Cyrenaica

Ottoman Libya

Italian Colony

Kingdom of Libya

Modern Libya
See also

Cyrenaica was an area heavily colonized by the Greeks. The history of Libya includes the history of its rich mix of people added to the indigenous Berber tribes Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Prehistory Since Neolithic times the climate of North Africa has been drying With tenuous Byzantine control over Libya restricted to a few poorly defended coastal strongholds the Arab horsemen who first crossed into Pentapolis Cyrenaica in September 642 encountered little By the beginning of the 15th century the Libyan coast had minimal central authority and its harbours were havens for unchecked bands of pirates For a full treatment of the Italian invasion of 1911 see Italian invasion of Libya. The Kingdom of Libya, ( المملكة الليبية) originally called the United Kingdom of Libya came into existence on December 24, 1951 On November 21, 1949, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution stating that Libya should become independent before January 1, 1952. The Italo-Turkish or Turco-Italian War (also known in Italy as guerra di Libia, "the Libyan war" and in Turkey as Trablusgarp Savaşı) was fought Jews have lived in Libya since the 3rd century BC, when North Africa was under Roman rule The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The east of the province was called Marmarica (no major city), but the important part was in the west, comprising five cities, hence known as the Pentapolis— Cyrene (near the modern village of Shahat) with its port of Apollonia (Marsa Susa), Arsinoe or Teucheira (Tocra), Berenice (modern Benghazi) and Barca (Al Marj)— of which the chief was the eponymous Cyrene. Taucheira or Teucheira or Tauchira or Teuchira ( Greek:, Herod Benghazi or Bengasi ( Arabic بنغازي, transliterated Banġāzī,) is the second largest city in Libya and the This article is about a city or area in eastern present-day Libya during its Greek and Roman antiquities Al-Marj ( Arabic: the meadows) Administrative Division of al-Fâtîh (Arabic الفاتح) Latitude 32 The term "Pentapolis" continued to be used as a synonym for Cyrenaica. This article deals with the general meaning of the term "synonym" [1] In the south Cyrenaica faded into the Saharan tribal areas, including the pharaonic oracle of Ammonium. The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest The Siwa Oasis (واحة سيوة Wāḥat Sīwah, from Berber Siwa "prey bird protector of the sun god Amon-Ra

Conquered by Alexander the Great, it passed to the diadoch dynasty of the Lagids, better known as the Ptolemaic dynasty. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' The Diadochi (plural of Latin Diadochus, from Greek Διάδοχοι, Diadokhoi, "successors" were the rival successors The Ptolemaic dynasty (sometimes also known as the Lagids, from the name of Ptolemy I's father Lagus) was a Hellenistic Macedonian royal family It briefly gained independence under Magas, stepson of Ptolemy I Soter, but was reabsorbed into the Ptolemaic empire after his death. Magas of Cyrene (r 276 - 250 BCE was a Greek king of Cyrene (today's Libya) For the astronomer see Ptolemy; for others named "Ptolemy" or "Ptolemaeus" see Ptolemy (disambiguation. It was separated from the main kingdom by Ptolemy VIII and given to his son Ptolemy Apion, who, dying without heirs in 96 BC, bequeathed it to the Roman Republic. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II ( Πτολεμαῖος Εὐεργέτης, Ptolemaĩos Euergétēs) (c Ptolemy Apion or simply known as Apion (Greek Πτολεμαίος ο Απίων, between 150 BC & 145 BC - 96 BC was the last Greek Cyrenaean King and was Year 96 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Gaius Cassius Longinus and The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the

Roman province

Roman-era marble statue found in Cyrene
Roman-era marble statue found in Cyrene

Although some confusion exists as to the exact territory Rome inherited, by 78 BC it was organized as one administrative province together with Crete. Year 78 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome In Rome, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the It became a senatorial province in 20 BC, like its far more prominent western neighbor Africa proconsularis, and unlike Egypt itself which became an imperial domain sui generis (under a special governor styled praefectus augustalis) in 30 BC. The Roman province of Africa was established after the Romans defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War. Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: "make in front" i Year 30 BC was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar.

