Cursive Hebrew, read from right to left.

Cursive Hebrew (Hebrew: כתב רהוט) is a style of Hebrew hand writing that is used for writing Modern Hebrew, especially for everyday writing in Israel. "Handwriting" redirects here For scripts for writing down notes by hand see " Cursive " For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. This is because it is faster to write than the traditional Hebrew script. The Hebrew alphabet (אָלֶף-בֵּית עִבְרִי alephbet ’ivri) consists of 22 letters used for writing the Hebrew language. The exact time of origin of the cursive script is unknown but the modern script is based most upon Ashkenazi (German-Polish) Hebrew cursive. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland ^[1]

History

Figure 1: Signature of the Baal Shem Tov some time in the 1700s, done in the cursive Hebrew script. Rabbi Yisroel (Israel ben Eliezer (רבי ישראל בן אליעזר August 27, 1698 (18 Elul &ndash May 22, 1760) often called

The brief inscriptions daubed in red ink upon the walls of the catacombs of Venosa are probably the oldest examples of cursive script. The first Burial galleries to be referred to as catacombs lie beneath San Sebastiano fuori le mura, in Rome. Venosa is a town and Comune in the Province of Potenza, in the Southern Italian region of Basilicata, in the Vulture area. Still longer texts in a cursive alphabet are furnished by the clay bowls found in Babylonia and bearing exorcisms against magical influences and evil spirits. Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Exorcism (from Late Latin exorcismus, from Greek exorkizein - to adjure is the practice of evicting Demons or other evil These bowls date from the seventh or eighth century, and some of the letters are written in a form that is very antiquated (Figure 3, column 1). Cursive Hebrew (כתב רהוט is a style of Hebrew Hand writing that is used for writing Modern Hebrew, especially for everyday writing in Israel. Somewhat less of a cursive nature is the manuscript, which dates from the eighth century^[2]. Columns 2-14 exhibit cursive scripts of various countries and centuries. Cursive Hebrew (כתב רהוט is a style of Hebrew Hand writing that is used for writing Modern Hebrew, especially for everyday writing in Israel. The differences visible in the square alphabets are much more apparent. For instance, the Sephardic rounds off still more, and, as in Arabic, there is a tendency to run the lower lines to the left, whereas the Ashkenazic script appears cramped and disjointed. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Instead of the little ornaments at the upper ends of the stems, in the letters a more or less weak flourish of the line appears. For the rest the cursive of the Codices remains fairly true to the square text. Documents of a private nature were certainly written in a much more running hand, as the sample from one of the oldest Arabic letters written with Hebrew letters (possibly the tenth century) clearly shows in the papyrus, in "Führer durch die Ausstellung," Table XIX. , Vienna, 1894, (compare Figure 3, column 4). Cursive Hebrew (כתב רהוט is a style of Hebrew Hand writing that is used for writing Modern Hebrew, especially for everyday writing in Israel. But since the preservation of such letters were not held to be of importance, material of this nature from the earlier times is very scarce, and as a consequence the development of the script is very hard to follow. The last two columns of Figure 3 exhibit the German cursive script of a later date. Cursive Hebrew (כתב רהוט is a style of Hebrew Hand writing that is used for writing Modern Hebrew, especially for everyday writing in Israel. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The next to the last is taken from a manuscript of Elias Levita. Elia Levita ( 13 February 1469 &ndash 28 January 1549) ( Hebrew: אליהו בן אשר בחור) also known as Elijah The accompanying specimen presents Sephardic script. In this flowing cursive alphabet the ligatures appear more often. They occur especially in letters which have a sharp turn to the left (ג, ז, כ, נ, צ, ח), and above all in נ, whose great open bow offers ample space for another letter (see Figure 2). Gimmel redirects here for the musical group see Gimmel (music group. Zayin (also spelled Zain or Zayn) is the seventh letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician 𐤆 Aramaic, Hebrew Kaph (also spelled Kap or Kaf) is the eleventh letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Nun is the fourteenth letter of many Semitic Abjads including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic alphabet ar ن (in Tsade (also spelled Ṣādē or Tzadi or Sadhe or Tzaddik) is the eighteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician or H̱et (also spelled Khet, Kheth, Chet, Cheth, Het, or Heth) is the reconstructed name of the eighth letter Nun is the fourteenth letter of many Semitic Abjads including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic alphabet ar ن (in

