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The Cydonia Region taken by the Viking 1 orbiter and released by NASA/JPL on July 25, 1976 (north is to the upper right).
The Cydonia Region taken by the Viking 1 orbiter and released by NASA/JPL on July 25, 1976 (north is to the upper right).

Cydonia Mensae is an albedo feature (region) on Mars. An albedo feature is a large area on the surface of a Planet (or other Solar system body which shows a contrast in brightness or darkness ( Albedo) with It lies in the planet's northern hemisphere in a transitional zone between the heavily cratered regions to the South, and relatively smooth plains to the North. Northern Hemisphere is the half of a Planet that is North of the Equator —the word hemisphere literally means 'half ball' In the broadest sense the term impact crater can be applied to any depression natural or manmade resulting from the high velocity impact of a projectile with larger body Some planetologists believe that the northern plains may once have been ocean beds[1] and that Cydonia may have been a coastal zone (though this is still uncertain). Planetary science, also known as planetology and closely related to planetary astronomy, is the Science of Planets or Planetary systems "Ocean Floor" redirects here For the 2001 song by Audio Adrenaline, see Lift (Audio Adrenaline album. The coast is defined as the part of the land adjoining or near the Ocean. [2] Cydonia is covered in numerous mesas, some of which have attracted both scientific[3] and popular attention. A mesa ( Spanish, Portuguese and Arabic for "table" is an elevated area of land with a flat top and sides that are usually steep cliffs [4][5]

Contents

Face on Mars

Cropped version of the original batch-processed photo (#35A72) of the 'Face on Mars'. The black dots that give the image a speckled appearance are data errors.
Cropped version of the original batch-processed photo (#35A72) of the 'Face on Mars'. The black dots that give the image a speckled appearance are data errors.
The second 1976 Viking image (left, image #70A13) compared with the 2001 Mars Global Surveyor image (right). 20 meters per pixel resolution.
The second 1976 Viking image (left, image #70A13) compared with the 2001 Mars Global Surveyor image (right). The Mars Global Surveyor ( MGS) was a US Spacecraft developed by NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched 20 meters per pixel resolution.
High resolution Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter image of the "Face on Mars". Taken using the onboard HiRISE camera.
High resolution Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter image of the "Face on Mars". NASA 's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter ( MRO) is a multipurpose Spacecraft designed to conduct Reconnaissance and exploration of Mars Taken using the onboard HiRISE camera. The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment camera is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

One of the Cydonian mesas, situated at 40. 75° north latitude and 9. Latitude, usually denoted symbolically by the Greek letter phi ( Φ) gives the location of a place on Earth (or other planetary body north or south of the 46° west longitude[6], took on the striking appearance of a humanoid Face on Mars in a photo taken by Viking 1 on July 25, 1976. Longitude (ˈlɒndʒɪˌtjuːd or ˈlɒŋgɪˌtjuːd symbolized by the Greek character Lambda (λ is the east-west Geographic coordinate measurement The term " humanoid " refers to any being whose body structure resembles that of a Human. Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASA 's Viking program, and holds the record for the longest Mars surface mission Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This discovery was made independently by two computer engineers at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Vincent DiPietro and Gregory Molenaar. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program The Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC) is a major NASA space research laboratory established on May 1, 1959 as NASA's first space flight [7] While searching through NASA archives they discovered two misfiled images, Viking frames 35A72[8] and 70A13. When the images were originally acquired in 1976, Viking chief scientist Gerry Soffen dismissed the "face" in image 35A72 as a "[trick] of light and shadow". [9][10] However, a second image, 70A13, also shows the "face" and was acquired 35 Viking orbits later at a different "sun-angle" than the 35A72 image.

Some commentators, most notably Richard C. Hoagland, believe it to be evidence of a long-lost Martian civilization along with other features they believe are present, such as apparent pyramids, which they argue are part of a ruined city. Richard C Hoagland (born April 25, 1945) is an author who claims that advanced civilizations exist or once existed on the Moon, Mars and on Scientists have long speculated about the possibility of life on Mars owing to the planet's proximity and similarity to Earth. A pyramid is a Building where the upper surfaces are triangular and converge on one point This article is about ruins in Architecture; for other meanings see Ruins (disambiguation. Image analysis of the early Viking images led a few researchers to suggest that the features of the Face might not be an accidental consequence of viewing conditions. Image analysis is the extraction of meaningful information from Images mainly from Digital images by means of Digital image processing techniques [3]