The Tetrarchy reforms of Diocletian in 296 changed the administrative structure. Tetrarchy ( Greek: "leadership of four " can be applied to any system of government where power is divided between four individuals Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus ( ca. December 22 244 The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes December 22 as his birthdate Cyrenaica was split into two provinces: Libya Superior comprised the above-mentioned Pentapolis with Vyrene as capital, and Libya Inferior the Marmarica (only significant city now the port Paraetonium), each under a governor of the modest rank of praeses. Praeses (plural Praesides) a Latin word meaning "Seated in front i Both belonged to the Diocese of Egypt, within the praetorian prefecture of Oriens. The Diocese of Egypt ( Latin: Dioecesis Aegypti, Διοίκησις Αιγύπτου) was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, The praetorian prefectures ( Latin: praefectura praetorio, in Greek variously named ἔπαρχότητα των πραιτωρίων or ὑπαρχία The praetorian prefecture of the East or of Oriens ( Latin: praefectura praetorio Orientis ἔπαρχότητα/ὑπαρχία τῶν πραιτωρίων τῆς Its western neighbor Tripolitania, the largest split-off from Africa proconsularis, became part of the Diocese of Africa, subordinate to the prefecture of Italia et Africa. Tripolitaniajpg|thumb|250px|Tripolitania]] Tripolitania or Tripolitana ( Arabic: طرابلس, Transliterated: Tarābulus) is a historic The Diocese of Africa ( Dioecesis Africae) was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of North Africa The praetorian prefecture of Italy (praefectura praetorio Italiae in its full form (until 356 la ''praefectura praetorio Italiae Illyrici et Africae'' was one of four large After the earthquake of 365, the capital was moved to Ptolemais. Events By place Roman Empire July 21 — An earthquake and Tsunami devastates Crete, Alexandria Ptolemais or Ptolemaida was one of the ancient capitals of Cyrenaica. After the Empire's division, Cyrenaica became part of the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire, bordering Tripolitania, now belonging to the Vandal Kingdom to the west, until its conquest by Belisarius in 533. The Vandalic War was a war fought in North Africa in the areas of modern Tunisia and eastern Algeria, in 533 - 534, between the forces of

Christianity

The area of the Pentapolis is believed to be where Saint Mark the Evangelist was born and where he returned after preaching with Saint Paul in Colosse (Col 4:10) and Rome (Phil 24; 2 Tim 4:11); from Pentapolis he made his way to Alexandria. "Saint Mark" redirects here For other uses see Saint Mark (disambiguation. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and Colossae or Colosse (also known as Chonae or Kona) was an ancient city of Phrygia, on the Lycus, which is a tributary of the Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια [2].

Christianity spread to Pentapolis from Egypt;[3] Synesius of Cyrene (370-414), bishop of Ptolemais, received his instruction at Alexandria in both the Catechetical School and the Museion, and he entertained a great deal of reverence and affection for Hypatia, the last pagan Neoplatonist, whose classes he had attended. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Catechetical School of Alexandria (founded ca 190 was a place for the training of Christian Theologians and priests in Alexandria. The Musaeum or Mouseion at Alexandria (Μουσείον της Αλεξάνδρειας which included the famous Library of Alexandria, was an institution apparently Hypatia of Alexandria (haɪˈpeɪʃə ( Greek:; born between AD 350 and 370 – 415 was a Greek scholar from Alexandria in Egypt, considered Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical Philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD founded by Synesius was raised to the episcopate by Theophilus, patriarch of Alexandria, in 410 A. Various people have been known by the name Theophilus or Theophilos, which means "Friend of God" in Greek and is thus similar to the Latin word Amadeus D. Since the Council of Nicaea in 325 A. D. , Cyrenaica had been recognized as an ecclesiastical province of the See of Alexandria, in accordance with the ruling of the Nicaean Fathers. The Patriarch of Alexandria is the Archbishop of Alexandria and Cairo, Egypt. The patriarch of the Coptic Church to this day includes the Pentapolis in his title as an area within his jurisdiction. The Pope of The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, or Pope of Alexandria for short is the head of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria [4].