Figure 2: "Specimen of Modern Sephardic Script" (courtesy Jewish Encyclopedia, 1901-1906)

The following are the successive stages in the development of each letter: Aleph is separated into two parts, the first being written as , and the perpendicular stroke placed at the left . Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. is the reconstructed name of the first letter of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, continued in descended Semitic alphabets as Phoenician In Geometry, two lines or planes (or a line and a plane are considered perpendicular (or orthogonal) to each other if they form congruent By the turn of the 20th century, German cursive had these two elements separated, thus ׀c, and the acute angle was rounded. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on In Geometry and Trigonometry, an angle (in full plane angle) is the figure formed by two rays sharing a common Endpoint, called It received also an abbreviated form connected with the favorite old ligature , and it is to this ligature of Aleph and Lamed that the contracted Oriental Aleph owes its origin (Figure 3, column 7). is the reconstructed name of the first letter of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, continued in descended Semitic alphabets as Phoenician Lamed or Lamedh is the twelfth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Lamed and Arabic Mizrahi Jews or Mizrahim, ( also referred to as Edot HaMizrach (Communities of the East are Jews descended Cursive Hebrew (כתב רהוט is a style of Hebrew Hand writing that is used for writing Modern Hebrew, especially for everyday writing in Israel. In writing Bet, the lower part necessitated an interruption, and to overcome this obstacle it was made , and, with the total omission of the whole lower line, . Bet, Beth, or Vet is the second letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician In Gimel, the left-hand stroke is lengthened more and more. Gimmel redirects here for the musical group see Gimmel (music group. Dalet had its stroke put on obliquely to distinguish it from Resh; however, since in rapid writing it easily assumed a form similar in appearance to ר, ד in analogy with ב was later changed to . Dalet ( also spelled Daleth or Daled) is the fourth letter of many Semitic alphabets including Phoenician, Aramaic for the town in Nepal see Resh Nepal Resh is the twentieth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician for the town in Nepal see Resh Nepal Resh is the twentieth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician Dalet ( also spelled Daleth or Daled) is the fourth letter of many Semitic alphabets including Phoenician, Aramaic Bet, Beth, or Vet is the second letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician A transformation very similar to this took place in the cases of final Kaph and of ḳ;oph (see columns 2, 5, 11, 14), except that ḳ;oph opened out a trifle more than Kaph. Kaph (also spelled Kap or Kaf) is the eleventh letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Qoph or Qop (In modern Hebrew Kuf, Arabic Qāf) is the nineteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic Cursive Hebrew (כתב רהוט is a style of Hebrew Hand writing that is used for writing Modern Hebrew, especially for everyday writing in Israel. Kaph (also spelled Kap or Kaf) is the eleventh letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Kaph (also spelled Kap or Kaf) is the eleventh letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew The lower part of Zayin was bent sharply to the right and received a little hook at the bottom. Zayin (also spelled Zain or Zayn) is the seventh letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician 𐤆 Aramaic, Hebrew The left-hand stroke of Ṭet was lengthened. (also Teth, Tet) is the ninth letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Tet, Lamed gradually lost its semicircle until (as in both the Nabatæan-Arabic and Syriacsystems) by the turn of the 20th century, it became a simple stroke, which was bent sharply toward the right. Lamed or Lamedh is the twelfth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Lamed and Arabic In Mathematics (more specifically Geometry) a semicircle is a two-dimensional Geometric shape that forms Half of a Circle. The Nabataean language was a Semitic language and was the written language of the Nabataeans. See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language In the modern script today the lamed has regained its semicircle. Final Mem branches out at the bottom, and in its latest stage is drawn out either to the left or straight down. Mem (also spelled Meem or Mim) is the thirteenth letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew In Samek the same development also took place, but it afterward became again a simple circle. Samekh or Simketh is the fifteenth letter in many Semitic alphabets including Phoenician, Hebrew, and Aramaic, representing /s/ In order to write 'Ayin without removing the pen from the surface, its two strokes were joined with a curl. For the village in Azerbaijan see Əyin. or is the sixteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician The two Pe's spread out in a marked flourish. Pe is the seventeenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Pei, Persian alphabet Pe pr As to Ẓade the right-hand head is made longer, at first only to a small degree, but later on to a considerable extent. Tsade (also spelled Ṣādē or Tzadi or Sadhe or Tzaddik) is the eighteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician In the beginning Shin develops similarly to the same letter in the Nabatæan, but afterward the central stroke is lengthened upward, like the right arm of Ẓade, and finally it is joined with the left stroke, and the first stroke is left off altogether. Shin (also spelled Šin or Sheen) is the twenty-first letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew The Nabataeans ( Arabic: الأنباط, Al-Anbāṭ) were an ancient Semitic people Arabs of southern Jordan, Canaan The letters ה, ד, ח, ן, נ, ר, ת, have undergone little modification: they have been rounded out and simplified by the omission of the heads. He is the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew, Syriac ܗ and Arabic Dalet ( also spelled Daleth or Daled) is the fourth letter of many Semitic alphabets including Phoenician, Aramaic or H̱et (also spelled Khet, Kheth, Chet, Cheth, Het, or Heth) is the reconstructed name of the eighth letter Nun is the fourteenth letter of many Semitic Abjads including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic alphabet ar ن (in Nun is the fourteenth letter of many Semitic Abjads including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic alphabet ar ن (in for the town in Nepal see Resh Nepal Resh is the twentieth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician Taw or Tav is the twenty-second and last letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Tav

Historic Table

This table shows the development of Hebrew cursive writing from examples of Hebrew from Eastern forms including Babylonian (7th century), Egypt (12th century), Constantinople (1506), 10th century, Spanish (1480), Spanish (10th century), Provençal (10th century), Italian (10th century), and examples of Hebrew from Western forms including Greek (1375), Italian (1451), Italian (10th century), German (10th century), and German (Ashkenazi) (1900). Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Provençal ( Provençau) is one of several dialects of Occitan spoken by a minority of people mostly in Provence (in southern France Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar This table was published from 1901-1906, showing the latest German (Ashkenazi) cursive forms of Hebrew (1900), which bares the most similarity to the modern Hebrew cursive script (see below). Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Cursive Hebrew (כתב רהוט is a style of Hebrew Hand writing that is used for writing Modern Hebrew, especially for everyday writing in Israel. For references in the "History" section above to column numbers, the column number for this table are at the bottom of it, numbered 1 through 14. Cursive Hebrew (כתב רהוט is a style of Hebrew Hand writing that is used for writing Modern Hebrew, especially for everyday writing in Israel.

Figure 3: "Cursive Writing" (courtesy Jewish Encyclopedia, 1901-1906). The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls.

Column:

1. Incantation upon Babylonian dish^[3]
2. Egyptian of the twelfth century. An incantation or incantations are the words spoken during a Ritual, either a Hymn or Prayer invoking or praising a Deity, or in magic Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics.
3. Constantinople, 1506. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS
4. Tenth century.
5. Spanish, dated 1480. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
6. Spanish, tenth century. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
7. Provençal, tenth century. Provençal ( Provençau) is one of several dialects of Occitan spoken by a minority of people mostly in Provence (in southern France
8. Italian, tenth century. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest
9. Greek, dated 1375. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία
10. Italian, dated 1451. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest
11. Italian, tenth century. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest
12. German, tenth century. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
13. Eleazer of Worms, copied at Rome in 1515 by Elias Levita^[4]
14. Ashkenazic from the nineteenth century. Eleazar ben Judah ben Kalonymus of Worms ( Hebrew: אלעזר מוורמס, also Elazar Rokeach or Rokeiach) (c Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Elia Levita ( 13 February 1469 &ndash 28 January 1549) ( Hebrew: אליהו בן אשר בחור) also known as Elijah Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

Modern Table

The modern script is most directly based on the German and Polish (Ashkenazi) Hebrew of the late 19th and early 20th century. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing From the historic table above of a sample of the German (Ashkenazi) form found in 1900, the most obvious differences are with Bet, Gimmel, Kuf, and Final tsadi. Bet, Beth, or Vet is the second letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Gimmel redirects here for the musical group see Gimmel (music group. Qoph or Qop (In modern Hebrew Kuf, Arabic Qāf) is the nineteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic Tsade (also spelled Ṣādē or Tzadi or Sadhe or Tzaddik) is the eighteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Kuf looks directly like previous German (Ashkenazi) forms, and Final tsadi has one less loop. The letter Chet is also never found to be triangular in the modern script. or H̱et (also spelled Khet, Kheth, Chet, Cheth, Het, or Heth) is the reconstructed name of the eighth letter A triangle is one of the basic Shapes of Geometry: a Polygon with three corners or vertices and three sides or edges which are Line

Slightly different forms are shown in the image at the top of the article then what is here in the table. The image at the top shows more standard forming of the letters.

Aleph	Bet/Vet	Gimel	Dalet	He	Vav	Zayin	Chet	Tet	Yod	Kaf/Khaf
										/
Lamed	Mem	Nun	Samech	Ayin	Pe/Fe	Tsadi	Kuf	Resh	Shin/Sin	Tav
	/	/				/

Note: Chart read from left to right. is the reconstructed name of the first letter of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, continued in descended Semitic alphabets as Phoenician Bet, Beth, or Vet is the second letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Gimmel redirects here for the musical group see Gimmel (music group. Dalet ( also spelled Daleth or Daled) is the fourth letter of many Semitic alphabets including Phoenician, Aramaic He is the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew, Syriac ܗ and Arabic Waw ( also spelled vav or vau) (In Hebrew Vav) is the sixth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic Zayin (also spelled Zain or Zayn) is the seventh letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician 𐤆 Aramaic, Hebrew or H̱et (also spelled Khet, Kheth, Chet, Cheth, Het, or Heth) is the reconstructed name of the eighth letter (also Teth, Tet) is the ninth letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Tet, Yodh (also spelled Yud or Yod) is the tenth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Kaph (also spelled Kap or Kaf) is the eleventh letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Lamed or Lamedh is the twelfth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Lamed and Arabic Mem (also spelled Meem or Mim) is the thirteenth letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Nun is the fourteenth letter of many Semitic Abjads including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic alphabet ar ن (in Samekh or Simketh is the fifteenth letter in many Semitic alphabets including Phoenician, Hebrew, and Aramaic, representing /s/ For the village in Azerbaijan see Əyin. or is the sixteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Pe is the seventeenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Pei, Persian alphabet Pe pr Tsade (also spelled Ṣādē or Tzadi or Sadhe or Tzaddik) is the eighteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Qoph or Qop (In modern Hebrew Kuf, Arabic Qāf) is the nineteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic for the town in Nepal see Resh Nepal Resh is the twentieth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician Shin (also spelled Šin or Sheen) is the twenty-first letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Taw or Tav is the twenty-second and last letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Tav

Notes

See also

• Hebrew alphabet
• Rashi script
• Cursive
• Russian cursive
• Roman cursive

External links

• Jewish Encyclopedia article on Cursive Hebrew
• Cursive Hebrew fonts for download at www.oketz.com

This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain. The Hebrew alphabet (אָלֶף-בֵּית עִבְרִי alephbet ’ivri) consists of 22 letters used for writing the Hebrew language. Rashi script ( Hebrew: כתב רש"י is a semi- cursive Typeface for the Hebrew alphabet, in which Rashi's commentaries are printed For the indie rock band see Cursive (band. Cursive is any style of handwriting that is designed for writing down notes and Russian cursive is the handwritten form of the modern Russian language, used instead of the block letters seen in printed material Roman cursive (or Latin cursive) is a form of Handwriting (or a script) used in Ancient Rome and to some extent into the Middle Ages The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone