The culture of Italy can be found in the Roman ruins remaining in much of the country, the precepts of the Roman Catholic Church, the spirit of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, the architecture. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation It can also be tasted in Italy's food. Italian cuisine as a national Cuisine known today has evolved through centuries of social and political changes with its roots traced back to 4th century BC
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Education
Italy has a countrywide educational system, with a five-year primary stage and an eight-year secondary stage, divided into first-grade secondary school and second-grade secondary school (or high school)
Literature
Italian literature began after the founding of Rome in 753 B. History In Italy a state-wide public school system or Education System has existed since 1859 when the Legge Casati (Casati Act mandated educational responsibilities for the See also Primary education A primary school (from French école primaire) is an institution where children receive the first stage of Compulsory Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational Institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling known as Secondary education, takes High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution C.
Religion
Roman Catholicism is the major religion of Italy. Catholicism is by far the largest religious group in Italy (Catholics make up for the 87 There are mature Protestant and Jewish communities and a growing Muslim community, the latter made up primarily of new immigrants. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ All religious faiths are provided equal freedom by the constitution. The Constitution of the Italian Republic (Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana was enacted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 December 1947 with 453 votes in favour and 62 Before the adoption of Christianity as the official religion of the state, in the fourth century, the country was officially pagan and worshipped the Roman gods, although there was great religious tolerance. Roman mythology, or more appropriately Latin mythology, refers to the mythological beliefs of the Italic people inhabiting the region of Latium and its As Edward Gibbon said in his The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, "The various modes of worship which prevailed in the Roman world were all considered by the people as equally true; by the philosopher as equally false; and by the magistrate as equally useful. Edward Gibbon ( April 27, 1737 January 16, 1794) was an English historian and Member of Parliament. This is an outline of the six-volume work The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, authored by the celebrated English historian Edward Gibbon (1737-1794 "[1]
The adoption of Christianity by Constantine in the fourth century led to its becoming the majority religion of the Roman Empire and Italy. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The head of the Roman Catholic church, the bishop of Rome, known as the pope, resides in Vatican City, a part of Rome. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory
Islam, though historically present in Sicily during the Arab occupation in the Middle Ages, was almost entirely absent in Italy from the time of that country's unification in 1861, until the 1970s, when the first North African immigrants began to arrive. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term These North Africans, mostly of Berber or Arab origin, came mainly from heavily Islamic Morocco, though they have been followed in more recent years by Tunisians, Albanians and to a lesser extent, Libyans, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Middle Eastern Arabs, and Kurds. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The majority (98%) of modern Tunisians are considered Arab, and are speakers of Tunisian Arabic. } Albanians (Shqiptarët are an Ethnic group and a Nation, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture speaking the Albanian language Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Pakistan 's estimated population was 172800000 in July 2008 During 1950-2008 Pakistan's urban population expanded over sevenfold while the total population increased by over fourfold The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding
Visual art
Italian art describes the visual arts in Italy from ancient times to the present. Etruscans See also Etruscan art Etruscan bronze figures and terracotta funerary reliefs include examples of a vigorous Central Italian tradition which had waned The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily Visual in nature such as Painting, Photography Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest In Ancient Rome, Italy was a centre for art and architecture. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC There were many Italian artists during the Gothic and Medieval periods, and the arts flourished during the Italian Renaissance. This article is about Gothic art See also Gothic architecture Gothic art was a Medieval art movement that lasted about 200 The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th Later styles in Italy included Mannerism, Baroque and Rococo. Mannerism is a period of European art which emerged from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Rococo is a style of 18th century French art and Interior design. Futurism developed in Italy in the 20th century. Futurism was an Art movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century Florence is a well known city in Italy for its museums of art.
Cinema and theatre
The history of Italian cinema began a few months after the Lumière brothers began motion picture exhibition. The history of Italian cinema began just a few months after the Lumière brothers had discovered the medium when Pope Leo XIII was filmed The first Italian film was a few seconds long, showing Pope Leo XIII giving a blessing to the camera. The Italian film industry was born between 1903 and 1908 with three companies: the Roman Cines, the Ambrosio of Turin and the Itala Film. Other companies soon followed in Milan and in Naples. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the In a short time these first companies reached a fair producing quality and films were soon sold outside Italy too. The cinema was later used by Mussolini as a form of propaganda during World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
After the war, Italian film was widely recognised and exported until an artistic decline around 1980. World-famous Italian film directors from this period include Vittorio De Sica, Federico Fellini, Sergio Leone, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Michelangelo Antonioni and Dario Argento. A film director, or filmmaker, is a person who directs the making of a Film. Vittorio De Sica ( 7 July 1901 or 1902&ndash 13 November 1974) was a critically acclaimed Italian neorealist director Federico Fellini, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( January 20 1920 &ndash October 31 1993) was an Italian Film Sergio Leone ( January 3, 1929 &ndash April 30, 1989) was an Italian Film director. Pier Paolo Pasolini ( March 5, 1922 – November 2, 1975) was an Italian Poet, Intellectual, Film director Michelangelo Antonioni, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( September 29 1912 &ndash July 30 2007) was an Italian Modernist Dario Argento (born September 7 1940) is an Italian Film director, producer and Screenwriter. Movies include world cinema treasures such as La dolce vita, Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo and Ladri di biciclette. The Good the Bad and the Ugly ( Il Buono il Brutto il Cattivo) is a 1966 Italian epic Spaghetti western film directed The Bicycle Thief redirects here For the band of the same name see The Bicycle Thief (band.
In recent years, the Italian scene has received only occasional international attention, with movies like La vita è bella directed by Roberto Benigni and Il postino with Massimo Troisi. Life Is Beautiful (Italian La vita è bella) is a 1997 Italian language film which tells the story of a Jewish Italian Roberto Remigio Benigni, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (born 27 October 1952 is an Academy Award -winning Italian actor writer and director of Il Postino is a 1994 Italian language film directed by Michael Radford. Massimo Troisi (February 19 1953 - June 4 1994 was an Italian Academy Award -nominated actor Film director and poet
Italian theatre can be traced back into the Roman which was heavily influenced by the Greek tradition, and, as with many other literary genres, Roman dramatists tended to adapt and translate from the Greek. For example, Seneca's Phaedra was based on that of Euripides, and many of the comedies of Plautus were direct translations of works by Menander. Euripides ( Ancient Greek:) (ca 480 BC–406 BC was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Athens (the other two being Aeschylus Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and Titus Maccius Plautus (c 254–184 BCE commonly known as Plautus, was a Roman Playwright. Menander ( Greek:, Menandros; ca 342&ndash291 BC Greek Dramatist, the best-known representative of Athenian New Comedy, was the son During the 16th century and on into the 18th century Commedia dell'arte was a form of improvisational theatre, although it is still performed today. Commedia dell'Arte ( Italian: "the comedy of artists" is a form of Improvisational theatre that began in Italy in the 16th century Improvisational theatre (also known as improv or impro) is a form of Theatre in which the Actors use Improvisational acting techniques Travelling teams of players would set up an outdoor stage and provide amusement in the form of juggling,acrobatics, and, more typically, humorous plays based on a repertoire of established characters with a rough storyline, called Canovaccio
For more information see: History of theater and Commedia dell'arte
Music
Music has traditionally been one of the great cultural markers of what it means to be “Italian” and holds an important position in society, in general, and even in politics. Juggling is a physical human skill involving the movement of objects usually through the air for entertainment (see Object manipulation) Acrobatics (from Greek Akros, high and bat, walking is one of the Performing arts, and is also practiced as a Sport. Humour or humor (see spelling differences) is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke Laughter and provide Amusement A canovaccio a vague plot outline used by Commedia dell'Arte players Asian Theatre Indian Theatre See also Theatre in India, Sanskrit drama Folk theatre and dramatics can be traced to the religious ritualism Commedia dell'Arte ( Italian: "the comedy of artists" is a form of Improvisational theatre that began in Italy in the 16th century See also Music history of Italy The music of Italy ranges across a broad spectrum of Opera and instrumental Classical music, the traditional The modern state of Italy did not come into being until 1861 though the roots of music on the Italian peninsula can be traced back to the music of Ancient Rome. The music of Italy range across a broad spectrum, from her renowned opera to modern experimental classical music; and from the traditional music of the many ethnically diverse region to a vast body of popular music drawn from both native and imported source. Historically, musical developments in Italy in the Middle Ages and Renaissance helped create much music that spread throughout Europe. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Innovation in the use of musical scales, harmony, notation, as well as experiments in musical theater led directly not just to opera in the late 16th century, but to classical music forms such as the symphony and concerto, and to later developments in popular music. In Music, a scale is a group of musical notes collected in ascending and descending order that provides material for or is used to conveniently represent part or all In Western music, harmony is the use of different pitches simultaneously and chords actual or implied in Music. See also Modern musical symbols Music notation or musical notation is any system which represents aurally perceived Music through the use Today, the entire infrastructure that supports music as a profession is extensive in Italy, including conservatories, opera houses, radio and television stations, recording studios, music festivals, and important centers of musicological research. Musicology ( Greek: μουσική = "music" and λόγος = "word" or "reason" is the scholarly study of Music Musical life in Italy remains extremely active.
Fashion
Fashion is another important part of Italian society. Italian designers such as Brioni, Armani, Prada, Gucci, Versace, and Valentino (just to name a few), are considered to be some of the finest in the world. For the Adriatic islands of Brioni see Brijuni. For the Italian towns see Brione. Giorgio Armani SpA is an Italian fashion company The company designs and manufactures products in several categories including fashion accessories apparel cosmetics Prada SpA is an Italian high-fashion company (also referred to as fashion House or Label) specializing in Luxury goods for men and women The House of Gucci, better known simply as Gucci, is an Italian iconic fashion and Leather goods label Gianni Versace SpA (ˈdʒɑnːi verˈsatʃe usually referred to as Versace, is an Italian clothier founded by Gianni Versace in 1978 Valentino SpA is a clothing company founded in 1959 by Valentino Garavani. The city of Milan takes its place amongst the most prestigious and important centers of fashion in the world. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy.
Folklore
It's difficult to individuate an Italian folklore, because of the vast differences between regions. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological
In Italy, the following are very important in tradition:
- Proverbs and tales
- Works and consuetudes
- Traditional dresses
- Moral values
In 1956, Italo Calvino selected and recorded a collection of folktales in Italian Folktales. Italo Calvino ( October 15, 1923 &ndash September 19, 1985) (ˈiːtalo kalˈviːno was an Italian journalist and writer of short Italian Folktales ( Fiabe Italiane) is a collection of 200 Italian Folktales published in 1956 by Italo Calvino.
References
- ^ Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. (The Modern Library, New York, 1995), p. 22. About 2 percent are muslims.
See also
- Architecture of Italy
- Anglophile
- Germanophile
- Francophile
- Hellenophile
- Slavophile
- Scotophile
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