The Eparchy of the Western Pentapolis was part of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria as the Pope of Alexandria was the Pope of Arica, The most senior position in The Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Church after the Pope was the Metropolitan of Western Pentapolis, but since its demise in the days of Pope John VI of Alexandria as a major Archiepiscopal Metropolis and now being held as a Titular See attached to another Diocese. History of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Apostolic foundation Egypt is identified in the Bible as the place of refuge that the The Pope of The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, or Pope of Alexandria for short is the head of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria The Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is the highest authority in the Church of Alexandria and it formulates the rules and regulations regarding matters Pope John VI of Alexandria was the Coptic Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St

After often being destroyed and then restored, during the Roman period it became a mere borough but was, nevertheless, the site of a bishopric. Its bishop, Zopyros (Zephyrius is a mistake), was present at the First Council of Nicaea in 325. The First Council of Nicaea, held in Nicaea in Bithynia (present-day İznik in Turkey) convoked by the Roman Emperor Constantine Events By Place Roman Empire Gladiatorial combat is outlawed in the Roman Empire The subscriptions at Ephesus (431) and Chalcedon (451) give the names of two other bishops, Zenobius and Theodorus. Ephesus ( Hittite Apasa; Ancient Greek; Turkish Efes) was a city of ancient Anatolia. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Aëtius pushes the Franks back across the Somme. For the Ecumenical Council of 451 see Council of Chalcedon; For the religious/political organization see Chalcedon Foundation. Events By Place Western Roman Empire April 7 — The Huns sack Metz. The see must have disappeared when the Arabs conquered the Pentapolis in 643-44. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding A pentapolis, from the Greek words penta 'five' and Polis 'city(-state' is geographic and/or institutional grouping of five cities

Although it retained the title "Pentapolis", the ecclesiastic province actually included all of the Cyrenaica, and not just the five cities and Pentapolis remains included in the title of both Popes of the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria. History of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Apostolic foundation Egypt is identified in the Bible as the place of refuge that the The Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria, also known as the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa ( Greek:) is one of the autocephalous

Islam

Cyrenaica was conquered by the Islamic Arabs during the tenure of the second caliph, Omer Bin Khattab, in 643/44,[1] and became known as Barka after its new provincial capital, the ancient Barca. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great This article is about a city or area in eastern present-day Libya during its Greek and Roman antiquities After the breakdown of the Ummayad caliphate, it was essentially annexed to Egypt, although still under the same name, under the Fatimid caliphs and later under the Ayyubid and Mamluk sultanates. The Ayyubid or Ayyoubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for

Ultimately, it was annexed by the Turkish Ottoman Empire in 1517 (it was mentioned in the full style of the Great Sultan as the vilayet of Barka, alongside Tripoli, with which it had been joined); its main cities became Bengazi and Derna. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish A wilāyah (ولاية or vilâyet (in Persian and Ottoman Turkish) is an administrative division usually

Modern History

The Italians occupied Cyrenaica during the Italo-Turkish War in 1911 and declared the protectorate of Cirenaica on 15 October 1912,. The Italo-Turkish or Turco-Italian War (also known in Italy as guerra di Libia, "the Libyan war" and in Turkey as Trablusgarp Savaşı) was fought In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect Three days later, the Ottoman Empire officially ceded the province to Italy. On 17 May 1919, Cirenaica was established as an Italian colony, and, on 25 October 1920, the Italian government recognized Sheikh Sidi Idriss as the leader of the Senussi, who was granted the rank of Emir until in 1929, when Italy derecognized him and the Senussi. This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. The Senussi or Sanussi refers to a Muslim political-religious order in Libya and Sudan founded in Mecca in 1837 by the Grand Senussi Sayyid Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) On 1 January 1934, Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan were united as the Italian colony of Libya. Tripolitaniajpg|thumb|250px|Tripolitania]] Tripolitania or Tripolitana ( Arabic: طرابلس, Transliterated: Tarābulus) is a historic Libya 5210 Wan Caza Luca Galuzzi 2007jpg|thumb|Wan Caza dunes in Fezzan Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab

After the overthrow of the al-Sanussi dynasty by Muammar al-Gaddafi, Cyrenaica has occasionally witnessed anti-regime, nationalist activity, such as a military rebellion at Tobruk in 1980. The Senussi or Sanussi refers to a Muslim political-religious order in Libya and Sudan founded in Mecca in 1837 by the Grand Senussi Sayyid Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi 1 (معمر القذافي) (born 7 June 1942) also known as Colonel Gaddafi Tobruk or Tubruq (طبرق also transliterated as Tóbruch, Tobruch, Ţubruq, Tobruck) is a Town, Seaport [5]

See also

References

  1. ^ Classic encyclopedia
  2. ^ Suscopts
  3. ^ Britannica
  4. ^ Coptic.net
  5. ^ Associated Press, 'Libyan Opposition to Khadafy Growing but Fragmented Says Expert,' 17 April 1986.

External links

Dictionary

Cyrenaica

-proper noun

  1. A Roman province on the North African coast, now part of Libya
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