The culture of Japan has evolved greatly over the years, from the country's original Jomon culture to its contemporary hybrid culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. The is the time in Japanese prehistory from about 14000 BC to 400 BC. After several waves of immigration from the continent and nearby Pacific islands (see History of Japan), followed by a heavy importation of Culture of China from China, the inhabitants of Japan experienced a long period of relative isolation from the outside world under the Tokugawa shogunate until the arrival of "The Black Ships" and the Meiji era. The written history of Japan begins with brief references in the 1st century AD Twenty-Four Histories, a collection of Chinese historical texts The Culture of China (traditional Chinese 中國文化 simplified Chinese 中国文化 is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex Civilizations covering a history China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the, and the, was a feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the Shoguns of The Black Ships (in Japanese, 黒船 kurofune) was the name given to Western vessels arriving in Japan between the 15th and 19th centuries The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July
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Japanese language
The Japanese language has always played a significant role in Japanese culture. was a Japanese painter and founder of the Hasegawa school of Japanese painting during the Azuchi-Momoyama period of Japanese history. is a Japanese Syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system, along with Katakana and Kanji; the Latin alphabet is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities The language is spoken mainly in Japan but also in some Japanese emigrant communities around the world, it is an agglutinative language and the sound inventory of Japanese is relatively small but has a lexically distinct pitch-accent system. An agglutinative language is a Language that uses Agglutination extensively most Words are formed by joining Morphemes together Japanese Pitch accent is a feature of the Japanese language. It distinguishes words in most Japanese dialects though the nature and location of the accent for Early Japanese is known largely on the basis of its state in the 8th century, when the three major works of Old Japanese were compiled. The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Old Japanese is the old stage of the Japanese language. The stage in and before Nara period is called. The earliest attestation of the Japanese language is in a Chinese document from 252 A. D. It is regarded as an extremely hard language for westerners to learn as adults.
Japanese is written with a combination of three scripts: hiragana which were derived from the Chinese cursive script , katakana, which were derived as a shorthand from Chinese Character, and kanji, imported from China. is a Japanese Syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system, along with Katakana and Kanji; the Latin alphabet is a Japanese Syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system along with Hiragana, Kanji, and in some cases the Latin alphabet are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with Hiragana (ひらがな 平仮名 Katakana The Latin alphabet, rōmaji, is also often used in modern Japanese, especially for company names and logos, advertising, and when inputting Japanese into a computer. The romanization of Japanese or ( is the use of the Latin alphabet to write the Japanese language. The Hindu-Arabic numerals are generally used for numbers, but traditional Sino-Japanese numerals are also commonplace. The Hindu-Arabic numeral system is a Positional Decimal Numeral system first documented in the ninth century
Visual arts
Painting
Painting has been an art in Japan for a very long time: the brush is a traditional writing tool, and the extension of that to its use as an artist's tool was probably natural. Japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media including ancient pottery sculpture in wood and bronze ink painting on silk and paper and a myriad of other types of works of is a classic work of Japanese literature attributed to the Japanese noblewoman Murasaki Shikibu in the early eleventh century around the peak of the Heian Period Murasaki Shikibu ( 紫[[wikt 式|式]] 部; c 973&ndashc 1014 or 1025 or Lady Murasaki as she is sometimes known in English was a Japanese is one of the oldest and most highly refined of the Japanese arts encompassing a wide variety of genre and styles Native Japanese painting techniques are still in use today, as well as techniques adopted from continental Asia and from the West.
Calligraphy
The flowing, brush-drawn Japanese language lends itself to complicated calligraphy. is a form of Calligraphy, or artistic Writing, used for writing the Japanese language. Calligraphy (from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphẽ "writing" is the art of writing (Mediavilla 1996 17 Calligraphic art is often too esoteric for Western audiences and therefore general exposure is very limited. However in East Asian countries, the rendering of text itself is seen as a traditional artform as well as a means of conveying written information. The written work can consist of phrases, poems, stories, or even single characters. The style and format of the writing can mimic the subject matter, even to the point of texture and stroke speed. In some cases it can take over one hundred attempts to produce the desired effect of a single character but the process of creating the work is considered as much an art as the end product itself.
This art form is known as ‘Shodo’ (書道) which literally means ‘the way of writing or calligraphy’ or more commonly known as ‘Shuji’ (習字) ‘learning how to write characters’.
Commonly confused with Calligraphy is the art form known as ‘Sumi-e’ (墨絵) literally means ‘ink painting’ which is the art of painting a scene or object.
Sculpture
Traditional Japanese sculptures mainly settled on the subject of Buddhist images, such as Tathagata, Bodhisattva and Myō-ō. is a Buddhist temple complex located in the city of Nara, Japan. is the capital city of Nara Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan. The sculpture of Japan started from the clay figure Japanese sculpture received the influence of the Silk Road culture in the 5th century and received a strong influence from Chinese Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Tathāgata (pronounced tāht-āhgatah) in Pali and Sanskrit (Chin In the Buddhist context a bodhisattva (बोधिसत्त्व bodhisattva;; Vietnamese Bồ Tát; बोधिसत्त bodhisatta Myō-ō (明王 kings of wisdom) are protector Deities in Japanese Shingon Buddhism. The oldest sculpture in Japan is a wooden statue of Amitabha at the Zenkō-ji temple. Amitābha ( Sanskrit: अमिताभ Amitābha (wordstem pronunciation; Chinese: 阿彌陀佛 Ēmítuó Fó; Tibetan: འོད་དཔག་མེད་ is a Buddhist temple located in Nagano, Japan. The temple was built in the 7th century In the Nara period, Buddhist statues were made by the national government to boost its prestige. The of the History of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794. These examples are seen in present-day Nara and Kyoto, most notably a colossal bronze statue of the Buddha Vairocana in the Tōdai-ji temple. is the capital city of Nara Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan. (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Vairocana (also Vairochana or Mahāvairocana; वैरोचन Sanskrit or 毘盧遮那佛 Chinese: Dàrì Rúlái or is a Buddhist temple complex located in the city of Nara, Japan.
Wood has traditionally been used as the chief material in Japan, along with the traditional Japanese architectures. has as long a history as any other aspect of Japanese culture. Statues are often lacquered, gilded, or brightly painted, although there are little traces on the surfaces. In a general sense lacquer is a clear or coloured Varnish, that dries by solvent evaporation and often a curing process as well that produces a hard durable finish in any Gilding is the art of applying a thin layer of gold simulated gold or other metal to a surface Bronze and other metals are also used. Other materials, such as stone and pottery, have had extremely important roles in the plebeian beliefs. In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware
Ukiyo-e
Ukiyo-e, literally "pictures of the floating world", is a genre of woodblock prints that exemplifies the characteristics of pre-Meiji Japanese art. is a famous woodblock print by the Japanese artist Hokusai. A literal translation of the Japanese name would be "Off Kanagawa the back (or underside of a wave was a Japanese Artist, Ukiyo-e painter and Printmaker of the Edo period. "pictures of the floating world" is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints (or Woodcuts) and Paintings produced between the 17th Woodblock printing in Japan (木版画 moku hanga) is a technique best known for its use in the Ukiyo-e artistic genre however it was The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July Because these prints could be mass-produced, they were available to a wide cross-section of the Japanese populace — those not wealthy enough to afford original paintings — during their heyday, from the 17th to 20th century. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on
The widespread popularity of ukiyo-e prints lead to their recognition as a very Japanese artform, which in turn has led to significant modern mimicry of ukiyo-e stylings in advertisements, posters, and other art including manga. ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly
Ikebana
Ikebana (生け花?) is the Japanese art of flower arrangement. is the Japanese art of Flower arrangement, also known as. Ikebana is the Japanese art of flower arrangement It has gained widespread international fame for its focus on harmony, color use, rhythm, and elegantly simple design. It is an art centered greatly on expressing the seasons, and is meant to act as a symbol to something greater than the flower itself. Traditionally when third party marriages were more prominent and practiced in Japan many Japanese women entering into a marriage did learn to take up the art of Ikebana to be a more appealing and well-rounded lady. Today Ikebana is widely practiced in Japan, as well as around the world.
Performing arts
The four traditional theatres from Japan are noh, kyogen, kabuki and bunraku. Traditional Japanese Theatre includes Kabuki, Noh and Bunraku. or is a major form of classic Japanese musical Drama that has been performed since the 14th century is a form of traditional Japanese theatre. Kabuki theatre is known for the stylization of its drama and for the elaborate Make-up worn by some of its performers also known as Ningyō jōruri (ja 人形浄瑠璃 is a form of traditional Japanese Puppet theater founded in Osaka in 1684 Noh had its origins in the union of the sarugaku with music and dance made by Kanami and Zeami Motokiyo. Sarugaku (猿楽 literally "monkey music" was a form of theatre popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th centuries Kan'ami Kiyotsugu (観阿弥 清次 1333 &ndash June 8 1384) was a Japanese Noh actor author and musician during the Muromachi Zeami Motokiyo (世阿弥 元清 c 1363 &ndash c 1443 also called Kanze Motokiyo (観世 [1] Among the characteristic aspects of it are the masks, costumes and the stylized gestures, sometimes accompanied by a fan that can represent other objects. A hand-held fan is an implement used to induce an airflow for the purpose of cooling or refreshing oneself The noh programs are presented in alternation with the ones of kyogen, traditionally in number of five, but currently in groups of three. The kyogen, of humorous character, had older origin, in 8th century entertainment brought from China, developing itself in sarugaku. The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. In kyogen masks are rarely used and even if the plays can be associated with the ones of noh, currently many are not. [1] Kabuki appears in the beginning of the Edo period from the representations and dances of Izumo no Okuni in Kyoto. The, also referred to as the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 Tokugawa-jidai) is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868 (1572?-? was the main founder of Kabuki theater She was believed to be a Miko at the Grand Shrine of Izumo who began a new style of dance in the dry (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. [2] Due to prostitution of actresses of kabuki the participation of women in the plays was forbidden by the government in 1629 and the feminine characters had passed to be represented only by men (onnagata). is a form of traditional Japanese theatre. Kabuki theatre is known for the stylization of its drama and for the elaborate Make-up worn by some of its performers Recent attempts to reintroduce actresses in kabuki had not been well accepted. [2] Another characteristic of kabuki is the use of makeup for the actors in historical plays (kumadori). Kumadori (隈取 is stage makeup worn by Kabuki actors particularly when performing in the bold and bombastic Aragoto style Japanese puppet theater bunraku developed in the same period that kabuki in a competition and contribution relation involving actors and authors. The origin of bunraku however is older, lies back in the Heian period. The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. [3] In 1914 appeared the Takarazuka Revue a company solely composed by women who introduced the revue in Japan. The Takarazuka Revue (宝塚歌劇団 Takarazuka Kagekidan) is a Japanese all- Female musical theater in the city of Takarazuka Japan A revue is a type of multi-act popular theatrical Entertainment that combines Music, dance and sketches. [4]
Architecture
Japanese architecture has as long a history as any other aspect of Japanese culture. is a Tendai Buddhist temple in Kyoto. Its full name is. The temple is part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto Uji and Otsu Cities has as long a history as any other aspect of Japanese culture. Originally heavily influenced by Chinese architecture, it also develops many differences and aspects which are indigenous to Japan. Chinese architecture refers to a style of Architecture that has taken shape in Asia over the centuries Examples of traditional architecture are seen at Temples, Shinto shrines and castles in Kyoto and Nara. Buddhist temples in Japan are varied yet there are certain generalizations that can be made and general rules or guidelines that are followed A Shinto shrine is a structure whose main purpose is to house ("enshrine" a Shinto Kami, and is usually characterized by the presence of a (also called were Fortresses composed primarily of wood and stone They evolved from the wooden stockades of earlier centuries and came into their most well-known form in the 16th century (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. is the capital city of Nara Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan. Some of these buildings are constructed with traditional gardens, which are influenced from Zen ideas. that is Gardens in traditional Japanese style can be found at private homes in neighborhood or city parks and at historical Landmarks such as Buddhist Zen is a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, referred to in Chinese as Chan.
Some modern architects, such as Yoshio Taniguchi and Tadao Ando are known for their amalgamation of Japanese traditional and Western architectural influences. Yoshio Taniguchi (谷口吉生 Taniguchi Yoshio; born 1937 is a Japanese architect best known for his redesign of the Museum of Modern Art in New is a Japanese Architect whose approach to Architecture was once categorised as Critical regionalism.
Clothing
The Japanese word kimono means "something one wears" and they are the traditional garments of Japan. The is the National costume of Japan. Originally the word "kimono" literally meant thing to wear ( ki wearing and mono thing but now has come Traditional clothing Jūnihitoe Kimono Hakama Yukata Japanese Street Fashion first started in the middle of the 19th Century after Japan started to portray western fashion in their culture The is the National costume of Japan. Originally the word "kimono" literally meant thing to wear ( ki wearing and mono thing but now has come Originally, the word kimono was used for all types of clothing, but eventually, it came to refer specifically to the full-length garment also known as the naga-gi, meaning "long-wear", that is still worn today on special occasions by women, men, and children. It is often known as wafuku which means "Japanese clothes". Traditional clothing Jūnihitoe Kimono Hakama Yukata Kimono come in a variety of colors, styles, and sizes. Men mainly wear darker or more muted colors, while women tend to wear brighter colors and pastels, and often with complicated abstract or floral patterns. Pastel is an Art medium in the form of a stick consisting of pure powdered Pigment and a binder The summer kimono which are lighter are called yukata. is a Japanese summer Garment. People wearing yukata are a common sight at Fireworks displays Bon-odori festivals and other summer events Formal kimono are typically worn in several layers, with number of layers, visibility of layers, sleeve length, and choice of pattern dictated by social status and the occasion for which the kimono is worn.
Cuisine
Through a long culinary past, the Japanese have developed a sophisticated and refined cuisine. Japanese Cuisine has developed over the centuries as a result of many political and social changes Cuisine (from French cuisine, "cooking culinary art kitchen" ultimately from Latin coquere, "to cook" is a specific set In recent years, Japanese food has become fashionable in the U. S. and Europe. The Japanese diet is believed to be related to the longevity of Japanese people. The word longevity is sometimes used as a synonym for " Life expectancy " in Demography.
Sports
In the long feudal period governed by the samurai class, some methods that were used to train warriors were developed into well-ordered martial arts, referred to collectively as Koryū. meaning "gentle way" is a modern Japanese martial art ( Gendai budō) and Combat sport, that originated in Japan in the late The most common sports in Japan include Baseball, football and other ball sports is the term for the military nobility of Pre-industrial Japan. Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for Combat. is a Japanese word that is used in association with the ancient Japanese martial arts. Examples include Kenjutsu, Kyūdō, Sōjutsu, Jujutsu and Sumo, all of which were established in the Edo period. is the Japanese martial art specializing in the use of the Japanese Sword ( Katana) literally meaning " way of the bow " is the Japanese art of Archery. meaning "art of the spear" is the Japanese martial art of fighting with the Japanese. literally meaning the " art of softness " or "way of yielding" is a collective name for Japanese martial art styles consisting of grappling is a competitive Contact sport where two Wrestlers ( rikishi) attempt to force one another out of a circular ring ( Dohyo) or to touch the ground The, also referred to as the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 Tokugawa-jidai) is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868 After the rapid social change in the Meiji Restoration, some martial arts changed to modern sports, Gendai Budō. The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure meaning "modern martial way" is a Japanese expression that is used to define the modern Japanese martial arts. Judo was developed by Kano Jigoro, who studied some sects of Jujutsu. meaning "gentle way" is a modern Japanese martial art ( Gendai budō) and Combat sport, that originated in Japan in the late was the founder of Judo. Judo was the first Japanese martial art to gain widespread international recognition and the first to become an official Olympic sport These sports are still widely practiced in present day Japan and other countries.
Baseball, football (soccer) and other popular western sports were imported to Japan in the Meiji period. Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July These sports are commonly practiced in schools along with traditional martial arts.
The most popular professional sports in today's Japan are Sumo, baseball and football (soccer). In addition, many semi-professional organizations, such as volleyball, basketball and rugby union, are sponsored by private companies. Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 active players (5 normal players and one 'libero' are separated by a net that is usually four feet Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short
Popular culture
Japanese popular culture not only reflects the attitudes and concerns of the present but also provides a link to the past. Japanese popular culture not only reflects the attitudes and concerns of the present but also provides a link to the past Popular films, television programs, comics, and music all developed from older artistic and literary traditions, and many of their themes and styles of presentation can be traced to traditional art forms. A television program (US television programme (UK or television show (U A comic strip is a sequence of drawings that tells a story Currently in the Western world, most comic strips are written and drawn by a Comics artist Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Contemporary forms of popular culture, much like the traditional forms, provide not only entertainment but also an escape for the contemporary Japanese from the problems of an industrial world. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — When asked how they spent their leisure time, 80 percent of a sample of men and women surveyed by the government in 1986 said they averaged about two and one-half hours per weekday watching television, listening to the radio, and reading newspapers or magazines. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally Some 16 percent spent an average of two and one-quarter hours a day engaged in hobbies or amusements. Others spent leisure time participating in sports, socializing, and personal study. Teenagers and retired people reported more time spent on all of these activities than did other groups.
In the late 1980s, the family was the focus of leisure activities, such as excursions to parks or shopping districts. Although Japan is often thought of as a hard-working society with little time for pleasure, the Japanese seek entertainment wherever they can. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. It is common to see Japanese commuters riding the train to work, enjoying their favorite manga, or listening through earphones to the latest in popular music on portable music players. ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly Popular music is Music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more
A wide variety of types of popular entertainment are available. There is a large selection of music, films, and the products of a huge comic book industry, among other forms of entertainment, from which to choose. Game centers, bowling alleys, and karaoke are popular hangout places for teens while older people may play shogi or go in specialized parlors. (kɑːrɑːˌoʊkɛ in Japanese karaoke) is a form of Entertainment in which Amateur Singers sing along with recorded Music (and/or a or Japanese chess (literally "generals' chess" ˈʃoʊɡiː in English is the most popular of a family of Chess variants native to Japan.
Together, the publishing, film/video, music/audio, and game industries in Japan make up the growing Japanese content industry, which, in 2006, was estimated to be worth close to 14 trillion Yen (USD$ 120 billion. )[5][6].
Nihonjinron
The term Nihonjinron literally means "theories/discussions about the Japanese" and refers to a large number of texts, ranging over such varied fields as sociology, psychology, history, linguistics, philosophy,and even science, published predominantly in Japan by Japanese, though noted examples of the genre have also been penned by foreign scholars, journalists and residents. The term literally means theories/discussions about the Japanese. The are the dominant Ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent of these approximately 127 million are residents of Japan Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.
See also
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References
- Cwiertka, Katarzyna J. Japanese pottery and porcelain (陶芸 Jp tōgei also 焼きもの Jp that is Gardens in traditional Japanese style can be found at private homes in neighborhood or city parks and at historical Landmarks such as Buddhist The Japanese tea ceremony is called chanoyu (茶の湯 lit "tea hot-water" or also chadō or sadō (ja The cinema of Japan (日本映画 There are two styles of Toilets commonly found in Japan. The oldest type is a simple Squat toilet, which is still common in public conveniences. In Japan, Mobile phones have become ubiquitous In Japanese mobile phones are called keitai denwa, literally "portable telephones" and are often known simply is a Japanese term used to refer to people with obsessive interests particularly Anime, Manga, and Video games. Tourism in Japan comprises both a vibrant domestic sector and over eight million entries each year by foreigners Japan has a code of Etiquette that governs (2007). Modern Japanese Cuisine: Food, Power and National Identity. Reaktion Books. ISBN 1-86189-298-5. Review
- Japan This article contains material from the Library of Congress Country Studies, which are United States government publications in the public domain. The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress ( USA) freely available for use by researchers The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- Diamond, Jared (June 1998). "Japanese Roots". Discover Magazine 19 (6).
Notes
- ^ a b Web, Japan. Japan Fact Sheet (PDF). Noh and Kyogen: The world’s oldest living theater. Retrieved on 2008-03-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant
- ^ a b Web, Japan. Japan Fact Sheet (PDF). Kabuki: A vibrant and exciting traditional theater. Retrieved on 2008-03-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant
- ^ Web, Japan. Japan Fact Sheet (PDF). Bunraku: Puppet theater brings old Japan to life. Retrieved on 2008-03-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant
- ^ Takarazuka History. Takarazuka Revue. The Takarazuka Revue (宝塚歌劇団 Takarazuka Kagekidan) is a Japanese all- Female musical theater in the city of Takarazuka Japan Retrieved on 2008-03-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant
- ^ Digital Content Association Of Japan
- ^ Japanese Content
External links
- Agency for Cultural Affairs
- JAPANESE CULTURE, Mi Marketing Pty Ltd.
- Japanese culture and info
- "Working with the Japanese," BBC
- "A Fan in Japan," a BBC online game regarding Japanese culture
- Rare Materials Exhibition -- Kyoto University Digital Library(貴重資料画像--京都大学電子図書館) Image files of rare materials related to culture of Japan
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