However, today it is generally accepted to be an optical illusion, an example of pareidolia. This article is about visual perception See Optical Illusion (Album for information about the Time Requiem album The term pareidolia (pæraɪˈdoʊliə describes a psychological phenomenon involving a vague and random stimulus (often an image or sound being perceived as significant [11] After analysis of the higher resolution Mars Global Surveyor data NASA stated that "a detailed analysis of multiple images of this feature reveals a natural looking Martian hill whose illusory face-like appearance depends on the viewing angle and angle of illumination". The Mars Global Surveyor ( MGS) was a US Spacecraft developed by NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program [12] Similar optical illusions can be found in the geology of Earth; an example is the Badlands Guardian, which resembles a human head wearing a Native American headress. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 The Badlands Guardian is a geomorphological feature located at near Medicine Hat in the south east corner of Alberta, Canada. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Headgear, headwear or headdress is the name given to any element of Clothing which is worn on one's head. [13]

Originally, eighteen images of the Cydonia Mensae region were taken by the Viking 1 and Viking 2 orbiters, but only seven have resolutions better than 250 m/pixel (820 ft/pixel). Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASA 's Viking program, and holds the record for the longest Mars surface mission The Viking 2 mission was part of the Viking program to Mars, and consisted of an orbiter and a lander essentially identical to that of the Viking 1 In Digital imaging, a pixel ( pict ure el ement is the smallest piece of information in an image The other eleven images have resolutions worse than 550 m/pixel (1800 ft/pixel) and are virtually useless for studying the feature. Of the seven good images, the lighting and time at which two pairs of images were taken are so close as to reduce the number to five usable, distinct images. The Mission to Mars: Viking Orbiter Images of Mars CD-ROM image numbers are: 35A72 (VO-1010), 70A13 (VO-1011), 561A25 (VO-1021), 673B56 & 673B54 (VO-1063), and 753A33 & 753A34 (VO-1028). [14]

More than 20 years after the Viking 1 photographs were taken, a succession of spacecraft visited Mars and collected new data from the Cydonia region. These spacecraft have included NASA's Mars Global Surveyor (1997—2006)[15] and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (2006—),[16] and the European Space Agency's Mars Express probe (2003—). The Mars Global Surveyor ( MGS) was a US Spacecraft developed by NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched NASA 's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter ( MRO) is a multipurpose Spacecraft designed to conduct Reconnaissance and exploration of Mars The European Space Agency ( ESA) established in 1975 is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 17 member Mars Express is a Space exploration mission being conducted by the European Space Agency (ESA [17] In contrast to the relatively low resolution of the Viking images of Cydonia, these new platforms afford much improved resolution. For instance, the Mars Express images are at a resolution of 14 m/pixel (46 ft/pixel) or better. By combining data from the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on the Mars Express probe and the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) on board NASA's Mars Global Surveyor it has been possible to create a 3D representation of the "Face on Mars". Mars Express is a Space exploration mission being conducted by the European Space Agency (ESA The Mars Global Surveyor ( MGS) was a US Spacecraft developed by NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched [15]

Aside from speculation concerning their artificial origins, Cydonia and the Face on Mars also appear frequently in popular culture, including feature films, television series, videogames, comic books, and even music. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — In the Film industry, a feature film is a Film made for initial distribution in theaters and being the "main attraction" of the screening A television program (US television programme (UK or television show (U A video game is a Game that involves interaction with a User interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. A comic book (often shortened to simply comic and sometimes called a comic paper or comic magazine) is a Magazine or Book of narrative Popular music is Music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more [18] Astronomer Carl Sagan criticized much of the speculation about the Face in an eponymous chapter of his book The Demon Haunted World. Carl Edward Sagan ( November 9 1934 &ndash December 20 1996) was an American Astronomer, astrochemist, author The Demon-Haunted World Science as a Candle in the Dark is a book by astrophysicist Carl Sagan and his wife Ann Druyan, which was first published

See also

References

  1. ^ Head, J. Scientists have long speculated about the possibility of life on Mars owing to the planet's proximity and similarity to Earth. Richard C Hoagland (born April 25, 1945) is an author who claims that advanced civilizations exist or once existed on the Moon, Mars and on W. , Kreslavsky, M. , Hiesinger, H. , Ivanov, M. , Pratt, S. , Seibert, N. , Smith, D. E. and Zuber, M. T. (1998). Oceans in the past history of Mars: Tests for their presence using Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data. Geophysical Research Letters 25, 4401-4404.
  2. ^ Malin, M. C. and Edgett, K. Michael C Malin (born 1950 is an American Astronomer, space-scientist and CEO of Malin Space Science Systems. S. (1999). Oceans or seas in the Martian northern lowlands: High resolution imaging tests of proposed coastlines. Geophysical Research Letters 26, 3049-3052.
  3. ^ a b Carlotto, M. J. (1988) Digital Imagery Analysis of Unusual Martian Surface Features. Applied Optics 27, 1926-1933.
  4. ^ Whitehouse, D. (2001-05-25). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Nasa: No face - honest. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all
  5. ^ Britt, R. R. (2006-09-22). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Face on Mars gets makeover. CNN. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Retrieved on 2007-11-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all
  6. ^ Rayl, A. J. S. (2007-03-16). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king The Empire Strikes Back Europe's First Trip to Mars Brings Home "The Gold". Planetary Society. The Planetary Society is a large publicly supported non-government and not-for-profit organization that has many research projects related to Astronomy. Retrieved on 2008-06-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
  7. ^ Gardner, M. (1985). The Great Stone Face and Other Nonmysteries. Skeptical Inquirer 10, 14-18. The Skeptical Inquirer is a bimonthly American Magazine published by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI with the subtitle
  8. ^ Viking News Center (1976-07-31). Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Caption of JPL Viking Press Release P-17384 (35A72). NASA. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Retrieved on 2008-05-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
  9. ^ Hoagland, Richard (1996). Richard C Hoagland (born April 25, 1945) is an author who claims that advanced civilizations exist or once existed on the Moon, Mars and on The Monuments of Mars — A City on the Edge of Forever, 4th edition (in English), Frog Books, pg. 5. ISBN 1883319307.  
  10. ^ Pixel Inversion - NASA's Misinformation on the Mars Face. Paranormal News (1999-08-25). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Retrieved on 2008-05-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the
  11. ^ Britt, R. R. (2004-03-18). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Scientist attacks alien claims on Mars. CNN. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Retrieved on 2007-10-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon.
  12. ^ The Face on Mars, Viking Project. NASA website. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Retrieved on 2007-04-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
  13. ^ Badlands Guardian Geological Feature. Google Maps. Google Maps (for a time named Google Local) is a free Web mapping service application and technology provided by Google that powers many map-based services Retrieved on 2007-04-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
  14. ^ Mission to Mars: Viking Orbiter Images of Mars website, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; raw data in IMQ (ImageQ) format can be downloaded from these links: 35A72, 70A13, 561A25, 673B56, 673B54, 753A33, 753A34. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program This is an alphabetical list of Filename extensions Sym A B C Retrieved on 20 September 2007. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  15. ^ a b Cydonia's 'Face on Mars' in 3D animation using Mars Global Surveyor imagery. ESA website (2006-10-23). The European Space Agency ( ESA) established in 1975 is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 17 member Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Retrieved on 2007-04-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
  16. ^ Popular Landform in Cydonia Region. HiRISE website. The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment camera is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Retrieved on 2007-04-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
  17. ^ Cydonia - the face on Mars, 3D rendering of Mars Express imagery. ESA website (2006-09-21). The European Space Agency ( ESA) established in 1975 is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 17 member Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Retrieved on 2007-04-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
  18. ^ For example: Film - Mission to Mars (2000); TV series - The X-Files ("Space", 1993), Futurama ("Where The Buggalo Roam", 2002); Videogames - Zak McKracken (1988), X-COM: UFO Defense (1993); Comic books - Martian Manhunter #1 (1998); Music - Telemetry of a Fallen Angel by The Crüxshadows (1995), "Knights of Cydonia" by Muse (2006). Mission to Mars is a 2000 science fiction movie directed by Brian de Palma about a rescue mission to Mars following a disaster The X-Files is a Peabody, Golden Globe and Emmy Award -winning American Science fiction television series created by Chris Carter " Space " was the ninth episode of the first season of The X-Files science-fiction television series created by Chris Carter Futurama is an Emmy Award -winning animated American sitcom created by Matt Groening, and developed by Groening and "Where the Buggalo Roam" is the tenth episode in season three of the animated television series Futurama. Zak McKracken and the Alien Mindbenders is a graphical Adventure game, originally released in October 1988[http //web Martian Manhunter is the Superhero alias of J'onn J'onzz, alternately known as John Jones or the Manhunter from Mars, a Fictional character Telemetry of a Fallen Angel (1995 is an album by The Crüxshadows, and was their first release on CD The Crüxshadows (pronounced as ˈkruʃædoʊz is an Independent music group from Florida. "Knights of Cydonia" is a song by English Rock band Muse and is the closing track on the British release of their 2006 Album Muse are

External links

Astronomy

"Face on Mars" as artifact

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