The culture of Turkey is diverse, combining elements derived from Ottoman, European, and Islamic traditions. Nazmi Ziya Güran (1881 &ndash 1937 was a Turkish impressionist painter Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.
The nation was modernized primarily by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Atatürk's Reforms ( Turkish: Atatürk Devrimleri or Atatürk İnkılapları) were a series of significant political legal cultural social and economic Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman As he transformed a religion-driven former Ottoman Empire into a modern nation-state with strong separation of state and religion, a corresponding increase in the methods of artistic expression arose. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy Secularism is generally the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from Religion or religious beliefs During the first years of the republic, the government invested a large amount of resources into fine arts such as paintings, sculpture and architecture. This was done as both a process of modernisation and of creating a cultural identity.
Because of the different historical factors defining a Turkish identity, the culture of Turkey combines clear efforts to be "modern" and Western, with a desire to maintain traditional religious and historical values. Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin
Contents |
People
The question "Who are the Turks?" does not have an easy answer. İstiklal Avenue ( Turkish: İstiklal Caddesi, Greek: Μεγάλη Οδός του Πέραν, French: Grand Rue de Pera Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Beyoğlu is a district located on the European side of İstanbul, Turkey, separated from the old city (historic peninsula of Constantinople) by the At the turn of the 20th century the Ottoman Empire was a multinational state extending over three continents. This page limits its discussion to the borders of the Republic of Turkey (founded in 1923). The location of the pictures are given with the name of the city or as a region, in case the source does not mention it.
Turkish culture has undergone profound changes over the last century. Today, Turkey may be the only country that contains every extreme of Eastern and Western culture (along with many compromises and fusions between the two). The Ottoman system was a multi-ethnic state that enabled people within it not to mix with each other and thereby retain separate ethnic and religious identities within the empire (albeit with a dominant Turkish and Southern European ruling class). Upon the fall of the empire after World War I the Turkish Republic adapted a unitary approach, which forced all the different cultures within its borders to mix with each other with the aim of producing "Turkish" national and cultural identity. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All This mixing, instead of producing cultural homogenization, instead resulted in many shades of grey as the traditional Muslim cultures of Anatolia collided with (or had imposed upon them) the cosmopolitan modernity of Istanbul and the wider West. Thus, Turkish culture in many ways represents a continuum that bridges past and present, East and West.
Music
Turkey is a Eurasian country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, and is a crossroads of cultures from across Europe, North Africa, the Caucasus and South and Central Asia. The music of Turkey includes diverse elements ranging from Central Asian folk music and music from Ottoman Empire dominions such as Persian music, Güher Pekinel and Süher Pekinel (born March 29 1953, Istanbul) as identical Twins are world-renowned Turkish Pianists For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East The music of Turkey includes elements of Central Asian folk music, Arabic, Persian classical music, ancient Greco-Roman music and modern European and American popular music. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Arabic music or Arab music ( Arabic: موسيقى عربية;) includes several genres and styles of Music ranging from Arabic classical Persian traditional music (also known as Iranian traditional music, Musiqi-e Sonati-e Irani, also Persian classical music or Iranian classical music In modern Olympic and amateur Wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling is a particular style and variation The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Turkey, rich in musical heritage, has developed this art in two areas, Turkish classical music (similar to Greco- Roman) and Turkish folk music (Similar to Central Asian). The biggest Turkish pop star of the 20th century was probably Sezen Aksu, known for overseeing the Turkish contribution to the Eurovision Song Contest and was known for her light pop music. Sezen Aksu (born Fatma Sezen Yıldırım) (born July 13, 1954 in Denizli) is a Turkish pop music singer song-writer European classical composers in the 18th century were fascinated by Turkish music, particularly the strong role given to the brass and percussion instruments in Ottoman Janissary bands called Mehter who were the first marching military band in History. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system A brass instrument is a Musical instrument whose tone is produced by vibration of the lips as the player blows into a tubular Resonator. The Janissaries (derived from Ottoman Turkish ينيچرى ( yeniçeri) meaning "new soldier" comprised Infantry units that formed Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of military Marching band in the world Joseph Haydn wrote his Military Symphony to include Turkish instruments, as well as some of his operas. Turkish instruments were also included in Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony Number 9. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. The Symphony No 9 in D minor Op 125 "Choral" is the last complete Symphony composed by Ludwig van Beethoven. Mozart wrote the "Ronda alla turca" in his Sonata in A major and also used Turkish themes in his operas. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's Piano Sonata No 11 in A major K 331 (300i is a sonata in three movements Andante Although this Turkish influence was a fad, it introduced the cymbals, bass drum, and bells into the symphony orchestra, where they remain. Cymbals are a modern percussion instrument Cymbals consist of thin normally round plates of various Cymbal alloys; see Cymbal making for a discussion of their A bass drum is a large Drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. A bell is a simple Sound -making device The bell is a Percussion instrument and an Idiophone.
