The Cupressaceae or cypress family is a conifer family with worldwide distribution. Cupressus sempervirens, the Mediterranean Cypress,(Or Italian Tuscan or Graveyard Cypress or Pencil Pine is a species of cypress native to the eastern Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The Order Pinales in the Division Pinophyta, Class Pinopsida comprises all the extant Conifers This order was formerly known as the Actinostrobus is a genus of Coniferous Trees in the Cupressaceae (cypress family Athrotaxis is a genus of two to three species (depending on taxonomic opinion of conifers in the cypress family Cupressaceae. Athrotaxis is a genus of two to three species (depending on taxonomic opinion of conifers in the cypress family Cupressaceae. Austrocedrus is a Genus of conifer belonging to the cypress family Cupressaceae. Callitris is a genus of Coniferous Trees in the Cupressaceae (cypress family Callitropsis ( synonym Xanthocyparis) is a genus of cypresses in the family Cupressaceae, with several native to North America Callitropsis ( synonym Xanthocyparis) is a genus of cypresses in the family Cupressaceae, with several native to North America Calocedrus is a genus of two to three species of Coniferous Trees in the cypress family Cupressaceae; the common name is Incense-cedar Calocedrus is a genus of two to three species of Coniferous Trees in the cypress family Cupressaceae; the common name is Incense-cedar Chamaecyparis is genus of conifers in the family Cupressaceae, native to eastern Asia and western and eastern North America Chamaecyparis is genus of conifers in the family Cupressaceae, native to eastern Asia and western and eastern North America Cryptomeria is a Genus of conifer in the cypress family Cupressaceae formerly belonging to the family Taxodiaceae; it includes Cryptomeria is a Genus of conifer in the cypress family Cupressaceae formerly belonging to the family Taxodiaceae; it includes The genus Cunninghamia is a genus of one or two species of Evergreen coniferous Trees in the cypress family Cupressaceae. The genus Cunninghamia is a genus of one or two species of Evergreen coniferous Trees in the cypress family Cupressaceae. The Genus Cupressus is one of several genera within the family Cupressaceae that have the common name cypress; for the others The Genus Cupressus is one of several genera within the family Cupressaceae that have the common name cypress; for the others Diselma archeri ( syn Fitzroya archeri (Hookf Benth & Hook) is a Species of Plant of the family Diselma archeri ( syn Fitzroya archeri (Hookf Benth & Hook) is a Species of Plant of the family Fitzroya is a Genus in the cypress family Cupressaceae with a single Species, Fitzroya cupressoides native to the Fitzroya is a Genus in the cypress family Cupressaceae with a single Species, Fitzroya cupressoides native to the Fokienia is a genus in the family Cupressaceae. In its characteristics Fokienia is intermediate between the genera of Chamaecyparis Fokienia is a genus in the family Cupressaceae. In its characteristics Fokienia is intermediate between the genera of Chamaecyparis Glyptostrobus pensilis, also known as Chinese Swamp Cypress, is the sole living species in the genus Glyptostrobus. Glyptostrobus pensilis, also known as Chinese Swamp Cypress, is the sole living species in the genus Glyptostrobus. Junipers are Coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. Junipers are Coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. Libocedrus is a genus of five species of Coniferous Trees in the cypress family Cupressaceae, native to New Zealand and New Metasequoia ( Dawn Redwood) is a fast growing Tree genus in the conifer family Cupressaceae of which Metasequoia glyptostroboides Metasequoia ( Dawn Redwood) is a fast growing Tree genus in the conifer family Cupressaceae of which Metasequoia glyptostroboides Microbiota is a Genus of Evergreen coniferous Shrub in the cypress family Cupressaceae, containing only one species Microbiota is a Genus of Evergreen coniferous Shrub in the cypress family Cupressaceae, containing only one species Neocallitropsis pancheri is a Plant Species of the family Cupressaceae and the sole species of the Genus Papuacedrus papuana is a species in the conifer family Cupressaceae, the sole species in the genus Papuacedrus. Pilgerodendron is a Genus of conifer belonging to the cypress family Cupressaceae. Platycladus is a distinct Genus of Evergreen coniferous Tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae, containing only one Platycladus is a distinct Genus of Evergreen coniferous Tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae, containing only one Sequoia sempervirens is the sole living Species of the Genus Sequoia in the cypress family Cupressaceae (formerly Sequoia sempervirens is the sole living Species of the Genus Sequoia in the cypress family Cupressaceae (formerly Sequoiadendron giganteum ( Giant Sequoia, Sierra Redwood, or Wellingtonia) is the sole species in the genus Sequoiadendron Sequoiadendron giganteum ( Giant Sequoia, Sierra Redwood, or Wellingtonia) is the sole species in the genus Sequoiadendron Taiwania ( Taiwania cryptomerioides) is a large coniferous Tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae, formerly listed in the segregate Taiwania ( Taiwania cryptomerioides) is a large coniferous Tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae, formerly listed in the segregate Taxodium is a Genus of one to three Species (depending on taxonomic opinion of extremely flood-tolerant Conifers in the cypress Taxodium is a Genus of one to three Species (depending on taxonomic opinion of extremely flood-tolerant Conifers in the cypress Tetraclinis is a Genus of Evergreen coniferous Tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae, containing only Thuja (pronounced "thoo-ya" or " thoo-ja " is a genus of Coniferous Trees in the Cupressaceae (cypress Thuja (pronounced "thoo-ya" or " thoo-ja " is a genus of Coniferous Trees in the Cupressaceae (cypress Thujopsis (pronounced "Thuyopsis" is a conifer in the cypress family ( Cupressaceae) the sole member of the genus being Thujopsis (pronounced "Thuyopsis" is a conifer in the cypress family ( Cupressaceae) the sole member of the genus being Widdringtonia is a genus of Coniferous Trees in the Cupressaceae ( cypress family Cypress is the name applied to many Plants in the conifer family Cupressaceae (cypress family The family includes 27 to 30 genera (17 monotypic) with about 130-140 species. They are monoecious, subdioecious or (rarely) dioecious trees and shrubs from 1-116 m (3-379 ft) tall. Plant sexuality covers the wide variety of Sexual reproduction systems found across the Plant kingdom Plant sexuality covers the wide variety of Sexual reproduction systems found across the Plant kingdom Plant sexuality covers the wide variety of Sexual reproduction systems found across the Plant kingdom A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree The bark of mature trees is commonly orange- to red- brown and of stringy texture, often flaking or peeling in vertical strips, but smooth, scaly or hard and square-cracked in some species. Bark, also known as periderm is the outermost layer of stems and Roots of Woody plants such as Trees It overlays the Wood and consists
The leaves are arranged either spirally, in decussate pairs (opposite pairs, each pair at 90° to the previous pair) or in decussate whorls of 3 or 4, depending on the genus. Cladoptosis ( Greek: clados - a branch ptosis - falling it is sometimes pronounced with the p silent refers to the phenomenon in Botany of In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. On young plants, the leaves are needle-like, becoming small and scale-like on mature plants of many (but not all) genera; some genera and species retain needle-like leaves throughout their life. Old leaves are mostly not shed individually, but in small sprays of foliage (cladoptosis); exceptions are the leaves on shoots which develop into branches, which eventually fall off individually when the bark starts to flake. Cladoptosis ( Greek: clados - a branch ptosis - falling it is sometimes pronounced with the p silent refers to the phenomenon in Botany of Most are evergreen with the leaves persisting 2-10 years, but three genera (Glyptostrobus, Metasequoia, Taxodium) are deciduous or include deciduous species. In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including
