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Ancient ruins of Cumae
Ancient ruins of Cumae
Location of the province of Naples
Location of the province of Naples
There is also a small modern Greek Euboean city called Kyme. For the mythological figure see Euboea (mythology Euboea ( Modern Greek, Εύβοια - Évia &mdash

Cumae (Italian: Cuma, Greek: Κύμη or Κύμαι) is an ancient Greek settlement lying to the northwest of Naples in the Italian region of Campania. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Campania is a region of Southern Italy in Europe. The region has a population of around 5 Cumae was the first Greek colony on the mainland of Italy (Magna Graecia) and is perhaps most famous as the seat of the Cumaean Sibyl. The ageless Cumaean Sibyl was the priestess presiding over the Apollonian Oracle at Cumae, a Greek colony located near Naples,

Today Cuma - Fusaro is a frazione of the comune of Bacoli. A frazione, in Italy, is the name given in administrative law to a type of territorial subdivision of a Comune; for other Administrative In Italy, the comune, (plural comuni) is the basic Administrative division of both provinces and regions and may be properly approximated in Bacoli is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Naples in the Italian region Campania, located about 15 km west of Naples

Contents

Early history

The settlement is believed to have been founded in the 8th century BC[1] by Greeks originally from the cities of Cuma and Chalkis in Euboea led by the oecist (colonizer) Hippocles. The 8th century BC started the first day of 800 BC and ended the last day of 701 BC. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Chalcis or Chalkida, Halkida, Halkis or Chalkis ( Greek, Modern Χαλκίδα xal'ciða Ancient/ Katharevousa: -ίς For the mythological figure see Euboea (mythology Euboea ( Modern Greek, Εύβοια - Évia &mdash

The Greeks were planted upon the earlier dwellings of indigenous, Iron-Age peoples whom they supplanted; a memory of them was preserved as cave-dwellers named Cimmerians, among whom there was already an oracular tradition. This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. See Cimmeria (Conan or Cimmeria (Poem for the fiction of Robert E [2] Its name comes from the Greek word kymé, meaning wave - perhaps in reference to the big waves that the peninsula of Κyme in Euboea has. The colony was also the entry point in the Italian peninsula for the Cumaean alphabet used in the ancient Greek city of Cuma, a variant of which was adapted by the Romans. A peninsula is a piece of land that is nearly surrounded by Water but connected to Mainland via an Isthmus. The Cumae alphabet, was a western variant of the early Greek alphabet, used between the 8th to 5th centuries BC Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC

Cumae was a direct offshoot of an earlier colony on the island of Ischia, Pithekoussai,[3] founded by colonists from the Euboean cities of Cuma (Kύμη) and Chalcis (Χαλκίς) which was accounted its mother-city, by agreement among the first settlers. For the comune see Ischia (comune. For the part of the human hip see Ischium Ischia is a Volcanic Island in the Chalcis or Chalkida, Halkida, Halkis or Chalkis ( Greek, Modern Χαλκίδα xal'ciða Ancient/ Katharevousa: -ίς [4]

The colony thrived. By the eighth century it was strong enough to send Perieres and a group with him, who were among the founders of Zancle in Sicily, and another band had returned to found Triteia in Achaea, Pausanias was told. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. [5] It spread its influence throughout the area over the seventh and sixth centuries BC, gaining sway over Puteoli and Misenum and, thereafter, founding Neapolis in 470 BC. Pozzuoli is a city of the Province of Naples, in the Italian region of Campania. Misenum is the site of an ancient port in Campania, in southern Italy. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Events By Place Greece Suspected of plotting to seize power in Sparta by instigating a Helot uprising Pausanias takes All these facts were recalled long afterwards; Cumae's first brief contemporary mention in written history is in Thucydides. Thucydides ( C 460 BC &ndash C 395 BC) ( Greek Θουκυδίδης Thoukydídēs) was a Greek

The Latins, Greeks and Etruscans were among the first settlers. . .

The growing power of the Cumaean Greeks led many indigenous tribes of the region to organize against them, notably the Dauni and Aurunci with the leadership of the Capuan Etruscans. The Iapyges or Iapygians were an Indo-European people who inhabited the heel of Italy (modern Apulia) before being absorbed by the The Aurunci were an Italic population which lived in southern Italy from around the 1st millennium BC. Capua is a city in the Province of Caserta, Campania, Italy situated 25 km (16 mi north of Naples, on the northeastern edge of Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy This coalition was defeated by the Cumaeans in 524 BC under the direction of Aristodemus, called Malacus, a successful man of the people who overthrew the aristocratic faction, became a tyrant himself, and was assassinated. Events 529 BC — Cambyses II started to rule He is son of Cyrus II. Aristodemus (meaning The best person, from Greek aristos and demos) born in 550 BC, was a Heraclid (descendant of Heracles [6] Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last legendary King of Rome, lived his life in exile with Aristodemus at Cumae after the establishment of the Roman Republic. Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (also called Tarquin the Proud or Tarquin II) was the last of the seven Legendary Kings of Rome, son of Tarquinius A legend ( Latin, legenda, "things to be read" is a Narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to The King of Rome ( Latin: rex regis) was the Chief magistrate of the Roman Kingdom. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the [7]

The combined fleets of Cumae and Syracuse defeated the Etruscans at the Battle of Cumae in 474 BC. Syracuse (Siracusa Sicilian: Sarausa, Classical Greek: / transliterated Syrakousai) is a historic City in Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy The Battle of Cumae was a naval battle in 474 BC between the combined navies of Syracuse and Cumae and the Etruscans. Events By place Italy Hiero I, tyrant of Sicily, allied with Aristodemus, the tyrant of

The Temple of Zeus at Cumae was converted into a paleochristian basilica
The Temple of Zeus at Cumae was converted into a paleochristian basilica

Oscan and Roman Cumae

The Greek period at Cumae came to an end in 421 BC, when the Oscans broke down the walls and took the city, ravaging the countryside. The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman The Osci, which may also be referred to by the names of Opici Opsci (for the fertility goddess Ops) and Obsci (Oscans or Opicans in English were historic inhabitants Some survivors fled to Neapolis. [8] Cumae came under Roman rule with Capua and in 338 was granted partial citizenship, a civitas sine suffragio. Capua is a city in the Province of Caserta, Campania, Italy situated 25 km (16 mi north of Naples, on the northeastern edge of In the history of the Roman empire, civitas (pl civitates mainly referred to the condition of Roman Citizenship It was also used to describe a type of settlement In the Second Punic War, in spite of temptations, Cumae withstood Hannibal's siege, under the leadership of Tib.. Sempronius Gracchus. The Second Punic War (referred to as "The War Against Hannibal" by the Romans lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western Hannibal (Pronounced in Phoenician: Hanniba'al means " Ba'al is my grace " or " Ba'al has given me grace " 247 BC &ndash Tiberius Sempronius Tib f Tib n Gracchus (d 212 BC was a Roman Republican Consul in the Second Punic War. [9]

Under Roman rule "quiet Cumae" slumbered until the disasters of the Gothic Wars, when it was repeatedly attacked, as the only fortified city in Campania aside from Neapolis: Belisarius took it in 536, Totila held it, and when Narses gained possession of Cumae, he found he had won the whole treasury of the Goths. Flavius Belisarius (Βελισάριος (505(? – 565 was one of the greatest Generals of the Byzantine Empire and one of the most acclaimed generals in history Totila (died Jul 1 552) was king of the Ostrogoths from 541 until his death For other historical figures with similar names see Narses (disambiguation. In 1207, forces from Naples, acting for the boy-King of Sicily, destroyed the city and its walls, as the stronghold of a nest of bandits. The following is a list of monarchs of Sicily. Counts of Sicily Sicily was granted pending its Christian reconquest to Robert Guiscard as "duke"

Entrance to the Cave of the Sibyl
Entrance to the Cave of the Sibyl

The Sibyl of Cumae

Main article: Cumaean Sibyl

Cumae is perhaps most famous as the seat of the Cumaean Sibyl. The ageless Cumaean Sibyl was the priestess presiding over the Apollonian Oracle at Cumae, a Greek colony located near Naples, Her sanctuary is now open to the public.

In Roman mythology, there is an entrance to the underworld located at Avernus, a crater lake near Cumae, and was the route Aeneas used to descend to the Underworld. Roman mythology, or more appropriately Latin mythology, refers to the mythological beliefs of the Italic people inhabiting the region of Latium and its Hades (from Greek, Hadēs, originally, Haidēs or, Aidēs, probably from Indo-European *n̥-wid- 'unseen' refers both to the ancient Avernus was an ancient name for a crater near Cumae (Cuma Italy in the Region of Campania north of Naples. This article is about the Roman hero For other uses see Aeneas (disambiguation.

The Temple of Zeus at Cumae was transformed into a Christian basilica at the end of the fourth century. At Cumae was set a widely influential Christian work of the second century, The Shepherd of Hermas said by its author to have been inspired by way of visions. The Shepherd of Hermas (sometimes just called The Shepherd) is a Christian work of the second century considered a valuable book by many Christians

The colony was built on a large rise, the seaward side of which was used as a bunker and gun emplacement by the Germans during World War II. A military bunker is a hardened shelter often buried partly or fully underground designed to protect the inhabitants from falling bombs or other attacks Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Notes and references

  1. ^ Eusebius of Caesarea placed Cumae's Greek foundation at 1050 BC.
  2. ^ Strabo, v. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. 5, noted in Elizabeth Hazelton Haight, "Cumae in Legend and History" The Classical Journal 13. 8 (May 1918:565-578) p. 567.
  3. ^ Livy, viii. Titus Livius (traditionally 59 BC &ndash AD 17 known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome 22.
  4. ^ Strabo, v. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. 4.
  5. ^ Pausanias, vii. Pausanias ( Greek:) was a Greek traveller and Geographer of the 2nd century CE, who lived in the times of Hadrian, Antoninus 22. 6.
  6. ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, vii. Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Halicarnassus c 60 BC–after 7 BC was a Greek historian and teacher of Rhetoric, who flourished during the reign of 3; Plutarch tells the story of Xenocrite, the girl who roused the Cumaeans against Aristodemus, in De mulierum virturibus 26.
  7. ^ Livy, ii. 21; Cicero, Tusculan Disputations iii. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman 27.
  8. ^ Livy, iv. 44; Diodorus Siculus, xii. 76.
  9. ^ Livy, xxiii. 35-37.

See also

External links

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