Jazz musician Dave Brubeck wrote his "Blue Rondo á la Turk" as a tribute to Mozart and Turkish music. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States David Warren Brubeck (born December 6, 1920 in Concord California) better known as Dave Brubeck, is an American jazz pianist
Turkish pop music boasts numerous mainstream artists with wide followance since the 1960s like Ajda Pekkan and Sezen Aksu, and younger pop stars like Sertab Erener, Tarkan and Mustafa Sandal. Pop music as a genre features a noticeable rhythmic element catchy melodies and hooks, a mainstream style and conventional structure The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Ayşe Ajda Pekkan (born February 12, 1946 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish Pop music Singer and Actress Sezen Aksu (born Fatma Sezen Yıldırım) (born July 13, 1954 in Denizli) is a Turkish pop music singer song-writer Sertab Erener (born December 4, 1964) is a Turkish Pop star and also a cross-over soprano with a register as high as High-F Tarkan Tevetoğlu (born October 17, 1972) popularly known as Tarkan, is a World Music award winning German-born Turkish Mustafa Sandal, commonly known as Musti, is a famous Turkish pop singer. Underground music and the genres of electronica, hip-hop, rap and dance music saw an increased demand and activity following the 1990s. Underground music refers to a variety of post-1960s rock pop or dance subgenres that developed a Cult following despite their lack of Mainstream appeal visibility Electronica includes a wide range of contemporary Electronic music designed for a wide range Hip hop is a cultural movement which developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily among African Americans and Latinos. Rapping (also known as emceeing, MCing, spitting, or just rhyming) is the Rhythmic spoken delivery of Rhymes wordplay and This article is about music for dancing in general You may also be looking for Electronic dance music. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999
Turkish rock music, sometimes referred to as Anatolian rock, initiated during the 1960s by individuals like Cem Karaca, Barış Manço, and Erkin Koray, has seen wide-range success and has grown a considerable fan base. Turkish rock or Anatolian Rock (Anadolu Rock is a fusion of Turkish folk and Rock music. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Cem Karaca ( April 5, 1945 - February 8, 2004) was a prominent Turkish rock musician and one of the most important figures Barış Manço (also spelt Baris Mancho in some European album releases ( January 2, 1943 - February 1, 1999) was a Turkish Erkin Koray (born June 24, 1941) has been in the Turkish Rock music scene since the A few of the more mainstream Turkish rock bands include Mor ve Ötesi, Duman, and maNga. A musical ensemble is a group of two or more Musicians who perform instrumental or vocal Music. Mor ve Ötesi (literally Purple and Beyond; a word play on morötesi, meaning Ultraviolet) is a Turkish Alternative rock band Duman (Smoke is a Turkish rock band The band combines elements of traditional Turkish folk music with Modern rock. ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly Individual rock performers like Şebnem Ferah, Özlem Tekin, and Teoman have substantial fan-bases. Şebnem Ferah (born April 12, 1972 in Yalova, Turkey) is a Turkish singer and song-writer Özlem Tekin (born November 18 1971) is a Turkish singer TV show host and occasional actress primarily known for her music Fazlı Teoman Yakupoğlu ( 20 November 1967, Giresun, Turkey) using the stage name Teoman, is a popular Turkish Turkey also boasts numerous large-scale rock festivals and events. Annually held rock festivals include Barışarock, H2000 Music Festival, Rock'n Coke, and RockIstanbul, during many of which internationally renowned bands / artists frequently take the stage together with Turkish artists. Barışarock (read as Barışarak in Turkish, meaning rock for peace or through peace) is an annual Rock The H2000 Music Festival is the name of a large scale open air rock and Alternative music festival series annually held in Turkey. Rock'n Coke is a Turkish Rock festival sponsored by Coca-Cola. RockIstanbul is the name of an old large scale open air Rock festival series annually had been organized in Istanbul, Turkey.