The seed cones are either woody, leathery, or (in Juniperus) berry-like and fleshy, with one to several ovules per scale. A cone (in formal botanical usage Strobilus, plural strobili is an organ on Plants in the division Pinophyta ( Conifers Junipers are Coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. The bract scale and ovuliferous scale are fused together except at the apex, where the bract scale is often visible as a short spine (often called an umbo) on the ovuliferous scale. As with the foliage, the cone scales are arranged spirally, decussate (opposite) or whorled, depending on the genus. The seeds are mostly small and somewhat flattened, with two narrow wings, one down each side of the seed; rarely (e. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored g. Actinostrobus) triangular in section with three wings; in some genera (e. g. Glyptostrobus, Libocedrus) one of the wings is significantly larger than the other, and in some others (e. g. Juniperus, Microbiota, Platycladus, Taxodium) the seed is larger and wingless. The seedlings usually have two cotyledons, but in some species up to six. A cotyledon ("seed leaf" from Greek: κοτυληδών kotylēdōn, from κοτύλη ''kotýlē'', "cup bowl" The pollen cones are more uniform in structure across the family, 1-20 mm long, with the scales again arranged spirally, decussate (opposite) or whorled, depending on the genus; they may be borne singly at the apex of a shoot (most genera), in the leaf axils (Cryptomeria), in dense clusters (Cunninghamia; Juniperus drupacea), or on discrete long pendulous panicle-like shoots (Metasequoia, Taxodium). Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of A panicle is a compound Raceme, a loose much-branched indeterminate Inflorescence with pedicellate Flowers (and Fruit
Cupressaceae is the most widely distributed conifer family, with a near-global range in all continents except for Antarctica, stretching from 71°N in arctic Norway (Juniperus communis) south to 55°S in southernmost Chile (Pilgerodendron uviferum), while Juniperus indica reaches 5200 m altitude in Tibet, the highest altitude reported for any woody plant. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Juniperus communis, the Common Juniper, is a species in the genus Juniperus, in the family Cupressaceae. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Pilgerodendron is a Genus of conifer belonging to the cypress family Cupressaceae. Juniperus indica ( Black Juniper) is a Juniper native to high altitudes in the Himalaya, occurring from the northern Indus Valley Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European A woody plant is any vascular Plant that has a perennial stem that is above ground and covered by a layer of thickened Bark. Most habitats on land are occupied, with the exceptions of polar tundra and tropical lowland rainforest (though several species are important components of temperate rainforests and tropical highland cloud forests); they are also rare in deserts, with only a few species able to tolerate severe drought, notably Cupressus dupreziana in the central Sahara. In physical Geography, tundra is an area where the Tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches Temperate rainforests are Coniferous or broadleaf Forests that occur in the Temperate zone and receive high rainfall A cloud forest, also called a fog forest, is a generally Tropical or Subtropical evergreen Montane moist forest characterized by a A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. Cupressus dupreziana, the Saharan Cypress, is a very rare coniferous Tree native to the Tassili n'Ajjer mountains in the central The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest Despite the wide overall distribution, many genera and species show very restricted relictual distributions, and many are endangered species. An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation
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Classification
The family Cupressaceae is now widely regarded as including the Taxodiaceae, previously treated as a distinct family, but now shown not to differ from the Cupressaceae in any consistent characteristics. The Taxodiaceae was at one time regarded as a distinct Plant family comprising the following ten genera of Coniferous Trees Athrotaxis The one exception in the former Taxodiaceae is the genus Sciadopitys, which is genetically distinct from the rest of the Cupressaceae, and is now treated in its own family, Sciadopityaceae. The Koyamaki ( Sciadopitys verticillata) or Japanese Umbrella-pine, is a unique Conifer endemic to Japan. The Koyamaki ( Sciadopitys verticillata) or Japanese Umbrella-pine, is a unique Conifer endemic to Japan.
