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 Dicksonia antarctica
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The order Cyatheales is a taxonomic division of the fern subclass, Cyatheatae, which includes the tree ferns. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. A fern is any one of a group of about 20000 Species of Plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta The Pteridopsida is a class of Plants in the Division Pteridophyta that includes all the Leptosporangiate ferns In the recent 2006 classification by In Biological classification, family ( Latin A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Thyrsopteris is a predominant plant Genus in the Juan Fernandez Archipelago. Thyrsopteris is a predominant plant Genus in the Juan Fernandez Archipelago. Culcita is a genus of cushion stars They are found in tropical waters UserPolbot. --> Plagiogyria is a genus of Fern in family Plagiogyriaceae. Cibotium is a genus of eleven species of tropical Tree fern &mdashsubject to much confusion and revision&mdashdistributed fairly narrowly in Hawaii Cibotium is a genus of eleven species of tropical Tree fern &mdashsubject to much confusion and revision&mdashdistributed fairly narrowly in Hawaii The Cyatheaceae is a family of Fern that includes the world's tallest Tree ferns which reach heights up to 20 m Cyathea is a Genus of Tree ferns the type genus of the Fern order Cyatheales. Cyathea is a Genus of Tree ferns the type genus of the Fern order Cyatheales. Cyathea is a Genus of Tree ferns the type genus of the Fern order Cyatheales. Cyathea is a Genus of Tree ferns the type genus of the Fern order Cyatheales. The Dicksoniaceae is a family of tropical subtropical and warm temperate Ferns Most of the 5-6 genera in the family are terrestrial ferns or have Dicksonia is a genus of Tree ferns in the order Cyatheales It is regarded as related to Cyathea, but is considered more primitive dating Cyathea is a Genus of Tree ferns the type genus of the Fern order Cyatheales. Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos A fern is any one of a group of about 20000 Species of Plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta
In general, any fern that grows with a trunk elevating the fronds (leaves) above ground level can be called a tree fern. A fern is any one of a group of about 20000 Species of Plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta A frond is a large Leaf with many divisions to it and the term is typically used for the leaves of palms Ferns or Cycads A frond is However, the plants formally known as tree ferns comprise a group of large ferns belonging to the families Dicksoniaceae and Cyatheaceae in the order Cyatheales. The Dicksoniaceae is a family of tropical subtropical and warm temperate Ferns Most of the 5-6 genera in the family are terrestrial ferns or have The Cyatheaceae is a family of Fern that includes the world's tallest Tree ferns which reach heights up to 20 m
Tree ferns are found growing in tropical and subtropical areas, including cool to temperate rainforests in Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Lord Howe Island, and other island groups nearby; a few genera extend further, such as Culcita in southern Europe. Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Lord Howe Island (ˈhaʊ is a small island in the Pacific Ocean east of the Australian mainland Like all ferns, tree ferns reproduce by means of spores developed in sporangia on the undersides of the fronds. In Biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions A sporangium (pl sporangia) is a Plant or fungal structure producing and containing Spores Sporangia occur in angiosperms,
The fronds of tree ferns are usually very large and multiple-pinnate but at least one type has entire (undivided) fronds. Pinnate is a term used to describe Feather -like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis in Plant or Animal structures and comes The fronds of tree ferns also exhibit circinate vernation, meaning the young fronds emerge in coils that uncurl as they grow. Vernation (from vernal, since that is when leaves "spring forth" in Temperate regions is the formation of new leaves or fronds
Unlike flowering plants, tree ferns do not form new woody tissue in their trunk as they grow. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Rather, the trunk is supported by a fibrous mass of roots that expands as the tree fern grows.
Some tree fern genera — for example Dicksonia and Cibotium, but not Cyathea — can be transplanted by severing the top portion from the rest of the trunk and replanting it. If the transplanted top part is kept moist it will regrow a new root system over the next year. The success rate of transplantation increases to about 80% if the roots are dug up intact. If the crown of the Tasmanian tree fern Dicksonia Antarctica (the most common species in gardens) is damaged, it will die because that is where all new growth occurs. Dicksonia antarctica, known as the Soft Tree Fern Man Fern or Tasmanian Tree Fern is an evergreen Tree fern native to parts of Australia, namely But other clump-forming tree fern species, such as D. squarrosa and D. youngiae, can regenerate from basal offsets or from "pups" emerging along the surviving trunk length. Tree ferns often fall over in the wild, yet manage to re-root from this new prostrate position and begin new vertical growth.
It is not certain how many species of tree fern there are but it is likely to be around a thousand. More new species are discovered in New Guinea with each botanical survey. On the other hand, many species have become extinct in the last century as forest habitats have come under pressure from human intervention. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa.
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Threats to tree ferns
While many ferns are able to achieve a widespread distribution because of their spore reproduction, tree fern species tend to be very local. This makes their species much more susceptible to the effects of local deforestation. It is not known why species are not more widespread, especially considering that they have sufficient height to have a greater chance of getting spore into the wind stream.
Where feral pigs are a problem, such as in some Hawai'ian forests, they often are able to knock over tree ferns and to root out the starchy pith, killing the plant. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the
Other tree ferns
Outside of the Cyatheales a few ferns in other groups could be considered tree ferns, such as several ferns in the family Osmundaceae that can achieve short trunks under a metre tall and a few species in the genera Blechnum, Leptopteris, Sadleria and Todea could also be considered tree ferns in a liberal interpretation of the term. Osmundaceae is the only Fern family of the order Osmundales; an order in the class Polypodiopsida or in some classifications the only order in the
The families that constitute Cyatheales have been relatively firmly established as a clade by DNA sequencing and morphological studies. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known The order Plagiogyriales, which contains the family Plagiogyriaceae, is most closely related to the Cyatheales, not to the Osmundales as had been previously supposed. Osmundaceae is the only Fern family of the order Osmundales; an order in the class Polypodiopsida or in some classifications the only order in the
References
- Pryer, K. M. , A. R. Smith, and J. E. Skog. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships of extant ferns based on evidence from morphology and rbcL sequences. American Fern Journal 85: 205-282.
- Braggins, John E. and Large, Mark F. Tree Ferns. Timber Press (2004).
- Smith, A. R. , K. M. Pryer, E. Schuettpelz, P. Korall, H. Schneider & P. G. Wolf 2006. A classification for extant ferns.PDF (420 KiB) Taxonomy 55(3): 705-731. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International
External links
- Community: Care and propagation of Treeferns (German/English)