In 2003, a Turkish singer Sertab Erener won the Eurovision Song Contest with her song Everyway That I Can. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Sertab Erener (born December 4, 1964) is a Turkish Pop star and also a cross-over soprano with a register as high as High-F "Everyway That I Can" is the winning song of the 2003 Eurovision Song Contest, by Sertab Erener.
Literature
The history of Turkish literature is traced back to Orkhon inscriptions. Turkish literature (Türk edebiyatı or Türk yazını is the collection of written and oral texts composed in the Turkish language, either in its Ottoman Tevfik Fikret ( December 26, 1867 &ndash August 19, 1915) (توفیق فکرت was the pseudonym of Turkish poet Mehmed Tevfik Ferit Orhan Pamuk (born on 7 June 1952 in Istanbul) generally known simply as Orhan Pamuk, is a Turkish Novelist and professor of Comparative The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred Most of the Turkish literature before the adaptation of Islam was verbal literature. With the adaptation of Islam, Turks were influenced with Persian culture and they developed literature using the Persian structures, such as mesnevi, gazel etc. With the 19th century and tanzimat period, artists began to use western structures. The Tanzimat ( Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 The republican period is dominated with western forms of literature.
Turkey's first Nobel Prize winner, Orhan Pamuk, is a leading Turkish novelist of post-modern literature. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Ferit Orhan Pamuk (born on 7 June 1952 in Istanbul) generally known simply as Orhan Pamuk, is a Turkish Novelist and professor of Comparative A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism He is hugely popular in his homeland, but also with a growing readership around the globe. As one of Europe's most prominent novelists, his works have been translated into more than twenty languages. He is the recipient of major Turkish and international literary awards. The most recent of his novels is "Snow. " Pamuk won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2006, with his melancholic point of view to various cultures in Istanbul. The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey
Poetry
Poetry is the most dominant form of literature in modern Turkey. Turkish literature (Türk edebiyatı or Türk yazını is the collection of written and oral texts composed in the Turkish language, either in its Ottoman
The folk poetry tradition in Turkish literature, as indicated above, was strongly influenced by the Islamic Sufi and Shi'a traditions. Furthermore, as partly evidenced by the prevalence of the still existent aşık/ozan tradition, the dominant element in Turkish folk poetry has always been song. The development of folk poetry in Turkish—which began to emerge in the 13th century with such important writers as Yunus Emre, Sultan Veled, and Şeyyâd Hamza—was given a great boost when, on 13 May 1277, Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey declared Turkish the official state language of Anatolia's powerful Karamanid state;[4] subsequently, many of the tradition's greatest poets would continue to emerge from this region.
There are, broadly speaking, two traditions of Turkish folk poetry:
the aşık/ozan tradition, which—although much influenced by religion, as mentioned above—was for the most part a secular tradition; the explicitly religious tradition, which emerged from the gathering places (tekkes) of the Sufi religious orders and Shi'a groups. Much of the poetry and song of the aşık/ozan tradition, being almost exclusively oral until the 19th century, remains anonymous. There are, however, a few well-known aşıks from before that time whose names have survived together with their works: the aforementioned Köroğlu (16th century); Karacaoğlan (1606?–1689?), who may be the best-known of the pre-19th century aşıks; Dadaloğlu (1785?–1868?), who was one of the last of the great aşıks before the tradition began to dwindle somewhat in the late 19th century; and several others. The aşıks were essentially minstrels who travelled through Anatolia performing their songs on the bağlama, a mandolin-like instrument whose paired strings are considered to have a symbolic religious significance in Alevi/Bektashi culture. Despite the decline of the aşık/ozan tradition in the 19th century, it experienced a significant revival in the 20th century thanks to such outstanding figures as Aşık Veysel Şatıroğlu (1894–1973), Aşık Mahzuni Şerif (1938–2002), Neşet Ertaş (1943– ), and many others.
Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (مراعات نظير mura'ât-i nazîr / تناسب tenâsüb) and opposition (تضاد tezâd)—were more or less prescribed. Examples of prevalent symbols that, to some extent, oppose one another include, among others:
the nightingale (بلبل bülbül) — the rose (ﮔل gül) the world (جهان cihan; عالم ‘âlem) — the rosegarden (ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن gülistan; ﮔﻠﺸﻦ gülşen) the ascetic (زاهد zâhid) — the dervish (درويش derviş)
In the early years of the Republic of Turkey, there were a number of poetic trends. Authors such as Ahmed Hâşim and Yahyâ Kemâl Beyatlı (1884–1958) continued to write important formal verse whose language was, to a great extent, a continuation of the late Ottoman tradition. By far the majority of the poetry of the time, however, was in the tradition of the folk-inspired "syllabist" movement (Beş Hececiler), which had emerged from the National Literature movement and which tended to express patriotic themes couched in the syllabic meter associated with Turkish folk poetry.
The first radical step away from this trend was taken by Nâzım Hikmet Ran, who—during his time as a student in the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1924—was exposed to the modernist poetry of Vladimir Mayakovsky and others, which inspired him to start writing verse in a less formal style. Nazım Hikmet Ran ( November 20, 1901 – June 3, 1963) commonly known as Nazım Hikmet (nɑːˌzɯm hikˈmɛt was a Turkish Another revolution in Turkish poetry came about in 1941 with the publication of a small volume of verse preceded by an essay and entitled Garip ("Strange"). The authors were Orhan Veli Kanık (1914–1950), Melih Cevdet Anday (1915–2002), and Oktay Rifat (1914–1988). Explicitly opposing themselves to everything that had gone in poetry before, they sought instead to create a popular art, "to explore the people's tastes, to determine them, and to make them reign supreme over art". [21] To this end, and inspired in part by contemporary French poets like Jacques Prévert, they employed not only a variant of the free verse introduced by Nâzım Hikmet, but also highly colloquial language, and wrote primarily about mundane daily subjects and the ordinary man on the street. The reaction was immediate and polarized: most of the academic establishment and older poets vilified them, while much of the Turkish population embraced them wholeheartedly. Just as the Garip movement was a reaction against earlier poetry, so—in the 1950s and afterwards—was there a reaction against the Garip movement. The poets of this movement, soon known as İkinci Yeni ("Second New"[22]), opposed themselves to the social aspects prevalent in the poetry of Nâzım Hikmet and the Garip poets, and instead—partly inspired by the disruption of language in such Western movements as Dada and Surrealism—sought to create a more abstract poetry through the use of jarring and unexpected language, complex images, and the association of ideas. To some extent, the movement can be seen as bearing some of the characteristics of postmodern literature. The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post- World War II literature The best-known poets writing in the "Second New" vein were Turgut Uyar (1927–1985), Edip Cansever (1928–1986), Cemal Süreya (1931–1990), Ece Ayhan (1931–2002), and İlhan Berk (1918– ).
Outside of the Garip and "Second New" movements also, a number of significant poets have flourished, such as Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca (1914– ), who wrote poems dealing with fundamental concepts like life, death, God, time, and the cosmos; Behçet Necatigil (1916–1979), whose somewhat allegorical poems explore the significance of middle-class daily life; Can Yücel (1926–1999), who—in addition to his own highly colloquial and varied poetry—was also a translator into Turkish of a variety of world literature; and İsmet Özel (1944– ), whose early poetry was highly leftist but whose poetry since the 1970s has shown a strong mystical and even Islamist influence.