The family Cupressaceae is divided into seven subfamilies, based on genetic and morphological analysis (Gadek et al. 2000, Farjon 2005):
- Cunninghamhioideae (Zucc. ex Endl. ) Quinn: Cunninghamia
- Taiwanioideae L. C. Li: Taiwania
- Athrotaxidoideae L. C. Li: Athrotaxis
- Sequoioideae Saxton: Sequoia, Sequoiadendron, Metasequoia
- Taxodioideae Endl. ex K. Koch: Taxodium, Glyptostrobus, Cryptomeria
- Callitroideae Saxton: Callitris, Actinostrobus, Neocallitropsis, Widdringtonia, Diselma, Fitzroya, Austrocedrus, Libocedrus, Pilgerodendron, Papuacedrus
- Cupressoideae Rich. ex Sweet: Thuja, Thujopsis, Chamaecyparis, Fokienia, Calocedrus, Tetraclinis, Microbiota, Platycladus, Callitropsis, Cupressus, Juniperus
Superlatives
The family is notable for including the largest, tallest, and stoutest individual trees in the world, and also the second longest lived species in the world:
Largest - Giant Sequoia, 1486. Sequoiadendron giganteum ( Giant Sequoia, Sierra Redwood, or Wellingtonia) is the sole species in the genus Sequoiadendron 9 m³ trunk volume
Tallest - Coast Redwood, 115. Sequoia sempervirens is the sole living Species of the Genus Sequoia in the cypress family Cupressaceae (formerly 55 m tall
Stoutest - Montezuma Cypress or Ahuehuete, 11. Taxodium mucronatum, also known as Montezuma Cypress, Sabino, Ahuehuete (name derived from the Nahuatl language) is a species 42 m diameter
Second oldest - Alerce, 3622 years (after Great Basin Bristlecone Pine)
Uses
Many of the species are important timber sources, especially in the genera Calocedrus, Chamaecyparis, Cryptomeria, Cunninghamia, Cupressus, Sequoia, Taxodium, and Thuja. Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or These and several other genera are also important in horticulture. Junipers are among the most important evergreen shrubs, groundcovers and small evergreen trees, with hundreds of cultivars selected, including plants with blue, grey, or yellow foliage. Junipers are Coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar Chamaecyparis and Thuja also provide hundreds of dwarf cultivars as well as trees, including Lawson's Cypress and the infamous hybrid Leyland Cypress. In Horticulture dwarfing is considered a desirable characteristic in modern Orchards where genetic dwarfs may be selected and propagated or more often scions are Chamaecyparis lawsoniana is a cypress in the genus Chamaecyparis, family Cupressaceae, known by the name Lawson's Cypress In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. The Leyland Cypress, X Cupressocyparis leylandii (syn Callitropsis × leylandii) is often referred to as just Leylandii. Dawn Redwood is widely planted as an ornamental tree because of its excellent horticultural qualities, rapid growth and status as a living fossil. Metasequoia ( Dawn Redwood) is a fast growing Tree genus in the conifer family Cupressaceae of which Metasequoia glyptostroboides Living fossil is an informal term for any living Species (or Clade) of organism which appears Giant Sequoia is a popular ornamental tree and is occasionally grown for timber. Sequoiadendron giganteum ( Giant Sequoia, Sierra Redwood, or Wellingtonia) is the sole species in the genus Sequoiadendron Giant Sequoia, Leyland Cypress, and Arizona Cypress are grown to a small extent as Christmas trees. A Christmas tree, Yule tree, holiday tree or Tannenbaum (fir tree is one of the most popular Traditions associated with the celebration
Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) is the national tree of Japan, and Ahuehuete (Taxodium mucronatum) the national tree of Mexico. Cryptomeria is a Genus of conifer in the cypress family Cupressaceae formerly belonging to the family Taxodiaceae; it includes This article is about symbols of nations Many countries it can be used for is Chantal For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Taxodium mucronatum, also known as Montezuma Cypress, Sabino, Ahuehuete (name derived from the Nahuatl language) is a species The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Coast Redwood and Giant Sequoia were jointly designated the state tree of California and are famous California tourist attractions. This List of US state trees includes official trees of the following states and U California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Redwood National and State Parks and several parks including Giant Sequoia National Monument protect almost half the remaining stands of Coast Redwoods and Giant Sequoias. The "Redwood National and State Parks" (RNSP are located in the United States along the coast of northern California. The Giant Sequoia National Monument is a US National Monument located in the Bald Cypress is the state tree of Louisiana. Taxodium distichum ( Baldcypress, Bald Cypress, or Swamp Cypress) is a species of conifer native to the southeastern United The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America Bald Cypress, often festooned with Spanish moss, of Southern swamps are another tourist attraction. Spanish moss ( Tillandsia usneoides) closely resembles its namesake ( Usnea, or beard lichen They can be seen at Big Cypress National Preserve in Florida. Big Cypress redirects here For other meanings please see Big Cypress (disambiguation Big Cypress National Preserve is a United States Bald Cypress "knees" are often sold as knick knacks, made into lamps or carved to make folk art. In the biology of trees a cypress knee is a distinctive structure in a root of a cypress Tree of any of various species of the subfamily Taxodioideae. Monterey Cypress is another famous picturesque tree often visited by tourists and photographers. Cupressus macrocarpa ( Monterey Cypress, Macrocarpa; syn Callitropsis macrocarpa (Hartw
Baton Rouge, Louisiana ("red stake") was named after the decay-resistant red wood of Juniperus virginiana, used by Native Americans in the region for waymarking. Baton Rouge (French Bâton-Rouge ˌbætən ˈruːdʒ in English, and in French) is the capital city of Louisiana. Juniperus virginiana ( Eastern Redcedar, Red Cedar, Eastern Juniper, Red Juniper, Pencil Cedar) is a species of Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Waymarking is a means by which people can catalog mark locate and log unique and interesting locations around the world usually with a GPS receiver Its heartwood is fragrant and used in clothes chests, drawers and closets to repel moths. It is a source of juniper oil used in perfumes and medicines. The wood is also used as long lasting fenceposts and for bows. The fleshy cones of Juniperus communis are used to flavour gin. Juniperus communis, the Common Juniper, is a species in the genus Juniperus, in the family Cupressaceae. Gin is a spirit flavoured with Juniper berries. Distilled gin is made by redistilling white grain spirit which has been flavoured with juniper
Calocedrus decurrens is the main wood used to make wooden pencils and is also used for cupboards and chests. Calocedrus decurrens ( California Incense-cedar; syn Libocedrus decurrens Torr Native Americans and early European explorers used Thuja leaves as a cure for scurvy. Distillation of Fokienia roots produces an essential oil used in medicine and cosmetics. Fokienia is a genus in the family Cupressaceae. In its characteristics Fokienia is intermediate between the genera of Chamaecyparis
The pollen of many genera of Cupressaceae is allergenic, causing major hay fever problems in areas where they are abundant, most notably with Sugi in Japan. Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of An allergen is a nonparasitic Antigen capable of stimulating a Type-I hypersensitivity reaction in atopic individuals Hay Fever is a comic play written by Noel Coward in 1924 and first produced in 1925 with Marie Tempest as the first Judith Bliss
Several genera are an alternate host of Gymnosporangium rust, which damages apples and other related trees in the subfamily Maloideae. Gymnosporangium is a genus of Heteroecious plant-pathogenic fungi which alternately infect members of the family Cupressaceae Rusts are Fungi of the order Uredinales. Many of these species are plant Parasites. The apple is the pomaceous Fruit of the apple tree Species Malus domestica in the Rose family Rosaceae. The Maloideae ( apple subfamily is a large subfamily of the rose family Rosaceae with 28 genera including approximately 1100 species worldwide with most species
References and external links
- Farjon, A. (1998). World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 300 p. ISBN 1-900347-54-7.
- Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4.
- Farjon, A. , Hiep, N. T. , Harder, D. K. , Loc, P. K. , & Averyanov, L. (2002). A new genus and species in the Cupressaceae (Coniferales) from northern Vietnam, Xanthocyparis vietnamensis. Novon 12: 179–189.
- Gadek, P. A. , Alpers, D. L. , Heslewood, M. M. , & Quinn, C. J. (2000). Relationships within Cupressaceae sensu lato: a combined morphological and molecular approach. American Journal of Botany 87: 1044–1057. Available online.
- Little, D. P. , Schwarzbach, A. E. , Adams, R. P. & Hsieh, Chang-Fu. (2004). The circumscription and phylogenetic relationships of Callitropsis and the newly described genus Xanthocyparis (Cupressaceae). American Journal of Botany 91 (11): 1872–1881. Available online.
- Arboretum de Villardebelle Cone images of many species
- Gymnosperm Database: Cupressaceae
- Flora of China - Cupressaceae
- Flora of North America - Cupressaceae
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