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 Cyathea sp. growing at
the foot of El Yunque, Cuba. El Yunque is a high mountain located west of Baracoa and the Baracoa Bay in Cuba 's Guantanamo Province. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la |
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Cyathea is a genus of tree ferns, the type genus of the fern order Cyatheales. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic The order Cyatheales is a Taxonomic division of the Fern subclass Cyatheatae, which includes the tree ferns. A fern is any one of a group of about 20000 Species of Plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta The order Cyatheales is a Taxonomic division of the Fern subclass Cyatheatae, which includes the tree ferns. They are mostly terrestrial ferns, usually with a single tall stem. Rarely, the trunk may be branched or creeping. Many species also develop a fibrous mass of roots at the base of the trunk. The genus has a pantropical distribution, with over 470 species. In biology pantropical is one in a group of different terms which can be used to define an area of geographical occurrence of an organism or group of organisms They grow in habitats ranging from tropical rain forests to temperate woodlands. Tropical rainforests are generally found near the Equator. They are common in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central Ecologically a woodland is an area covered in trees differentiated from a Forest.
The genus name Cyathea is derived from the Greek kyatheion, meaning "little cup", and refers to the cup-shaped sori on the underside of the fronds. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly "Sori" redirects here For the commune in Italy see Sori Italy; for the villages in Azerbaijan see Soru and Sors Azerbaijan.
The best known species include:
- Cyathea brownii, the Norfolk Tree Fern
- Cyathea cooperi, the Australian Tree Fern or Lacy Tree Fern
- Cyathea dealbata, the Silver Tree Fern
- Cyathea medullaris, the New Zealand Black Tree Fern
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Classification
The classification below follows the findings of Conant et al. Cyathea brownii, commonly known as the Norfolk Tree Fern or Smooth Tree Fern, is probably the largest tree fern species in the world Cyathea cooperi, also known as the Australian tree fern, lacy tree fern, scaly tree fern, or Cooper’s tree fern, is a medium-to-large Cyathea medullaris, popularly known as the Black Tree Fern or Mamaku, is a large Tree fern up to 20 m tall in 1996. Conant concluded, based on molecular cpDNA and morphological evidence, that a system of three clades — Alsophila, Cyathea and Sphaeropteris, whereby Alsophila is most basal and Cyathea and Sphaeropteris are derived sister groups — is the most accurate reflection of evolutionary lineages within the Cyatheaceae. Chloroplasts are Organelles found in Plant cells and eukaryotic Algae that conduct Photosynthesis. The Cyatheaceae is a family of Fern that includes the world's tallest Tree ferns which reach heights up to 20 m
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Uncertain or dubious taxa
- Alsophila crassa Karsten, 1869
- Cyathea affinis M. Cyathea is a Subgenus in the Genus Cyathea. Classification Subgenus Cyathea For other meanings see Alsophila. Alsophila is a section in the Subgenus Cyathea. Cyathea abbottii is a species of tree fern native to Hispaniola, where it grows in shaded montane forest at an altitude of 700-1200 m Cyathea acanthophora is a species of tree fern endemic to Kinabalu National Park in Borneo, where it grows in montane rain forest Cyathea acrostichoides is a species of tree fern native to the Maluku Islands and western New Guinea, where it grows in forest and disturbed Cyathea acuminata is a species of tree fern native to the islands of Panay and Samar in the Philippines. Cyathea affinis is a variable species of tree fern native to Fiji, Samoa, the Cook Islands, Austral Islands, Cyathea albidosquamata is a species of tree fern native to the Maluku Islands and New Guinea, where it grows in rain forest and montane Cyathea alderwereltii is a species of tree fern endemic to Mount Sago in central Sumatra, where it is nevertheless abundant and Cyathea alleniae is a species of tree fern native to the Malay Peninsula, where it grows in forest margin on steep ground at an altitude of approximately Cyathea alpicola is a species of tree fern native to central Sumatra, where it grows in montane rain forest at an altitude of 2000-2750 m Cyathea amboinensis is a species of tree fern native to the Maluku Islands and possibly central and southern Sulawesi, where it grows in Cyathea amintae is a species of tree fern native to Puerto Rico, where it grows in shaded areas and Cloud forest at an altitude of 1000-1200 Cyathea andersonii is a species of tree fern native to India, Bhutan and southern China, where it grows in moist valleys and Cyathea aneitensis is a species of tree fern native to Vanuatu and possibly New Caledonia. Cyathea annae is a species of tree fern native to Ambon in the Maluku Islands, where it grows in forest from sea level to about 650 m Cyathea apiculata is a species of tree fern native to Sumatra, where it grows in montane rain forest at an altitude of about 1800 m Cyathea apoensis is a species of tree fern native to Mindanao, Negros and southern Luzon in the Philippines, where Cyathea approximata is a species of tree fern endemic to Madagascar. Cyathea archboldii is a species of tree fern native to New Guinea and Bougainville, where it is common in submontane rain forest at an altitude Cyathea ascendens is a species of tree fern native to northeastern New Guinea, where it grows in rain forest at an altitude of 800-1000 m Cyathea atropurpurea is a species of tree fern native to the islands of Luzon, Mindanao, Leyte and Mindanao in the Cyathea australis, also known as the Rough Tree Fern, is a species of tree fern native to southeastern Queensland, New South Wales Cyathea baileyana, also known as the Wig Tree Fern, is a species of tree fern native to northeastern Queensland in Australia, Cyathea balanocarpa is a species of tree fern native to Cuba, Jamaica and Hispaniola. Cyathea batjanensis is a species of tree fern native to the Maluku Islands and western New Guinea, where it grows in rain forest at an altitude Cyathea biformis is a species of tree fern native to New Guinea and the Maluku Islands, where it grows against trees in Mossy forest Cyathea borneensis is a species of tree fern native to southern parts of Thailand and Cambodia, as well as the Malay Peninsula Cyathea × boytelii is a tree fern endemic to the Sierra Maestra range of southeastern Cuba. Cyathea brevipinna is a species of tree fern endemic to the higher parts of Mount Gower (875 m on Lord Howe Island, where it Cyathea brooksii is a species of tree fern native to Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, where it grows on Serpentine Cyathea bryophila is a species of tree fern native to Puerto Rico, where it grows in the Understory in wet montane and Mossy forest Cyathea buennemeijerii is a species of tree fern endemic to the Natuna Islands in Indonesia, where it grows in open scrub at Cyathea callosa is a species of tree fern endemic to Luzon in the Philippines, where it grows in midmontane forest Cyathea camerooniana is a species of tree fern native to Sierra Leone, Cameroon, northern Angola and western Uganda Cyathea capensis, also known as the Forest Tree Fern, is a widespread and highly variable species of tree fern. Cyathea catillifera is a species of tree fern native to eastern New Guinea, where it grows in montane scrub at an altitude of about 2800 m and above Cyathea caudata is a species of tree fern native to the islands of Luzon and Mindanao in the Philippines, where it grows in montane Cyathea chinensis is a species of tree fern native to Yunnan in China, Sikkim in India, as well as Nepal Cyathea christii is a species of tree fern endemic to Mindanao in the Philippines, where it grows in forest at an altitude of Cyathea cincinnata is a species of tree fern native to eastern New Guinea, where it grows at an altitude of 1300 m or higher Cyathea cinerea is a species of tree fern endemic to Mindanao in the Philippines, where it grows in forest at an altitude of Cyathea coactilis is a rare species of tree fern known only from the southern highlands of Papua New Guinea, where it grows in alpine shrubland at Cyathea colensoi, also known as the Creeping Tree Fern, Mountain Tree Fern and Golden Tree Fern, is a species of tree fern native Cyathea × confirmis is a tree fern endemic to Haiti. It is a Natural hybrid of Cyathea hotteana and Cyathea corcovadensis is a species of tree fern native to Paraguay and Serra do Mar in southern Brazil, where it grows in primary Cyathea costalisora is a species of tree fern native to western New Guinea, where it grows on the edges of forest and in moist hollows at an altitude Cyathea costulisora is a species of tree fern native to Sumatra. Cyathea crassa is a species of tree fern endemic to the Santo Domingo area in the Dominican Republic. Cyathea croftii is a species of tree fern endemic to Manus Island in the Admiralty Islands, where it grows in damp forest on Cyathea cucullifera is a species of tree fern native to eastern New Guinea, where it grows in montane forest at an altitude of about 2400 m Cyathea cunninghamii, also known as the Gully Tree Fern and Slender Tree Fern, is a species of tree fern native to Victoria, Cyathea cuspidata is a widespread species of tree fern native to Central and South America, where it grows in tropical rain forest up to Cyathea deckenii is a species of tree fern native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania and Mozambique, where it Cyathea decora is a species of tree fern native to Ecuador and possibly other parts of western South America. Cyathea decrescens is a species of tree fern endemic to Madagascar. Cyathea dicksonioides is a species of tree fern native to northeastern New Guinea, where it grows in grassland at an altitude of 2600-2900 m Cyathea dimorpha is a species of tree fern native to central and southeastern Sulawesi, where it grows at an altitude of 120-1700 m Cyathea doctersii is a species of tree fern endemic to Sumatra, where it grows in forest at an altitude of approximately 150 m Cyathea dregei, also known as the Common Tree Fern and Gewone Boomvaring in Afrikaans, is a widespread species of Cyathea × dryopteroides is a tree fern native to Puerto Rico, where it grows at an altitude of 1000-1200 m Cyathea edanoi is a species of tree fern endemic to Luzon in the Philippines, where it grows in montane forest at an altitude Cyathea elongata is a species of tree fern native to Venezuela and Colombia, where it grows in montane areas at an altitude of 2000-3000 Cyathea erinacea is a species of tree fern native to Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Cyathea eriophora is a species of tree fern native to eastern New Guinea, where it grows in wet ravine forest at an altitude of 1400-2000 m Cyathea esmeraldensis is a species of tree fern native to the western Andes of Ecuador, where it grows on the sides of rocky streambeds Cyathea everta is a species of tree fern native to western New Guinea, where it grows in the edges of forest or in Mossy forest at an altitude Cyathea excavata is a species of tree fern endemic to the Cameron Highlands in Peninsular Malaysia, where it grows in habitats Cyathea exilis is a species of tree fern endemic to the Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, Australia, where it grows Cyathea fadenii is a species of tree fern endemic to the Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania, where it grows on exposed ridges and Cyathea × fagildei is a tree fern endemic to the Sierra de Moa and Sierra del Purial in Guantánamo Province, Cyathea fenicis is a species of tree fern native to the Philippines, Taiwan, and Orchid Island, where it grows in wet forest Cyathea ferruginea is a species of tree fern native to the islands of Negros, Palawan and Balabac, where it grows in Mossy Cyathea foersteri is a species of tree fern native to eastern New Guinea, where it grows in scrub in forest margins and Mossy forest at Cyathea fulgens is a species of tree fern native to Cuba, Jamaica and Hispaniola. Cyathea fuliginosa is a species of tree fern native to the islands of Luzon, Biliran and Mindanao in the Philippines Cyathea geluensis is a species of tree fern native to central and eastern New Guinea as well as the Louisiade Archipelago, where it grows Cyathea gigantea is a species of tree fern native to northeastern to southern India, Sri Lanka, Nepal to Myanmar, Cyathea glaberrima is a species of tree fern endemic to the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, specifically Fergusson Island and Goodenough Cyathea glabra is a species of tree fern native to Borneo, western Java, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, where it Cyathea glaziovii is a species of tree fern. Very little is known about this plant and its taxonomic status is uncertain Cyathea gleichenioides is a species of tree fern endemic to New Guinea, where it grows in open Peaty Grassland and Cyathea gregaria is a species of tree fern endemic to eastern New Guinea, where it grows in lowland forest and coastal rain forest often Cyathea grevilleana is a species of tree fern endemic to Jamaica, where it grows in moist gullies and on wooded hills in both calcareous Cyathea halconensis is a species of tree fern native to the islands of Luzon and Mindoro in the Philippines, where it grows in Cyathea hancockii is a species of tree fern native to the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong, where it grows Cyathea hancockii is a species of tree fern endemic to Kinabalu National Park in Borneo, where it grows in ridge forest at an Cyathea henryi is a species of tree fern native to India and Yunnan in China, where it grows submontane and montane forest at Cyathea heterochlamydea is a little-known species of tree fern native to the islands of Luzon, Panay, Negros and Mindanao Cyathea hooglandii is a species of tree fern native to the Western Highlands of New Guinea, where it grows in Mossy forest at Cyathea hookeri is a species of tree fern endemic to Sri Lanka, where it grows in lowland forest Cyathea hornei is a species of tree fern. Its natural distribution covers eastern New Guinea and the Louisiade Archipelago to Fiji Cyathea horridula is a species of tree fern native to western New Guinea, where it grows in montane forest at an altitude of approximately 1700 m Cyathea hotteana is a species of tree fern endemic to Haiti, where it grows in Cloud forest at an altitude of 1000-1200 m Cyathea humilis is a species of tree fern native to Kenya, as well as the Usambara and Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania Cyathea hunsteiniana is a species of tree fern endemic to eastern New Guinea, where it grows in rain forest at an altitude of 1300-2000 Cyathea hymenodes is a species of tree fern native to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and possibly Java, where it grows in montane Cyathea imbricata is a species of tree fern endemic to western New Guinea, where it grows in open forest at an altitude of 3240 m Cyathea imrayana is a species of tree fern native to the Lesser Antilles, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, and Cyathea incana is a species of tree fern native to Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and northern Argentina Cyathea incisoserrata is a species of tree fern native to the Malay Peninsula and the state of Sarawak on the island of Borneo Cyathea inquinans is a species of tree fern native to southwestern Sulawesi and possibly the Maluku Islands, where it grows in montane forest Cyathea insulana is a species of tree fern native to New Guinea, where it grows in Mossy forest and Ravines at an altitude of Cyathea javanica is a species of tree fern native to western Java and Sumatra, where it grows in rain forest and on riverbanks at an altitude Cyathea junghuhniana is a species of tree fern native to southern and central Sumatra and western Java, where it grows in forest at an altitude Cyathea kanehirae is a species of tree fern native to western New Guinea, where it grows in montane forest at an altitude of 1600-2700 m Cyathea kermadecensis is a species of tree fern endemic to Raoul Island in the Kermadec Islands, where it is locally common in Cyathea khasyana is a species of tree fern. Its natural distribution extends from India to Myanmar, although it is absent from Sri Cyathea klossii is a species of tree fern native to western New Guinea, where it grows in rain forest from the lowlands up to an elevation of about Cyathea latebrosa is a common and widespread species of tree fern native to Indochina. Cyathea latipinnula is a species of tree fern native to the Philippines, where it grows in ridge forest at an altitude of about 1400 m Cyathea ledermannii is a species of tree fern native to Papua New Guinea and Bougainville Province in the Solomon Islands, where Cyathea lepidoclada is a species of tree fern native to central and eastern New Guinea, where it is locally common in rain forest and Mossy forest Cyathea × marcescens, commonly known as the Skirted Tree Fern, is a tree fern endemic to the Cape Otway ranges in Victoria Cyathea metteniana is a species of tree fern native to the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, and Taiwan, where it grows in wet forest forest Cyathea podophylla is a widespread species of tree fern native to southern China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand Cyathea recommutata is a species of tree fern native to the Malay Peninsula, central and southern Sumatra and Borneo, where it Cyathea smithii, commonly known as the Soft Tree Fern or Katote, is a species of tree fern. Cyathea is a Subgenus in the Genus Cyathea. Classification Subgenus Cyathea Cyathea is a section in the Subgenus Cyathea. Classification Subgenus Cyathea Cyathea cranhamii is an extinct species of tree fern. It was described based on permineralised sori from the Early Cretaceous Cyathea delgadii is a widespread species of tree fern native to Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, French Guiana, Cyathea glauca is a species of tree fern endemic to Réunion. Sphaeropteris is a section in the monotypic Subgenus Sphaeropteris. Sphaeropteris is a section in the monotypic Subgenus Sphaeropteris. Cyathea brownii, commonly known as the Norfolk Tree Fern or Smooth Tree Fern, is probably the largest tree fern species in the world Cyathea chinensis is a species of tree fern native to Yunnan in China, Sikkim in India, as well as Nepal Cyathea cooperi, also known as the Australian tree fern, lacy tree fern, scaly tree fern, or Cooper’s tree fern, is a medium-to-large Cyathea elmeri is a species of tree fern native to the Philippines, Talaud Islands, and northern Sulawesi, where it grows in Cyathea medullaris, popularly known as the Black Tree Fern or Mamaku, is a large Tree fern up to 20 m tall Cyathea propinqua is a species of tree fern native to Fiji and possibly Samoa, where it grows in wet forest Cyathea squamulata is a species of tree fern native the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and the southern Cyathea crassa is a species of tree fern endemic to the Santo Domingo area in the Dominican Republic. Cyathea affinis is a variable species of tree fern native to Fiji, Samoa, the Cook Islands, Austral Islands, Martens & Galeotti, 1842
Misassigned taxa
- Cyathea abitaguensis (Domin) Domin, 1930 = Cnemidaria uleana
- Cyathea antillana Domin, 1930 = Cnemidaria grandifolia
- Cyathea aristata Domin, 1930 = Cnemidaria apiculata
- Cyathea choricarpa (Maxon) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria choricarpa
- Cyathea commutata Sprengel, 1804 = Cnemidaria horrida
- Cyathea decurrentiloba Domin, 1930 = Cnemidaria decurrens
- Cyathea elegantissima (Fée) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria decurrens
- Cyathea ewanii Alston, 1958 = Cnemidaria ewanii
- Cyathea grandifolia Willdenow, 1810 = Cnemidaria grandifolia
- Cyathea grandis (Maxon) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria mutica
- Cyathea guatemalensis (Maxon) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria decurrens
- Cyathea horrida (Linnaeus) J. Cnemidaria grandifolia is a species of tree fern whose natural distribution ranges from Trinidad and Tobago to the Paraguaná Peninsula Cnemidaria grandifolia is a species of tree fern whose natural distribution ranges from Trinidad and Tobago to the Paraguaná Peninsula E. Smith, 1793 = Cnemidaria horrida
- Cyathea imrayana (W. J. Hooker) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria grandifolia
- Cyathea karsteniana Klotzsch, 1852 = Cnemidaria karsteniana
- Cyathea kohautiana (Presl) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria grandifolia
- Cyathea leprieurii (Kunze) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria cruciata
- Cyathea liebmannii Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria decurrens
- Cyathea lucida (Fée) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria decurrens
- Cyathea minita Kaulfuss, 1824 = Cnemidaria grandifolia
- Cyathea mutica (Christ) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria mutica
- Cyathea obtusa (Kaulfuss) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria grandifolia
- Cyathea roraimensis (Domin) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria roraimensis
- Cyathea spectabilis (Kunze) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria spectabilis
- Cyathea spectabilis var. Cnemidaria grandifolia is a species of tree fern whose natural distribution ranges from Trinidad and Tobago to the Paraguaná Peninsula Cnemidaria grandifolia is a species of tree fern whose natural distribution ranges from Trinidad and Tobago to the Paraguaná Peninsula Cnemidaria grandifolia is a species of tree fern whose natural distribution ranges from Trinidad and Tobago to the Paraguaná Peninsula Cnemidaria grandifolia is a species of tree fern whose natural distribution ranges from Trinidad and Tobago to the Paraguaná Peninsula colombiensis Stolze, 1974 = Cnemidaria spectabilis var. colombiensis
- Cyathea spectabilis var. longipinna (Domin) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria spectabilis var. spectabilis
- Cyathea spectabilis var. trinitensis (Domin) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria spectabilis var. spectabilis
- Cyathea subarborescens Domin, 1930 = Cnemidaria uleana
- Cyathea subincisa (Kunze) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria speciosa
Notes
- ^ Cyathea gardneri (W. J. Hooker) Lellinger 1987, not C. gardneri W. J. Hooker 1844.
- ^ Cyathea microphylla (Klotzsch) Tryon 1970, not C. microphylla Mettenius 1856.
- ^ Cyathea parva (Maxon) Tryon 1976, not C. parva Copeland 1942.
References
- Braggins, John E. & Large, Mark F. 2004. Tree Ferns. Timber Press, Inc. ISBN 0-88192-630-2
- The International Plant Names Index
External links
- Cyathea: World Species List
- Alsophila: World Species List
- Sphaeropteris: World Species List
- Community: Care and propagation of Treeferns (German/English)
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