Prose
The style of current novelists can be traced back to the "Young Pens" (Genç Kalemler) journal in the Ottoman period. For the history/introduction of Turkish Prose covering all eras see Turkish literature. Young Pens was published in Selanik under Ömer Seyfettin, Ziya Gökalp and Ali Canip Yöntem. Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia Ömer Seyfettin, also Omer Seyfeddin, ( March 11 1884, Balıkesir &ndash March 6 1920, Istanbul) was a Ziya Gökalp (born Mehmed Ziya; March 23 1876, Diyarbakır — October 25 1924, İstanbul) was a sociologist They covered the social and political concepts of their time with the nationalistic perspective. They became the core of a movement which will be called the "national literature. "
With the declaration of the republic, Turkish literature became interested in folkloric styles. This was also the first time since the 19th century that Turkish literature was escaping from Western influence and began to mix Western forms with other forms. During the 1930s Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu and Vedat Nedim Tor publish Kadro, which was revolutionary in its view of life. Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu ( March 27, 1889 in Cairo - December 13, 1974 in Ankara) was a Turkish Novelist
Orhan Pamuk is a leading Turkish novelist of post-modern literature. Ferit Orhan Pamuk (born on 7 June 1952 in Istanbul) generally known simply as Orhan Pamuk, is a Turkish Novelist and professor of Comparative A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism His work has been translated into more than twenty languages. He is the recipient of major Turkish and international literary awards. The most recent of his novels is "Snow. " Pamuk is the winner of Nobel Prize for Literature in 2006. The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred
Cinema
Turkish film directors have won numerous prestigious awards in the recent years. Nuri Bilge Ceylan won the Best Director Award at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival with the film Üç Maymun (Three Monkeys). Nuri Bilge Ceylan (born 1959 in Istanbul) is a Turkish photographer and film director The Best Director Award (Prix de la mise en scène is an award presented at the Cannes Film Festival. The 61st Annual Cannes Film Festival was held May 14 through 25, 2008. Turkish film director Fatih Akın, who lives in Germany and has dual Turkish-German citizenship, won the Golden Bear award at the 2004 Berlin Film Festival with the film Head-On. Fatih Akın ( August 25, 1973 in Hamburg, Germany) is a German film director The Berlin International Film Festival, also called the Berlinale, is one of the world's leading Film festivals and most reputable media events held in Berlin "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The Berlin International Film Festival, also called the Berlinale, is one of the world's leading Film festivals and most reputable media events held in Berlin Head-On ( German: Gegen die Wand ( Against the Wall) Turkish: In 2007 Fatih Akın won the Best Director Award at the Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival and the Best Screenplay Award at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival, as well as the Lux Prize by the European Parliament, with the film The Edge of Heaven. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival (Antalya Altın Portakal Film Festivali, held annually since 1963 in Antalya, is the most important national Film festival The Best Screenplay Award (Prix du scénario is an award presented at the Cannes Film Festival. The 2007 Cannes Film Festival, also known as the 60th Annual Cannes Film Festival ran from May 16 to 27 2007 The Lux Prize for European Cinema, introduced in 2007, is a prize given to a competing film by the European Parliament. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU This article is on the film by Fatih Akın. For the song by Wham!, see " The Edge of Heaven " Another famous Turkish film director is Ferzan Özpetek, who won the Golden Orange Award at the Antalya Film Festival and the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists Silver Ribbon Award with the film Il Bagno Turco, the first movie which brought him international fame. Ferzan Özpetek (b February 3, 1959, Turkey) is a Turkish Screenwriter and Film director who currently resides in One of his latest works, Facing Windows, won the David di Donatello Award (Best Film), Scholars Jury Award (Best Direction), Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists Award (Best Original Story), Karlovy Vary International Film Festival Crystal Globe Award (Best Direction), Bangkok International Film Festival (Best Film), Foyle Film Festival (Best Feature), Rehoboth Beach Independent Film Festival (Audience Award, Best Feature), and the Seattle International Film Festival (Best Film) awards.
Sport
Soccer (Turkish: futbol) is by far the most popular sport in modern Turkey. The National Sport of Turkey is Yağlı güreş also known as Oiled Wrestling Yağlı güreş (In English ˈjɑːlə ˈgurεʃ in Turkish ˈjɑːlɯ ˈɟyrεʃ is the Turkish national Sport. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The four most popular football clubs in Turkey are Beşiktaş J.K., Galatasaray S.K., Fenerbahçe S.K. and Trabzonspor, all collectively referred to as the "big four". Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü (commonly Beşiktaş, bɛʃɪktɑːʃ ( English: Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club) is a professional Sports club Fenerbahçe Spor Kulübü (Fenerbahçe Sports Club commonly known as Fenerbahçe (feneːɾbatʃe is a professional Sports club based in the district of Trabzonspor is a Turkish football club from the Black Sea port city of Trabzon playing in the Turkish Premier Super League. Galatasaray won the UEFA Cup 1999-00, beating Arsenal F.C. 4-1. The Turkish national football team were also the 3rd best team in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, having just been defeated 1-0 by Brazil in the semi-finals. The Turkish national football team is the national football team of the Republic of Turkey and is controlled by the Turkish Football Federation. The 2002 FIFA World Cup, the 17th staging of the World Cup, was held in South Korea and Japan from May 31 to June 30. The Brazil national football team is the national team of Brazil and is managed by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF that represents Brazil in international Nevertheless, that was the furthest Turkey had ever progressed in a World Cup tournament.
Like all major soccer teams, their popularity has been heavily commercialised, resulting in the creation of just about anything colored in one of the "big four"'s team colors.
Despite soccer's much larger popularity, oil wrestling (Turkish: yağlı güreş) is Turkey's national sport. Yağlı güreş (In English ˈjɑːlə ˈgurεʃ in Turkish ˈjɑːlɯ ˈɟyrεʃ is the Turkish national Sport. The wrestlers are referred to in Turkish as pehlivan (plural form: pehlivanlar). Oil wrestling is also very popular, and a tournament (Kırkpınar) is held annually in Edirne. Kırkpınar is the name of a Turkish oil-wrestling ( Yağlı güreş) tournament Edirne (anc Hadrianopolis; Greek Adrianople; Slavic/Bulgarian Одрин, see also its other names) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost It is the oldest continuously running, sanctioned sporting competition in the world, having taken place every year since 1362.
Basketball is also very popular, with the team colloquially referred to in popular culture as 12 dev adam (12 giant men). Turkey will be hosting the 2010 FIBA World Championship. The 2010 FIBA World Championship will be hosted by Turkey from August 23 to September 12, 2010
Turkey hosted the 2005 Summer Universiade in Izmir, and is scheduled to host the 2011 Winter Universiade in Erzurum. The 2005 Summer Universiade, also known as the XXIII Summer Universiade, took place in İzmir, Turkey. İzmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the country's largest port after İstanbul. The 2011 Winter Universiade, the XXV Winter Universiade, is scheduled to take place in Erzurum, Turkey. Theodosiopolis redirects here it is also a name of the ancient city of Apros, Thrace Turkey is currently a candidate to host the 2018 Winter Olympics in Bursa. The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games will be celebrated in 2018 and are an international Winter sports athletic Bursa (historically also known as Prussa, Greek: Προύσα and later as Brusa) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat
Architecture
Classical Turkish architecture is best shown in its mosques. Ottoman architecture is the Architecture of the Ottoman Empire which emerged in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries The Blue Mosque and Suleiman Mosque, for example are two of the most popular and beautiful structures in Turkey. The Süleymaniye Mosque ( Süleymaniye Camii) is an Ottoman imperial Mosque located on the Third Hill of Istanbul, Turkey.
The various other non-Turk population also follow their own different customs aside from the regional. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family
Cuisine
Turkish cuisine inherited its Ottoman heritage which could be described as a fusion and refinement of Turkic, Arabic, Greek, Armenian and Persian cuisines. Turkish cuisine is largely the heritage of Ottoman cuisine, which can be described as a fusion and refinement of Central Asian, Middle Eastern and Ottoman cuisine is the cuisine of the Ottoman Empire and its successors in Anatolia, the Balkans, and much of the Middle East. The Central Asian cuisines include Afghan cuisine Iranian cuisine Mongolian cuisine Cuisine Arab cuisine is defined as the various regional cuisines spanning the Arab World from Iraq to Morocco to Somalia to Yemen, and incorporating The Greek cuisine ( Greek: Ελληνική Κουζίνα is Greece's traditional Cuisine, a typical Mediterranean cuisine Contemporary Given the history of the Armenian people, the cuisine of Armenia and of the Armenians in the Armenian Diaspora is representative of the cuisine of the Mediterranean Persian cuisine or the cuisine of Iran is diverse with each province featuring dishes culinary traditions and styles distinct to their regions [2] Turkish cuisine also influenced these cuisines and other neighbouring cuisines, as well as western European cuisines. Ottomans fused various culinary traditions of their realm with influences from Middle Eastern cuisines, along with traditional Turkic elements from Central Asia such as yogurt. The term Middle Eastern cuisine refers to the various Cuisines of the Middle East. Yoghurt, yogurt, yoghourt, youghurt or yogourt (see spelling below is a The Ottoman Empire indeed created a vast array of technical specialities. It can be observed that various regions of the Ottoman Empire contain bits and pieces of the vast Ottoman dishes.
Taken as a whole, Turkish cuisine is not homogenous. Turkish coffee (see name and variants for other names is coffee prepared by boiling finely powdered roast coffee beans in a pot ( Cezve) possibly with Aside from common Turkish specialities which can be found throughout the country, there are also region-specific specialities. The Black Sea region's cuisine (northern Turkey) is based on corn and anchovies. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The southeast—Urfa, Gaziantep and Adana—is famous for its kebabs, mezes and dough-based desserts such as baklava, kadayıf and künefe. Şanlıurfa (often simply known as Urfa in daily language formerly cited as Edessa or in Kurdish; Riha or Urhāy Adana (the ancient Antioch in Cilicia or Antioch on the Sarus) is the capital of Adana Province in Turkey. Kebab (also transliterated as kabab, kabob, kibob, kebhav, kephav) refers to a variety of meat dishes in Middle Eastern Meze or mezze ( Arabic, مَزة, Greek mezé (μεζέ Bulgarian: мезé / mezé, Turkish Baklava is a rich sweet Pastry featured in many Cuisines of the former Ottoman, Arab, and Iranian countries Especially in the western parts of Turkey, where olive trees are grown abundantly, olive oil is the major type of oil used for cooking. Olive oil is a fruit oil obtained from the olive ( Olea europaea; family Oleaceae along with Lilacs Jasmine and ash trees [3] The cuisines of the Aegean, Marmara and Mediterranean regions display basic characteristics of Mediterranean cuisine as they are rich in vegetables, herbs and fish. The Mediterranean Region (Akdeniz Bölgesi is one of the seven geographical regions of Turkey. Mediterranean cuisine is the food of the areas around the Mediterranean Sea. Central Anatolia is famous for its pastry specialities such as keşkek (kashkak), mantı (especially of Kayseri) and gözleme. Kashkak, keşkek, kashkeg, kishkak, kashkek, etc is a sort of Meat and Wheat or Barley Stew Kayseri ( Ottoman Turkish:قیصریه Greek: Καισάρεια / Kaisareia: Latin: Caesarea Mazaca Zazaish Gözleme is a savoury traditional Turkish hand made and hand rolled pastry
The name of specialities sometimes includes the name of a city or a region (either in Turkey or outside). This suggests that a dish is a speciality of that area, or may refer to the specific technique or ingredients used in that area. For example, the difference between Urfa kebab and Adana kebab is the use of garlic instead of onion and the larger amount of hot pepper that kebab contains. Adana Kebab ( Adana kebabı in Turkish) is a long Charcoal grilled Minced meat Brochette mounted on a wide skewer
See also
Notes and references
- ^ Berger, John. The tradition of Folklore —folktales jokes legends and the like—in the Turkish language is very rich and is incorporated into every day life and events The Turkish Education System was built in accordance with the Atatürk's Reforms after the Turkish War of Independence. Tourism in Turkey is focused largely on a variety of archaeological and historical sites and on Seaside resorts along its Aegean and Mediterranean The tree with blue eyes. Le Monde diplomatique. Retrieved on 2007-09-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France.
- ^ Nur Ilkin - A Taste of Turkish cuisine
- ^ Ethnic Cuisine - Turkey by Terrie Wright Chrones
External links
- Online Turkish Culture TV
- Art and Culture of Turkey
- Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative Texas Tech University
- Turkish Live Tv
- Turkey Tourism Help Portal
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic