The Culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, with its beginnings in the Mycenaean and Minoan Civilizations, continuing most notably into Classical Greece, through the influence of the Roman Empire and its Greek Eastern successor the Byzantine Empire. Mycenaean Greece is a cultural period of ancient Greece taking its name from the archaeological site of Mycenae in northeastern Argolis, in the Peloponnese In the context of the art architecture and culture of Ancient Greece, the classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Greek East is a phrase used to define the territories of the Greek -speaking Orthodox peoples of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, centered around the The Ottoman Empire too had a significant influence on Greek culture, but the Greek war of independence is credited with revitalizing Greece and giving birth to a single entity of its multi-faceted culture throughout the ages. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman

Contents 1 Attitudes 2 The Arts 2.1 Architecture 2.2 Painting and sculpture 2.3 Pottery and coins 2.4 Cinema 3 Cinema 4 Language 4.1 The Internet and "Greeklish" 4.2 Katharévousa 4.3 Dialects 5 Literature 5.1 Classical Greece 5.2 Byzantine Greece 5.3 Modern Greece 6 Religion 6.1 Classical Greece 7 History 7.1 Classical Greece 7.2 Hellenistic Greece 7.3 Modern Greece 8 Philosophy, science and mathematics 8.1 Classical Greece 8.2 Byzantine Greece 8.3 Modern Greece 9 Dance 9.1 Classical Greece 9.2 Byzantine Greece 9.3 Modern Greece 10 Music 10.1 Classical Greece 10.2 Byzantine Greece 10.3 Modern Greece 11 Cuisine 12 Education 13 Politics 14 See also 15 External links

Attitudes

Part of the series on Greeks Greek culture Art · Cinema · Cuisine Dance · Dress · Literature Music · Philosophy · Religion Sport · Television By region or country Greece · Cyprus Greek diaspora Subgroups Antiochians Arvanites · Cappadocians Cypriots · Greek Muslims Hayhurums  · Karamanlides Maniots  · Pontians Romaniotes  · Sarakatsani Tsakonians · Urums Religion Greek Orthodox Church Roman Catholicism Greek Catholicism Greek Evangelicalism Judaism · Islam Neopaganism Languages and dialects Greek Calabrian Greek Cappadocian Greek Cretan Greek · Griko Cypriot Greek · Pontic Greek Tsakonian · Yevanic Meglenitic · Aromanian Arvanitika · Slavika Karamanlidika · Urum History v • d • e

Greek people in general feel a strong link with their past, emphasizing the Classical period of Greek history, its links via the Hellenistic world to Byzantium, and on to the present. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Greece has a rich and varied artistic history spanning some 5000 years Greece has a long and rich cinematic history The country that gave rise to Western civilisation has produced many famous film actors and directors The Greek cuisine ( Greek: Ελληνική Κουζίνα is Greece's traditional Cuisine, a typical Mediterranean cuisine Contemporary Greek dance is a very old tradition being referred to by ancient authors such as Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch and Lucian. The Culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years with its beginnings in the Mycenaean and Minoan Civilizations, continuing most notably into Classical Greece Greek literature refers to those writings autochthonic to the areas of Greek influence typically though not necessarily in one of the Greek dialects throughout the The musical legacy of Greece is as diverse as its history. Cypriot music has certain similarities to traditional Greek Music, and their Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of Reason and Inquiry. The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches The Culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years with its beginnings in the Mycenaean and Minoan Civilizations, continuing most notably into Classical Greece Television broadcasting in Greece began in 1966 with the first network EPT (Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi broadcasting out of Athens, as a state-owned Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía The Greek diaspora (ελληνική διασπορά elliniki diaspora) is a term used to refer to the communities of Greek people living outside of the traditional Antiochian Greeks are the members of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch who have resided in the territory of contemporary Turkish province of Hatay. Cappadocian, also known as Cappadocian Greek or Asia Minor Greek is a dialect of the Greek language, formerly spoken in Cappadocia (Central Turkey Greek Cypriots ( Greek: Ελληνοκύπριοι Turkish: Kıbrıslı Rumlar are the ethnic Greek population of Cyprus. Greek Muslims, also known as Greek-speaking Muslims, are Muslims of Greek ethnic origin and are found primarily in Turkey, Cyprus Hayhurum is the name given to Armenian -speaking Christians who are members of Greek Orthodox Church. The Karamanlides ( Greek: Καραμανλήδες; Turkish: Karamanlılar) or simply Karamanlis, are a Greek Orthodox The Maniots (or Maniates; Greek Μανιάτες) are the Greek inhabitants of the Mani Peninsula (the middle leg of the Peloponnese located The term Pontic Greeks, Pontian Greeks, Pontians or Greeks of Pontus (Πόντιοι Ποντιακός Ελληνισμός or gr Έλληνες The Romaniotes ( Greek: Ρωμανιώτες, Rōmaniōtes are a Jewish population who have lived in the territory of today's Greece and The Sarakatsani (Σαρακατσάνοι are a group of Greek transhumant shepherds in Greece. Tsakonians ( Greek: Τσάκωνες Tsákones) are an ethnic Greek population group speakers of the Tsakonian dialect or more broadly Urums, singular Urum u'rum ( Greek: Ουρούμ Urúm, Turkish: Urum, Crimean Tatar: Urum) is a broad historical The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches The Roman Catholic Church in Greece is part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and Curia in Rome The Greek Byzantine Catholic Church is a Sui iuris Particular Church within the Catholic Church and uses the Byzantine liturgical rite The Greek Evangelical Church ( Greek: Ελληνική Ευαγγελική Εκκλησία Elliniki Evangeliki Ekklisia) is a Protestant denomination in There have been organized Jewish communities in Greece for more than two thousand years Islam in Greece is represented by a number of autochthonous and immigrant communities Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism (also Hellenic Reconstructionism) refers to various reconstructionist movements that revive ancient Greek religious practices Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Cappadocian, also known as Cappadocian Greek or Asia Minor Greek is a dialect of the Greek language, formerly spoken in Cappadocia (Central Turkey Cretan Greek ( Cretan dialect &mdash in Greek, Kritikí diálektos &ndash Κρητική διάλεκτος or Kritiká Κρητικά Griko, sometimes spelled Grico, is a Modern Greek dialect which is spoken by people in the Magna Graecia region in southern Italy, and it The Cypriot Dialect of Greek ( Cypriot Greek ( Κυπριακή διάλεκτος) or Kypriaka ( Greek: Κυπριακά Pontic Greek is a form of the Greek language originally spoken in the Pontus area on the southern shores of the Black Sea, and today mainly in Greece Tsakonian, Tzakonian or Tsakonic ( Greek Τσακωνικά) is a dialect of modern Greek spoken in the Tsakonian region Yevanic, otherwise known as Romaniote and Judeo-Greek, was the Dialect of the Romaniotes, the group of Greek Jews whose existence in Megleno-Romanian (known as Vlăheşte by speakers and Moglenitic, Meglenitic or Megleno-Romanian by linguists is a Romance language Aromanian ( limba armãneascã, armãneshce or armãneashti) also known as Macedo-Romanian, Arumanian or Vlach in most Arvanitika or Arvanitic ( Albanian: Arbërisht, Greek: αρβανίτικα arvanitika) is the variety of Albanian The Slavic dialects of Greece are the dialects of Bulgarian or Macedonian spoken by minority groups in the regions of Macedonia and Thrace Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Urum is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand people who inhabit a few villages in the Southeastern Ukraine and in Diaspora communities world The History of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically and the territory now composing the modern state of Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean This article is about the city See also Byzantine Empire. Byzantium ( Greek: Βυζάντιον Latin: la BYZANTIVM Both Classical and Byzantine Greece represent for the majority of Greeks antecedents of the modern day Hellenic Republic. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία For a time in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century the former boundaries of the Byzantine Empire, or more specifically those which until this period had still retained their Greek populations, came for some to represent an ideal extent of the modern state. The cultural and linguistic continuity of the Greek people, however complicated it may have been through history by outside influences, such as Christianity upon latter antiquity, or pressure from without in the final stages of the Byzantine Empire, are things that are strongly emphasized by today's Greeks - being as they are, one of the most patriotic nations in Europe, according to Eurostat. The Statistical Office of the European Communities ( Eurostat) is the Statistical arm of the European Commission, producing data for the European Union

Following the Revolution of 1821 (for more information, see Greek War of Independence), Greece went through a period of artistic and cultural revival. The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman Greeks today tend to regard the years before the Revolution, those of occupation of Greece by the Ottoman Empire, as the 'years of darkness', in which cultural development was perceived to have halted completely. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Despite evidence to the contrary particularly in regard of earlier Cretan Greek literature, Greece's revival following the formation of the first Hellenic Republic in 1831 is regarded by a huge majority of Greeks as marking the first rebirth of their nation.

Experience of occupation, both in the Ottoman and modern era, has left an indelible mark on the Greek psyche. In the twentieth century, the trauma of the Greek Civil War during which time the nation became the first theatre of the Cold War immediately following World War II, which itself brought a Nazi occupation of enormous privations, and the perceived interference of the U. The Greek Civil War (ο Eμφύλιος, "the Civil War" fought from 1946 to 1949 by the Governmental forces receiving logistical support by the United Kingdom Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including S. in creating the Regime of the Colonels, which brutally governed Greece from 1967 to 1974, led cumulatively to the emergence of an 'Ethnos Anadelfon' (or 'Brotherless Nation') idea, emphasizing the only people Greeks could count on were themselves and their countrymen. Regime of the Colonels redirects here For the Polish regime of colonels see Colonels' group. However, from the mid-1970s onward, in parallel with Spain and Portugal, and above all following the entry of Greece into the European Union in 1981, Greece's orientation, and the aspirations of its majority, became focused around the European mainstream. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981

Greeks remain on the whole an extrovert and friendly people, known for their hospitality and somewhat relaxed approach to the demands and pressures of daily life, by turns common to all Southern European nations and their peoples, and in an earlier era captured by Nikos Kazantzakis' novel Zorba the Greek. The term Southern Europe can have four definitions geographical political climatic phytogeographic Nikos Kazantzakis ( Νίκος Καζαντζάκης) ( February 18, 1883, Heraklion, Crete, Ottoman Empire - For other uses see Zorba. Zorba the Greek is a novel written by Nikos Kazantzakis, first published in 1946 Some in Greece regard this 'live and let live' approach, however, as more clearly conveyed in economic terms as a moderate work ethic; others prefer to reaffirm their position by highlighting the near sub-tropical climate of much of Greece compared to much of Northern Europe and thus the necessity for the famous afternoon 'siesta'. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of Northern Europe is a term for the northern part of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as (Finland

The Arts

Yet, because of the ravages of history, only a minor assortment of ancient Greek art has survived - most frequently in the form of sculpture and architecture and minor arts, including coin design, pottery and gem engraving. Greece also has a rich history of contemporary art from the revolution onwards.

Architecture

Main article: Greek Architecture

Remains of ancient Greek architecture still survive or are well documented today alongside more modern examples. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation

It emphasized a Grecian cross layout, the Byzantine capitol style of column (a mixture of Ionic and Corinthian capitols) and a central dome surrounded by several smaller domes. The Ionic order column forms one of the three '''orders''' or '''organizational systems''' of Classical architecture, the other two canonic orders being the The Corinthian order is one of the Classical orders of Greek and Roman Architecture, characterized A dome is a common structural element of Architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a Sphere. Greece also experienced something of a Neo-Byzantine revival following the Greek Revolution, and quite unsurprisingly, also experienced a growth in Neo-Classical Architecture in the years following the Revolution; this came into a contact and interaction with traditional Byzantine villa architecture to produce a form specific to modern Greece

Modern Greek architecture has followed the international architecture trends. Neo-Byzantine architecture is an architectural revival style, most frequently seen in religious institutional and public Buildings It emerged in 1840s in Western The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and Like other modern capitals, Athens also has its fair share of Neo-classic, Modernist and Postmodernist architecture. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism Important Greek and international architects have designed many buildings of Athens such as Dimitris Pikionis, Stamatis Kleanthis, Ernst Ziller, Theophil Freiherr von Hansen, Patroklos Karantinos, Walter Gropius, Eero Saarinen and Mario Botta. Dimitri Pikionis or Demetrios Pikionis ( Piraeus 1887 - Athens 1968 was a major Greek architect of the 20th century and had a considerable influence Ernst (Ernestos Moritz Theodor Ziller ( June 22, 1837, Oberlößnitz/ Radebeul - 1923 Athens) was a Saxon architect who later Baron Theophil Edvard von Hansen (original Danish name Theophilus Hansen) ( July 13, 1813 in Copenhagen - February 17 Patroklos Karantinos ( Greek Πάτροκλος Καραντινός) 1903 Constantinople - 1976 in Athens, is a notable Greek architect Walter Adolph Georg Gropius ( May 18, 1883 &ndash July 5, 1969) was a German Architect and founder of Bauhaus Eero Saarinen (eːro saːrinen (August 20 1910 Kirkkonummi, Finland – September 1 1961 Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States) was Mario Botta (born April 1, 1943) is a famous modern Architect born in Mendrisio, Ticino canton Switzerland. Several new buildings were also constructed by Santiago Calatrava for the Athens Olympics of 2004 while Bernard Tschumi has designed the New Acropolis Museum. Santiago Calatrava Valls (born July 28, 1951) is an internationally recognized and award-winning Valencian Spanish Architect, The 2004 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, was an International Multi-sport event which was celebrated Bernard Tschumi (born January 25 1944 Lausanne, Switzerland) is an Deconstructivist Architect, Writer, The New Acropolis Museum is a purpose built Museum by architect Bernard Tschumi to house the archaeological findings related to the Acropolis Hill

Painting and sculpture

Main articles: Greek Art

In contrast to other illustrated forms, surviving ancient Greek paintings are very rare. Greece has a rich and varied artistic history spanning some 5000 years Greek painters worked mainly on wooden panels, and their finest works were admired for hundreds of years after their creation. However, these paintings rapidly disappeared after the 4th century AD when they were no longer adequately protected. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century In addition to sub-standard Roman copies, for example in Pompeii, rare surviving examples have been found in the tombs of the kings of Macedon at Vergina, at Lefcadia also in ancient Macedon, as well as Kazanlak in ancient Thrace. Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most Vergina (in Greek Βεργίνα) is a small town in northern Greece, located in the prefecture of Imathia, Central Macedonia Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most Kazanlak (Казанлък is a Bulgarian town located in the middle of the plain of the same name at the foot of the Balkan mountain range, Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe

Surviving examples of the ancient Greek sculpture are more common, particularly the works of the Greek master sculptors, such as Phidias and Praxiteles. Phidias (or Pheidias; in Ancient Greek,; c[[ 80 BC]] c 430 BC) son of Charmides was an ancient Greek Praxiteles ( Ancient Greek: Πραξιτέλης English prækˈsɪtɨliːz of Athens, the son of Cephisodotus the Elder, was the most renowned of the These artists and their followers were frequently emulated by the Romans. However, the Christians of the 4th and 5th centuries viewed the destruction of pagan idols as an act of piety. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world Idolatry is usually defined as Worship of any Cult image, Idea, or object, as opposed to the worship of a monotheistic God. In spiritual terminology piety is a Virtue. While different people may understand its meaning differently it is generally used to refer either to religious devotion Many ancient marble sculptures were burned to form lime in the Middle Ages, and most bronze statues were melted down for their metal. Calcium oxide ( CaO) commonly known as burnt lime, lime or quicklime, is a widely used Chemical compound. The marble statues that escaped destruction were spared as they were either buried and forgotten, or in the case of bronzes, lost at sea.

In the Byzantine period, religious art was the dominant theme, with highly-decorated mosaics and icons adorning religious buildings. Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic An icon (from Greek εἰκών eikōn, "image" is a religious work of art most commonly a painting from Eastern Christianity. The Renaissance artist, El Greco (Domenikos Theotocopoulos), responded to Byzantine and 16th century Mannerist art, producing sculpture and paintings with a liberated form, light and colour that inspired 20th century artists such as Pablo Picasso and Jackson Pollock. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere El Greco' ("The Greek " 1541 &ndash April 7 1614 was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance Byzantine art is the term commonly used to describe the artistic products of the Byzantine Empire from about the 4th century until the Fall of Constantinople Mannerism is a period of European art which emerged from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Paul Jackson Pollock (January 28 1912 &ndash August 11 1956 was an influential American painter and a major force in the abstract expressionist movement

Moreover, an important and often pioneering role was played by artists from Ionian islands in the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, who exploited developments of the Italian Renaissance and baroque ateliers. This article is about the group of islands west of Greece For the ancient region in western Anatolia see Ionia. The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc As efforts persisted with new directions and objectives, Greek artists emerging in the world during the first decades of the 19th century reconnected Greek art with its ancient tradition, as well as with the quests of the European ateliers, especially those of the Munich School, with defining examples of the Greek contemporary art of the period including the work of Theodoros Vryzakis and Nikiphoros Lytras. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. The British-Greek Marie Spartali became the pre-eminent female artist of the Pre-Raphaelite era. Marie Euphrosyne Spartali, later Stillman ( March 10 1844 &ndash March 6 1927) was a British Pre-Raphaelite painter of

In the early twentieth century Demetrios Galanis, a contemporary and friend of Picasso, Greece has continued an ancient sculptural tradition well into the Modernist and Post-Modernist eras, with contributors including philosopher Costas Axelos and the more famous Constantine Andreou, recipient of the French Legion of Honor. Demetrios Galanis (1880-1966 was an early twentieth century Greek Artist and contemporary and friend of Picasso. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism Costas Axelos (more usually spelled Kostas Axelos was born on the 26th of June 1924 and attended high school at the French Institute and the German School Constantine Andreou (Also Costas Andreou, Kostas Andreou; French: Constantin Andréou, Costas Andréou; Greek:

Pottery and coins

Main articles: Pottery of Ancient Greece; Greek coins Ancient Greece was also renowned for its pottery, which included everything from drinking vessels to urns. Thanks to its hardy nature pottery bulks large in the archaeological record of Ancient Greece, and because we have so much of it (some 100000 vases are recorded in the Corpus The history of Ancient Greek coinage can be divided (along with most other Greek art forms into three periods the Archaic the Classical and the Hellenistic Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware An urn is a Vase, ordinarily covered and without handles that usually has a narrowed neck above a footed Pedestal. Black-figure pottery, in which the decorations appear as black silhouettes over a red background, are highly representative of early Greek craftsmanship. The black-figure pottery ( Greek, ' μελανόμορφαmelanomorpha) technique is a style of ancient Greek pottery painting in which the decoration appears Later forms include red-figure pottery and white-figure pottery. Red-figure vase painting is one of the most important styles of figural Greek vase painting. Greek Pottery is ancient and interesting.

The Greeks did not view coin design as a major art form. main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review Nevertheless, the durability and abundance of coins have designated them as one of the most important sources of knowledge about Greek aesthetics. Coins were invented in Lydia during the 7th century BC, but were first extensively used by the Greeks, who set the canon of coin design which has been followed ever since, this form of art is of particular importance when studying the Byzantine era. Defining Lydia Aside from a legend related by Herodotus, who states that the name Lydia came from king Lydus at the time of the fall of Troy The 7th century BC started the first day of 700 BC and ended the last day of 601 BC.

See also: Ode on a Grecian Urn, Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial

Cinema

Main article: Greek cinema

Cinema first appeared in Greece in 1897 but the first actual theater was built later in 1907. " Ode on a Grecian Urn " is a Poem by John Keats, written in 1819 and first published in January 1820 Hydriotaphia Urn Burial or a Discourse of the Sepulchral Urns lately found in Norfolk, is a work by Sir Thomas Browne, published in 1658 as the first Greece has a long and rich cinematic history The country that gave rise to Western civilisation has produced many famous film actors and directors Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The first production began in 1914 as the Asty Film company was founded and the production of long films begun. Golfo (Γκόλφω), a well known traditional love story, is the first Greek long movie, although there were several minor productions such as newscasts before this point.

Cinema

Greek cinema has had a varied history, going from points of relative stagnation to some very memorable productions. The 1920s to the end of the 1940s were host to some relatively notable films, such as Έρως και κύματα (1928 directed by D. Gaziadis), and Applause (Χειροκροτήματα) (1944, directed by G. Tzavelas), and most notably in 1944 Katina Paxinou was honoured with the Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for For Whom the Bell Tolls. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. For Whom the Bell Tolls is a 1943 film in Technicolor based on the novel by Ernest Hemingway.

The Golden age of Greek cinema is universally considered to be the 1950s - in which production rose to a height of 60 films a year, and in which productions such as Stella, directed by one of Greece's most famous directors Michael Cacoyannis, shot to prominence internationally as well in Greece and Cyprus. The term Golden age is best known from Greek mythology and legend but can also be found in other ancient cultures (see below Michael Cacoyannis (born June 11, 1922) is a prominent Greek Cypriot filmmaker best-known for his 1964 film Zorba the Greek. Notable actors and directors from this period include Alekos Sakelarios, Nikos Tsiforos, Ellie Lambeti, Dinos Iliopoulos and Irene Papas. Ellie Lambeti (Έλλη Λαμπέτη April 13 1926 &ndash September 3 1983) was a Greek actress Irene Papas ( Greek Ειρήνη Παππά born September 3 1926) is a Greek actress and occasional Singer, who has starred Cacoyannis in particular continued this tradition well into the 1960s with his production of Alexis Zorbas, becoming a winner of 3 Academy awards. Alexis Zorbas (Αλέξης Ζορμπάς is the protagonist of Nikos Kazantzakis 's novel Zorba the Greek, a fictionalized version of the real George

Since this period Greek cinema has been relatively stop and go in its consistency, apart from films such as Loafing and Camouflage (Λούφα και Παραλλαγή), which hit a popular nerve of the continual Greek and Turkish standoffs in the Aegean using comedy. Loafing and Camouflage (Λούφα και Παραλλαγή Lufa ke Paralayi /L&C (1984 is a cult classic Greek movie directed by Nikos Perakis. Other political themes touched on in recent film include immigration from Albania, for example "Μετέωρο βήμα του πελαργού, Το" (1991) (in English: The Suspended Step of the Stork) directed by Theo Angelopoulos. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Theodoros Angelopoulos (Θόδωρος Αγγελόπουλος in Greek) (born 27 April 1935) is a noted Greek Film director

Theo Angelopoulos is widely regarded as one of the greatest cinematographers of our time. Theodoros Angelopoulos (Θόδωρος Αγγελόπουλος in Greek) (born 27 April 1935) is a noted Greek Film director He has won a number of international film awards including the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1998 for his movie (Mia aioniotita kai mia mera).

Most recently, films such as Politiki kouzina (A Touch of Spice in English) and the sex taboo comedy 'Safe Sex' have signalled an upward trend in the quality of Greek cinema; this can be largely correlated to an unmatched period of economic prosperity in Greece, which has led to an increased cultural output acrss all parts of the Arts, both physical and visual. " A Touch of Spice " is a Turkish and Greek movie released in 2003 directed by Tassos Boulmetis and starring Georges Corraface Safe Sex is a 1999 comedy film by Michalis Reppas and Thanasis Papathanasiou.

Language

Main article: Greek language

The Greek language is the official language of the Hellenic Republic and has a total of 15 million speakers worldwide; it is an Indo-European language. Alcibiades Cleiniou Scambonides (ˌælsɨˈbaɪədiːz (pronunciation Greek:, transliterated Alkibiádēs Kleiníou Skambōnidēs) meaning Alcibiades Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Greek language is particularly remarkable in the depth of its continuity from its beginnings in pre-history as the Linear A script associated with Minoan civilization, on to the more recognizable Linear B script, and then eventually the dialects of Ancient Greek, of which Attic Greek bears the most resemblance to Modern Greek. Linear A is one of two linear scripts used in ancient Crete before Greek Mycenaean Linear B. The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete. Linear B is a script that was used for writing Mycenaean, an early form of Greek. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Attic Greek is the Prestige dialect of Ancient Greece that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Modern Greek (el Νέα Ελληνικά or el Νεοελληνική lit The history of the language spans 3000 years.

Greek has had enormous impact on other languages both directly on the Romance languages, and indirectly through its influence on the emerging Latin language during the early days of Rome. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Signs of this influence, and its many developments, can be seen throughout the family of Western European and American languages.

The Internet and "Greeklish"

More recently, the rise of internet-based communication services as well as cell phones have caused a distinctive form of Greek written partially, and sometimes fully in Latin characters has emerged; this is known as Greeklish (sort of like Spanglish but not exactly), a form that has spread across the Greek diaspora and even to the two nations with majority Greek speaking populations, Cyprus and Greece. Greeklish, a Portmanteau of the words Greek and English, also known as Grenglish, Latinoellinika / Λατινοελληνικά Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία To date there have been no publications in "Greeklish" .

Katharévousa

Main article: Katharevousa

Katharévousa is a purified form of the Greek Language midway between modern and ancient forms set in train during the early 19th century by Greek intellectual and revolutionary leader Adamantios Korais, intended to return the Greek language closer to its ancient form. Katharevousa (Καθαρεύουσα, lit "the purified one" is a form of the Greek language conceived in the early 19th century by Greek intellectual Adamantios Korais or Coraïs (Αδαμάντιος Κοραής April 27 1748&ndashApril 6 1833 was a humanist scholar credited with laying the foundations of Modern Its influence, in recent years, evolved toward a more formal role, and it came to be used primarily for official purposes such as diplomacy, politics and other forms of official documentation. It has nevertheless had significant effects on the Greek language as it is still written and spoken today, and both vocabulary and grammatical and syntactical forms have re-entered Modern Greek via Katharevousa. Modern Greek (el Νέα Ελληνικά or el Νεοελληνική lit

Dialects

There are a variety of dialects of the Greek language; the most notable include Cappadocian, Cypriot Greek, Pontic Greek, the Griko language spoken in Southern Italy, and Tsakonian, still spoken in the modern prefecture of Arcadia and widely noted as a surviving regional dialect of Doric Greek . Cappadocian, also known as Cappadocian Greek or Asia Minor Greek is a dialect of the Greek language, formerly spoken in Cappadocia (Central Turkey The Cypriot Dialect of Greek ( Cypriot Greek ( Κυπριακή διάλεκτος) or Kypriaka ( Greek: Κυπριακά Pontic Greek is a form of the Greek language originally spoken in the Pontus area on the southern shores of the Black Sea, and today mainly in Greece Griko, sometimes spelled Grico, is a Modern Greek dialect which is spoken by people in the Magna Graecia region in southern Italy, and it Tsakonian, Tzakonian or Tsakonic ( Greek Τσακωνικά) is a dialect of modern Greek spoken in the Tsakonian region Arcadia or Arkadía ( Greek Αρκαδία is a region of Greece in the Peloponnesus. For the modern Doric dialect of Scotland see Doric dialect (Scotland Doric was a dialect of ancient Greek.

Literature

Main article: Greek literature

Greece has a remarkably rich and resilient literary tradition, extending over 2800 years and through several eras. Greek literature refers to those writings autochthonic to the areas of Greek influence typically though not necessarily in one of the Greek dialects throughout the The Classical era is that most commonly associated with Greek Literature, beginning in 800 BCE and maintaining its influence through to the beginnings of Byzantine period, whereafter the influence of Christianity began to spawn a new development of the Greek written word. Greek literature refers to those writings autochthonic to the areas of Greek influence typically though not necessarily in one of the Greek dialects throughout the The many elements of a millennia-old tradition are reflected in Modern Greek literature, including the works of the Nobel laureates Odysseus Elytis and George Seferis. Odysseas Elytis (Οδυσσέας Ελύτης (November 2 1911—March 18 1996 is a legendary Greek poet,regarded as one of the most important representatives Giorgos Seferis (Γιώργος Σεφέρης ( March 13, 1900, or February 29 according to the Julian calendar then in use September 20

Classical Greece

The first recorded works in the western literary tradition are the epic poems of Homer and Hesiod. An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the Hesiod ( Greek: Hesiodos) was an early Greek Poet and Rhapsode, who presumably lived around 700 BCE Early Greek lyric poetry, as represented by poets such as Sappho and Pindar, was responsible for defining the lyric genre as it is understood today in western literature. Lyric poetry refers to a usually short poem that expresses personal feelings which may or may not be set to music Sappho (ˈsæfoʊ in English Attic Greek el Σαπφώ sapːʰɔː Aeolic Greek el Ψάπφω) was an Ancient Greek lyric Pindar (ˈpɪndɚ (or Pindarus, Greek:) (probably born 522 BC in Cynoscephalae a village in Boeotia; died 443 BC in Argos) was an Ancient A genre (ˈʒɑːnrə also /ˈdʒɑːnrə/ from French "kind" or "sort" from Latin: genus (stem gener-) is a loose set Aesop wrote his Fables in the 6th century BC. Aesop (also spelled Æsop, from the Greek Αἴσωπος — Aisōpos) (620-560 BC) known only for the genre of Fables A fable is a succinct story in prose or verse that features Animals Plants inanimate objects, or forces of nature which are The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC. These innovations were to have a profound influence not only on Roman poets, most notably Virgil in his epic poem on the founding of Rome, the Aeneid, but one that flourished throughout Europe. Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or For the group of nine Ancient Egyptian deities see Ennead. The Aeneid (əˈniːɪd in

Classical Greece is also judged the birthplace of theatre. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one Aeschylus introduced the ideas of dialogue and interacting characters to playwriting and in doing so, he effectively invented "drama": his Oresteia trilogy of plays is judged his crowning achievement. Aeschylus (ˈɛskɨləs or /ˈiːskɨləs/ Greek: Ασχύλος, Aischylos, 525 BC/524 BC 456 BC/455 BC was an ancient Greek Playwright A dialogue (sometimes spelled dialog) is a reciprocal Conversation between two or more entities. Other refiners of playwriting were Sophocles and Euripides. Sophocles (ˈsɒfəkliːz Ancient Greek, sopʰoklɛ̂ːs circa Euripides ( Ancient Greek:) (ca 480 BC–406 BC was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Athens (the other two being Aeschylus Aristophanes, a comic playwright, defined and shaped the idea of comedy as a theatrical form. Aristophanes (Ἀριστοφάνης ˌærɪˈstɒfəniːz in English ca Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and

Herodotus and Thucydides are often attributed with developing the modern study of history into a field worthy of philosophical, literary, and scientific pursuit. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Thucydides ( C 460 BC &ndash C 395 BC) ( Greek Θουκυδίδης Thoukydídēs) was a Greek History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Polybius first introduced into study the concept of military history. Polybius (ca 203 &ndash 120 BC, Greek) was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his book called The Histories A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking

Philosophy entered literature in the dialogues of Plato, while his pupil Aristotle, in his work the Poetics, formulated the first set criteria for literary criticism. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Aristotle 's Poetics ( Greek: Ποιητικός, c 335 BCE aims to give an account of what he calls 'poetry' (for him the term includes the Literary criticism is the study discussion evaluation and interpretation of Literature. Both these literary figures, in the context of the broader contributions of Greek philosophy in the Classical and Hellenistic eras, were to give rise to idea of Political Science, the study of political evolution and the critique of governmental systems. Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems

Byzantine Greece

Main article: Byzantine Literature

The growth of Christianity throughout the Greco-Roman world in the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries, together with the Hellenization of the Byzantine Empire of the period, would lead to the formation of a unique literary form, combining Christian, Greek, Roman and Oriental (such as the Persian Empire) influences. Byzantine literature may be defined as the Greek literature of the Middle Ages, whether written in the territory of the Byzantine Empire or outside In modern Olympic and amateur Wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling is a particular style and variation The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire In its turn, this would promote developments such as Cretan poetry, the growth of poetic satire in the Greek East, and the several pre-eminent historians of the period. K

Modern Greece

Modern Greek Literature was born out of the Greek Revolution of 1821 and the subsequent independence of Greece in 1831, and as such, Greek literature of the period is heavily influenced by revolutionary themes, although the impact of the Greek literature of the Enlightenment could also be highlighted, as well as the influence of the Byzantine Empire's Acritic songs and romance. The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman

Moving into the twentieth century, the modern Greek literary tradition spans the work of Constantine P. Cavafy, considered a key figure of twentieth century poetry, Giorgos Seferis (whose works and poems aimed to fuse the literature of Ancient and Modern Greece) and Odysseas Elytis, both of whom won the Nobel Prize for Literature. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Constantine P Cavafy, also known as Konstantin or Konstantinos Petrou Kavafis, or Kavaphes (Greek Κωνσταντίνος Π Giorgos Seferis (Γιώργος Σεφέρης ( March 13, 1900, or February 29 according to the Julian calendar then in use September 20 Odysseas Elytis (Οδυσσέας Ελύτης (November 2 1911—March 18 1996 is a legendary Greek poet,regarded as one of the most important representatives The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred Nikos Kazantzakis is also considered a dominant figure, with works such as The Last Temptation of Christ and The Greek Passion receiving international recognition. Nikos Kazantzakis ( Νίκος Καζαντζάκης) ( February 18, 1883, Heraklion, Crete, Ottoman Empire - The Last Temptation of Christ (or The Last Temptation; Greek: Ο Τελευταίος Πειρασμός O Teleftaíos Peirasmós The Greek Passion or Christ Recrucified (Ο Χριστός Ξανασταυρώνεται 'Christ is Recrucified' is a 1948 novel by Nikos Kazantzakis Vassilis Vassilikos is widely translated. Vassilis Vassilikos ( Greek: Βασίλης Βασιλικός born November 18, 1934) is a prolific Greek Writer and Diplomat

Religion

Main articles: Greek religion, Eastern Orthodoxy

Classical Greece

The pantheon of classical Greece, with its origins in Mycenean Greece, maintains its fascination in modern Greece, not only as a consequence of what are, for inhabitants, the inescapable physical remnants of the temples that dot the landscape and defined western architecture until early in the twentieth century, but more directly because there remain, according to Greek interior ministry figures, around 30,000 adherents living in Greece today. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Mycenaean Greece is a cultural period of ancient Greece taking its name from the archaeological site of Mycenae in northeastern Argolis, in the Peloponnese A temple (from the Latin word Templum) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities such as prayer and sacrifice or analogous rites The legacy of Greek mythology continues to exert a profound hold not only on the wider modern western popular imagination, but on modern Greek literature. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance

History

Classical Greece

Pagean Classical Athens may be suggested to have heralded some of the same religious ideas that would later be promoted by Christianity, such as Aristotle's invocation of a perfect God, and Heraclitus' Logos. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Heraclitus of Ephesus ( Ancient Greek: &mdash grc-Latn ''Hērákleitos ho Ephésios'' English Heraclitus the Ephesian) (ca grc-Latn Logos (ˈloʊːgɒs ( Greek, logos) is an important term in Philosophy, Analytical psychology, Rhetoric and Religion Plato considered there were rewards for the virtuous in the heavens and punishment for the wicked under the earth; the soul was valued more highly than the material body, and the material world was understood to be imperfect and not fully real (illustrated in Socrates's allegory of the cave). Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. The Allegory of the Cave is an Allegory used by the Greek Philosopher Plato in his work The Republic.

Hellenistic Greece

Alexander's conquests spread classical concepts about the divine, the afterlife, and much else across the eastern Mediterranean area. AfterLife is a film drama set in Scotland directed by Alison Peebles made in 2003 about an ambitious Scottish journalist forced to choose between Jews and early Christians alike adopted the name "hades" when writing about "sheol" in Greek. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Early Christianity is commonly defined as the Christianity of the three centuries between the Crucifixion of Jesus ( c Hades (from Greek, Hadēs, originally, Haidēs or, Aidēs, probably from Indo-European *n̥-wid- 'unseen' refers both to the ancient Sheol (pronounced "Sheh-ole" in Hebrew שאול (Sh'ol is the "abode of the dead" the " Underworld " "the common Greco-Buddhism was the cultural syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism, which developed in the Indo-Greek Kingdoms. Greco-Buddhism, sometimes spelt Graeco-Buddhism, refers to the cultural Syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism, which developed Syncretism consists of the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory beliefs often while melding practices of various schools of thought This article focuses on the cultural aspects of the Hellenistic age for the historical aspects see Hellenistic period. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The Indo-Greek Kingdom (or sometimes Graeco-Indian Kingdom) covered various parts of the northwest and northern Indian subcontinent during the last two centuries By the advent of Christianity, the four original patriarchates beyond Rome used Greek as their church language. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings A patriarchate is the Office or jurisdiction of a Patriarch. A patriarch as the term is used here is either one of the highest-ranking

Modern Greece

The Greek Orthodox Church, largely because of the importance of Byzantium in Greek history, as well as its role in the revolution, is a major institution in modern Greece. The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches Its roles in society and larger role in overarching Greek culture are very important; a number of Greeks attend Church at least once a month or more and the Orthodox Easter holiday holds special significance. Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year.

The Church of Greece also retains limited political influence through the fact the Greek constitution does not have an explicit separation of Church and State; a debate suggested by more conservative elements of the church in the early 2000s about identification cards and whether religious affiliation might be added to them highlights the friction between state and church on some issues; the proposal unsurprisingly was not accepted. The Church of Greece ( Greek: Ekklēsía tês Helládos, ekliˈsia tis eˈlaðos is one of the fifteen Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches A widely publicised set of corruption scandals in 2004 implicating a small group of senior churchmen also increased national debate on introducing a greater transparency to the church-state relationship.

Greek Orthodox Churches dot both the villages and towns of Greece and come in a variety of architectural forms, from older Byzantine churches, to more modern white brick churches, to newer cathedral-like structures with evident Byzantine influence. Greece (as well as Cyprus), also polled as, ostensibly, one of the most religious countries in Europe, according to Eurostat; however, while the church has wide respect as a moral and cultural institution, a contrast in religious belief with Protestant northern Europe is more obvious than one with Catholic mediterranean Europe. The Statistical Office of the European Communities ( Eurostat) is the Statistical arm of the European Commission, producing data for the European Union

Greece also has a significant minority of Muslims in Eastern Thrace (numbering around 100-150,000), with their places of worship guaranteed since the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. East Thrace, or Eastern Thrace (Източна Тракия Iztochna Trakiya; Ανατολική Θράκη or Turkish Thrace, is the part of the modern The Treaty of Lausanne ( July 24, 1923) was a Peace treaty signed in Lausanne that settled the Anatolian part of the Partitioning The Greek state has fully approved the construction a main mosque for the more recent muslim community of Athens under the freedom of religion provisions of the Greek constitution. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Freedom of religion is the freedom of an individual or community in public or private to manifest religion or belief in teaching practice worship and observance

Philosophy, science and mathematics

Main articles: Greek Philosophy, Science, and Mathematics

The Greek world is widely regarded as having given birth to scientific thought by means of observation, thought, and development of a theory without the intervention of a supernatural force. Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of Reason and Inquiry. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Thales, Anaximander and Democritus were amongst those contributing significantly to the establishment of this tradition. Thales of Miletus According to Bertrand Russell, "Philosophy begins with Thales Anaximander ( Ancient Greek:) (c 610 BC–c 546 BC was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus Democritus ( Greek:) was a pre-Socratic Greek Materialist Philosopher (born at Abdera in Thrace ca It is also, and perhaps more commonly in the western imagination, identified with the dawn of Western Philosophy, as well as a mapping out of the Natural Sciences. Western philosophy is a term that refers to philosophical thinking in the Western or Occidental world, as distinct from Eastern or Oriental philosophies In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of Greek developments of mathematics continued well up until the decline of the Byzantine Empire. In the modern era Greeks continue to contribute to the fields of Science, Mathematics and Philosophy. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language

Classical Greece

The tradition of philosophy in Ancient Greece accompanied its literary development. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Greek learning had a profound influence on Western and Middle Eastern civilizations. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The works of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and other Greek philosophers profoundly influenced Classical thought, the Islamic Golden Age, and the Renaissance. SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere

In medicine, doctors still refer to the Hippocratic oath, instituted by Hippocrates, regarded as foremost in laying the foundations of medicine as a science. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the The Hippocratic Oath is an oath traditionally taken by physicians pertaining to the ethical practice of medicine Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos ( ca. 460 BC – ca Galen built on Hippocrates' theory of the four humours, and his writings became the foundation of medicine in Europe and the Middle East for centuries. Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or Humorism, or humoralism, was a theory of the makeup and workings of the human body adopted by Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The physicians Herophilos and Paulus Aegineta were pioneers in the study of anatomy, while Pedanius Dioscorides wrote an extensive treatise on the practice of pharmacology. Herophilos, sometimes Latinized Herophilus (335-280 BC was a Greek physician Paul of Aegina or Paulus Aegineta ( Aegina, 625?–690? was a 7th-century Byzantine Greek Physician best known for writing the medical Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration Pedanius Dioscorides (Πεδάνιος Διοσκορίδης ca Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs

The period of Classical Greece (from 800BC until the rise of Macedon, a Greek state in the north) is that most often associated with Greek advances in science. In the context of the art architecture and culture of Ancient Greece, the classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most Thales of Miletus is regarded by many as the father of science; he was the first of the ancient philosophers to seek to explain the physical world in terms of natural rather than supernatural causes. Thales of Miletus According to Bertrand Russell, "Philosophy begins with Thales Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events Pythagoras was a mathematician often described as the "father of numbers"; it is believed that he had the pioneering insight into the numerical ratios that determine the musical scale, and the Pythagorean theorem is commonly attributed to him. "Pythagoras of Samos" redirects here For the Samian statuary of the same name see Pythagoras (sculptor. A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. In Music, a scale is a group of musical notes collected in ascending and descending order that provides material for or is used to conveniently represent part or all In Mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem ( American English) or Pythagoras' theorem ( British English) is a relation in Euclidean geometry Diophantus of Alexandria, in turn, was the "father of algebra". Diophantus of Alexandria ( Greek: b between 200 and 214 d between 284 and 298 AD sometimes called "the father of Algebra " a title some claim should Algebra is a branch of Mathematics concerning the study of structure, relation, and Quantity. Many parts of modern geometry are based on the work of Euclid, while Eratosthenes was one of the first scientific geographers, calculating the circumference of the earth and conceiving the first maps based on scientific principles. Geometry ( Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth metria = measure is a part of Mathematics concerned with questions of size shape and relative position Euclid ( Greek:.) fl 300 BC also known as Euclid of Alexandria, is often referred to as the Father of Geometry Eratosthenes of Cyrene ( Greek; 276 BC - 194 BC was a Greek Mathematician, Poet, athlete, Geographer and A geographer is a Scientist whose area of study is Geography, the study of Earth 's physical environment and Human habitat The circumference is the distance around a closed Curve. Circumference is a kind of Perimeter. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, Regions, and Themes

The Hellenistic period, following Alexander's conquests, continued and built upon this knowledge. Hipparchus is considered the pre-eminent astronomical observer of the ancient world, and was probably the first to develop an accurate method for the prediction of solar eclipse, while Aristarchus of Samos was the first known astronomer to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, though the geocentric model of Ptolemy was more commonly accepted until the seventeenth century. Hipparchus ( Greek; ca 190 BC &ndash ca 120 BC was a Greek Astronomer, Geographer, and Mathematician of the Hellenistic A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth so that the Sun is wholly or partially obscured Aristarchus (Ἀρίσταρχος 310 BC - ca 230 BC) was a Greek Astronomer and Mathematician, born on the island of Historically Astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky while Astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena In Astronomy, heliocentrism is the theory that the Sun is at the center of the Solar System. The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. In Astronomy, the geocentric model of the Universe is the superseded theory that the Earth is the center of the universe and other Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Ptolemy also contributed substantially to cartography and to the science of optics. For his part Archimedes was the first to calculate the value of π and a geometric series, and also the earliest known mathematical physicist discovering the law of buoyancy, as well as conceiving the irrigation device known as Archimedes' screw. Archimedes of Syracuse ( Greek:) ( c. 287 BC – c 212 BC was a Greek mathematician, Physicist, Engineer IMPORTANT NOTICE Please note that Wikipedia is not a database to store the millions of digits of π please refrain from adding those to Wikipedia as it could cause technical problems In Mathematics, a geometric series is a series with a constant ratio between successive terms. A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning In Physics, buoyancy ( BrE IPA: /ˈbɔɪənsi/ is the upward Force on an object produced by the surrounding liquid or gas in which it is Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops The Archimedes' screw, Archimedean screw, or screwpump is a Machine historically used for transferring water from a low-lying body of water into Irrigation

Byzantine Greece

The Byzantine period remained largely a period of preservation in terms of classical Greco-Roman texts; there were, however, significant advances made in the fields of medicine and historical scholarship. Byzantine medicine is the medicine practiced in the Byzantine Empire from about 400 AD to 1453 AD History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Theological philosophy also remained an area of study, and there was, while not matching the achievements of preceding ages, a certain increase in the professionalism of study of these subjects, epitomized by the founding of the University of Constantinople. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language

Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles, the architects of the famous Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, also contributed towards mathematical theories concerning architectural form, and the perceived mathematical harmony needed to create a multi-domed structure. Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya Αγία Σοφία " Holy Wisdom " Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia) is a former patriarchal Basilica, later Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS These ideas were to prove a heavy influence on the Ottoman architect Sinan in his creation of the Blue Mosque, also in Constantinople. Koca Mi‘mār Sinān Āġā ( Ottoman Turkish: خوجه معمار سنان آغا ( April 15, 1489 - April 09, Tralles in particular produced several treatises on the Natural Sciences, as well as his other forays into mathematics such as Conic Sections. In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of In Mathematics, a conic section (or just conic) is a Curve obtained by intersecting a cone (more precisely a circular Conical surface

The gradual migration of Greeks from Byzantium to the Italian city states following the decline of the Byzantine Empire, and the texts they brought with them combined with the academic positions they held, was a major factor in lighting the first sparks of the Italian Renaissance. The Italian city states were a remarkable political phenomenon of small independent states in the northern Italian peninsula between the tenth and fifteenth centuries The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th

Modern Greece

Greeks continue to contribute to science and technology in the modern world. John Argyris, a Greek mathematician and engineer, is responsible for the invention of finite element analysis and the direct stiffness method, relative to physics. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and As one of the methods of Structural analysis, the direct stiffness method ( DSM) also known as the displacement method or Matrix stiffness method Mathematician Constantin Carathéodory worked in the fields of real analysis, the calculus of variations, and measure theory in the early 20th century, and went on to assist Albert Einstein in the mathematical part of his theory of relativity. Constantin Carathéodory (or Constantine Karatheodoris ( Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Καραθεοδωρή ( September 13, 1873 &ndash February Real analysis is a branch of Mathematical analysis dealing with the set of Real numbers In particular it deals with the analytic properties of real Calculus of variations is a field of Mathematics that deals with functionals, as opposed to ordinary Calculus which deals with functions. In Mathematics the concept of a measure generalizes notions such as "length" "area" and "volume" (but not all of its applications have to do with The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical This page is about the scientific concept of relativity for philosophical or sociological theories about relativity see Relativism. Biologist Fotis Kafatos pioneers in the field of molecular cloning and genomics; Dimitris Nanopoulos is a noted theoretical physicist, having made significant contributions to the fields of particle physics and cosmology. Fotis C Kafatos (born in Heraklion, Crete, Greece) is a prominent Greek Biologist. Dimitri Nanopoulos (born 13 September, 1948 in Athens) is a Greek physicist. Particle physics is a branch of Physics that studies the elementary constituents of Matter and Radiation, and the interactions between them Physical cosmology, as a branch of Astronomy, is the study of the large-scale structure of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its In medicine, Georgios Papanikolaou contributed heavily to the development of cancer screening with his Pap smear. Georgios N Papanikolaou (or George Papanicolaou; Γεώργιος Παπανικολάου) ( May 13, 1883 &ndash February 19, The Papanicolaou test (also called Pap smear, Pap test, cervical smear, or smear test) is a screening test used in Gynecology The Greek car designer Alec Issigonis created the iconic Mini automobile, while the computer scientist Michael Dertouzos was amongst the pioneers of the internet. Sir Alexander Arnold Constantine Issigonis, CBE, FRS (November 18 1906&ndashOctober 2 1988 was a Greek - British designer The Mini is a small car that was produced by the British Motor Corporation (BMC and its successors from 1959 until 2000 Michael Leonidas Dertouzos ( Greek: Μιχαήλ Λεωνίδας Δερτούζος ( November 5, 1936 - August Nicolas Negroponte chairman of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab is one of the founders of the program One Laptop Per Child, a non-profit organisation aiming to extend Internet access in developing countries. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks

Dance

Main article: Greek Dances

Greece has a continuous history of native dances reaching from antiquity till the modern era. Greek dance is a very old tradition being referred to by ancient authors such as Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch and Lucian. It began in the Minoan period. The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete.

Classical Greece

Ancient Greeks believed that dancing was invented by the gods and therefore associated it with religious ceremony. Greek religion encompasses the collection of beliefs and rituals practiced in Ancient Greece in the form of both popular public religion and cult practices. They believed that the gods offered this gift to select mortals only, who in turn taught dancing to their fellow-men.

Periodic evidence in ancient texts indicates that dance was held in high regard, in particular for its educational qualities. Dance, along with writing, music, and physical exercise, was fundamental to the education system and many classical authors extol its virtues as means of cultivating physical and spiritual wellbeing.

Byzantine Greece

Though we have only a few precise descriptions of Byzantine dances, it is known they were often "intertwined". The leader of the dance was called the koryphaios or chorolektes, and it was he who began the song and ensured that the circle was maintained. Efstathios of Thessaloniki mentions a dance which commenced in a circle and ended with the dancers facing one another. Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia When not dancing in a circle the dancers held their hands high or waved them to left and right. They held cymbals (very like the zilia of today) or a kerchief in their hands, and their movements were emphasized by their long sleeves. As they danced, they sang, either set songs or extemporized ones, sometimes in unison, sometimes in refrain, repeating the verse sung by the lead dancer. The onlookers joined in, clapping the rhythm or singing. Professional singers, often the musicians themselves, composed lyrics to suit the occasion. Byzantine music is the music of the Byzantine Empire composed to Greek texts as ceremonial festival or church music

Byzantine instruments included the guitar, single, double or multiple flute, sistrum, timpani (drum), psaltirio, Sirigs, lyre, cymbals, keras and kanonaki.

Popular dances of this period included the Syrtos, Geranos, Mantilia , Saximos, Pyrichios, and Kordakas . Some of these dances have their origins in the ancient period and are still enacted in some form today.

Modern Greece

Greece is one of the few places in Europe where the day-to-day role of folk dance is sustained. Rather than functioning as a museum piece preserved only for performances and special events, it is a vivid expression of everyday life. Occasions for dance are usually weddings, family celebrations, and paneyeria (Patron Saints' name days). Dance has its place in ceremonial customs that are still preserved in Greek villages, such as dancing the bride during a wedding and dancing the trousseau of the bride during the wedding preparations. The carnival and Easter offer more opportunities for family gatherings and dancing. Carnival is a festival season which occurs immediately before Lent; the main events are usually during February and March Greek taverns providing live entertainment often include folk dances in their program. Taverna refers to a small Restaurant serving Greek cuisine, not to be confused with " Tavern "

Regional characteristics have developed over the years because of variances in climatic conditions, land morphology, and people's social lives. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of In later years, wars, international pacts and consequent movement of populations, and even movements of civil servants around the country, intermingled traditions. People learned new dances, adapted them to their environment, and included them in their feasts. Kalamatianos and Tsamikos are considered panhellenic dances and are danced all over the world in diaspora communities. Others have also crossed boundaries and are known beyond the regions where they originated; these include theKaragouna from Thessaly, the Pentozalis from Crete, the Zonaradikos from Thrace, the Tik from Pontos, and the Balos from the Aegean Islands. Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean.

The avant-garde choreographer, director and dancer Dimitris Papaioannou was responsible for the critically successful Opening Ceremony of the 2004 Olympic Games, with a conception that reflected the classical influences on modern and experimental Greek dance forms. Dimitris Papaioannou (Δημήτρης Παπαϊωάννου (born 21 June 1964) is a Greek Avant-garde stage director, choreographer A ceremony is an activity infused with Ritual significance performed on a special occasion The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games

Music

Main article: Music of Greece

Greece has a diverse and highly influential musical tradition, with ancient music influencing the Roman Empire, and Byzantine liturgical chants and secular music influencing the Renaissance. The musical legacy of Greece is as diverse as its history. Cypriot music has certain similarities to traditional Greek Music, and their The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Modern Greek music combines these elements, as well as influences from the Middle East, to carry Greeks' interpretation of a wide range of musical forms. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East.

Classical Greece

The history of music in Greece begins once more, as one might expect, with the music of ancient Greece, largely structured on the Lyre and other supporting string instruments of the era. The lyre is a stringed musical instrument well known for its use in Classical Antiquity and later A string instrument (or stringed instrument) is a Musical instrument that produces Sound by means of Vibrating strings In the Hornbostel-Sachs Beyond the well-known structural legacies of the Pythagorean scale, and the related mathematical developments it upheld to define western classical music, relatively little is understood about the precise character of music during this period; we do know, however, that it left, as so often, a strong mark on the culture of Rome. "Pythagoras of Samos" redirects here For the Samian statuary of the same name see Pythagoras (sculptor. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 What has been gleaned about the social role and character of ancient Greek music comes largely from pottery and other forms of Greek art. Greece has a rich and varied artistic history spanning some 5000 years

Byzantine Greece

The music of Greek Byzantium is also of major significance to the history and development of European music, as liturgical chants became the foundation and stepping stone for music of the Renaissance (see: Renaissance Music). Byzantine music is the music of the Byzantine Empire composed to Greek texts as ceremonial festival or church music A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions Renaissance music is European music written during the Renaissance, approximately 1400 - 1600 It is also certain that Byzantine music included an extensive tradition of instrumental court music and dance; any other picture would be both incongruous with the historically and archaeologically documented opulence of the Eastern Roman Empire. There survive a few but explicit accounts of secular music. A characteristic example are the accounts of pneumatic organs, whose construction was furthest advanced in the eastern empire prior to their development in the west following the Renaissance.

Modern Greece

A range of domestically and internationally known composers and performers across the musical spectrum have found success in modern Greece, while traditional Greek music is noted as a mixture of influences from indigenous culture with those of west and east. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Turkish and Ottoman elements can be most clearly heard in the traditional songs, dhimotiká, as well as the modern bluesy rembétika music. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression Rebetiko, plural rebetika, ( Greek ρεμπέτικο and ρεμπέτικα respectively occasionally transliterated as Rembetiko The best-known Greek musical instrument is the bouzouki. The bouzouki ( gr το μπουζούκι pl. τα μπουζούκια (plural sometimes transliterated as bouzoukia) is the mainstay of modern "Bouzouki" is a descriptive Turkish name, but the instrument itself is in fact of Greek rather than Turkish origin. It derives from the ancient Greek lute known as the pandoura, a kind of guitar, clearly visible in ancient statues, especially female figurines of the "Tanagraies" playing cord instruments. The pandura is an ancient String instrument from the Mediterranian basin

Famous present-day Greek musicians include the central figure of 20th century European modernism Iannis Xenakis, a composer, architect and theorist. Iannis Xenakis (Ιάννης Ξενάκης (May 29 1922 - February 4 2001 was a Greek modernist composer musical theoretician and architect Maria Callas, Mikis Theodorakis, Dimitris Mitropoulos, Manos Hadjidakis, and Vangelis also lead twentieth-century Greek contributions, alongside Nikos Skalkottas, Demis Roussos, Nana Mouskouri, Firewind (led by internationally renowned guitarist Gus G.), Rotting Christ and Anna Vissi. Mikis Theodorakis (Μίκης Θεοδωράκης (b July 29 1925, Greek island of Chios) is one of the most popular Greek composers Dimitris Mitropoulos (Δημήτρης Μητρόπουλος ( &ndash November 2, 1960) known in the West as Dimitri Mitropoulos Manos Hadjidakis (Μάνος Χατζιδάκις ( October 23, 1925 &ndash June 15, 1994) was a popular Greek composer Evangelos Odysseas Papathanassiou (Born March 29, 1943 in Volos, Greece) ( Greek: Ευάγγελος Οδυσσέας Παπαθανασίου Nikos Skalkottas (Nίκος Σκαλκώτας ( 21 March, 1904 &ndash 19 September, 1949) was one of Artemios (Demis Ventouris Roussos (born June 15, 1946) is a Greek singer Nana Mouskouri (in Greek Nάνα Μούσχουρη) born as Ioanna Mouskhouri on October 13 1934, in Chania, Crete, Firewind is a Greek Power metal band that was originally created as a way for Guitarist Gus G Kostas Karamitroudis ( Κώστας Καραμητρούδης) aka Gus G Rotting Christ is a Greek Black metal band formed in 1987 They are notable as being one of the first bands of the genre within this region as well as a premier Anna Vissi ( Greek: Άννα Βίσση; born December 20, 1957) is a Cypriot - Greek Singer, famous mainly

Cuisine

Main article: Greek cuisine

Greek cuisine is often cited as an example of the healthy Mediterranean diet. The Greek cuisine ( Greek: Ελληνική Κουζίνα is Greece's traditional Cuisine, a typical Mediterranean cuisine Contemporary The Mediterranean diet is a modern nutritional recommendation inspired by the traditional dietary patterns of some of the countries of the Mediterranean Basin. The cuisine of Greece has influences from Italian, Balkan and Middle Eastern cuisine. Italian cuisine as a national Cuisine known today has evolved through centuries of social and political changes with its roots traced back to 4th century BC The term Middle Eastern cuisine refers to the various Cuisines of the Middle East. Greek cuisine incorporates fresh ingredients into a variety of local dishes such as moussaka, stifado and spanakopita. Moussaka ( μουσακάς South Slavic: мусака /​ musaka, from musakka ultimately from مسقعة musaqqaʿa "chilled" is a traditional The Greek cuisine ( Greek: Ελληνική Κουζίνα is Greece's traditional Cuisine, a typical Mediterranean cuisine Contemporary Spanikopita ( Greek "σπανάκι + πίτα" spinach + pie is a Greek pastry with a filling of Spinach, Feta cheese (sometimes Throughout Greece people often enjoy eating from small dishes such as meze with various dips such as tzatziki, grilled octopus and small fish, feta cheese, dolmades (rice, currants and pine kernels wrapped in vine leaves), various pulses, olives and cheese. Meze or mezze ( Arabic, مَزة, Greek mezé (μεζέ Bulgarian: мезé / mezé, Turkish Tzatziki, tzadziki, or tsatsiki (τζατζίκι is a Greek Meze or appetizer also used as a sauce for Souvlaki and Gyros The Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Feta ( φέτα, also spelled fetta) is a brined Curd Cheese traditionally made in Greece with goat's and Dolma ( Greek:ντολμάς is a family of stuffed vegetable dishes in the cuisines of the former Ottoman Empire and surrounding regions including Turkey Pulses are annual leguminous crops yielding from one to twelve Grains or Seeds of variable size shape and color within a Pod, according The Olive ( Olea europaea) is a Species of small Tree in the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. Olive oil is added to almost every dish. Olive oil is a fruit oil obtained from the olive ( Olea europaea; family Oleaceae along with Lilacs Jasmine and ash trees Sweet desserts such as galaktoboureko, and drinks such as ouzo, metaxa and a variety of wines including retsina. Galaktoboureko (γαλακτομπούρεκο is a Greek Dessert of Custard (sometimes flavored with lemon or orange in Phyllo. Ouzo (ούζο is an Anise -flavored Liqueur that is widely consumed in Greece. Metaxa ( Greek: Μεταξά) is a Greek distilled spirit invented by Spyros Metaxas in 1888 Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Retsina ( Ρετσίνα in Greek) is a Greek Resinated white (or Rosé) Wine that has been made for at least 2000 years

It must be noted however, that Greek cuisine difers widely from different parts of the mainland and from Island to Island. Cyprus in particular, has many delicacies that are native to it alone, such as grilled Halloumi and Louvi. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Halloumi ( Greek: χαλλούμι, Turkish: Hellim, Arabic: حلوم (transl

Education

Main article: Education in Greece

Education in Greece is compulsory for all children 6-15 years old; namely, it includes Primary (Dimotiko) and Lower Secondary (Gymnasio) Education. The Greek Educational system has undergone significant changes and modernisations during the 1990s The Greek Educational system has undergone significant changes and modernisations during the 1990s The school life of the students, however, can start from the age of 2. 5 years (pre-school education) in institutions (private and public) called "Vrefonipiakoi Paidikoi Stathmi" (creches). In some Vrefonipiakoi Stathmoi there are also Nipiaka Tmimata (nursery classes) which operate along with the Nipiagogeia (kindergartens).

Post-compulsory Secondary Education, according to the reform of 1997, consists of two school types: Eniaia Lykeia (Unified Upper Secondary Schools) and the Technical Vocational Educational Schools (TEE). Australia See also Education Musical, Ecclesiastical and Physical Education Gymnasia and Lykeia are also in operation.

Post-compulsory Secondary Education also includes the Vocational Training Institutes (IEK) , which provide formal but unclassified level of education. These Institutes are not classified as an educational level, because they accept both Gymnasio (lower secondary school) and Lykeio (upper secondary school) graduates according to the relevant specializations they provide. Public higher education is divided into Universities and Technological Education Institutes (TEI). Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place at the second and third grade of Lykeio. Additionally, students are admitted to the Hellenic Open University upon the completion of the 22 year of age by drawing lots.

Nea Dimokratia (New Democracy), the Greek conservative right political party, has claimed that it will change the law so that private universities gain recognition. New Democracy ( ND, Greek: Νέα Δημοκρατία Néa Dimokratía) founded in 1974 is the main center-right political party in Greece Without official recognition, students who have an EES degree are unable to work in the public sector. PASOK took some action after EU intervention, namely the creation of a special government agency which certifies the vocational status of certain EES degree holders, however their academic status still remains a problem. The Panhellenic Socialist Movement, better known as PASOK ( Greek: Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα Pa nellinio So The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The issue of full recognition is still an issue of debate among Greek politicians.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Greece

Greece is a Parliamentary Republic with a president assuming a more ceremonial role than in some other republics, and the Prime Minister chosen from the leader of the majority party in the parliament. The Politics of Greece takes place in a large parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Greece is the TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Greece has a codified constitution and a written Bill of Rights embedded within it. A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity The current Prime Minister is Kostas Karamanlis. Konstantínos Alexandrou Karamanlís (Κωνσταντίνος Αλεξάνδρου Καραμανλής (alt

The politics of the third Hellenic Republic have been dominated by two main political parties, the self proclaimed socialists of PASOK and the conservative New Democracy. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Panhellenic Socialist Movement, better known as PASOK ( Greek: Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα Pa nellinio So New Democracy ( ND, Greek: Νέα Δημοκρατία Néa Dimokratía) founded in 1974 is the main center-right political party in Greece Until recently PASOK had dominated the political scene, presiding over favourable growth rates economically but in the eyes of critics failing to deliver where unemployment and structural issues such as market liberalization were concerned. The Panhellenic Socialist Movement, better known as PASOK ( Greek: Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα Pa nellinio So

New Democracy's election to government in 2004 has led to various initiatives to modernize the country, such as the education university scheme above as well as labour market liberalization. Politically there has been massive opposition to some of these moves owing to a large, well organized workers' movement in Greece, which distrusts the right wing administration and neo-liberal ideas. The population in general appears to accept many of the initiatives, reflected in governmental support; on the economic front many are so far warming to the reforms made by the administration, which have been largely rewarded with above average Eurozone growth rates. New Democracy were re-elected in September 2007.

A number of other smaller political parties exist. They include the third largest party (the Communist Party), which still commands large support from many rural working areas as well as some of the immigrant population in Greece, as well as the far-right Popular Orthodox Rally, with the latter, while commanding a mere three and a half per cent of votes, seeking to capitalise on opposition in some quarters regarding Turkey's EU accession and any tension in the Aegean. There is also a relatively small, but well organized anarchist movement, though its status in Greece has been somewhat exaggerated by media overseas.

The political process is energetically and openly participated in by the people of Greece, while public demonstrations are a continual feature of Athenian life; however, there have been criticisms of a governmental failure to sufficiently involve minorities in political debate and hence a sidelining of their opinions. In general, politics is regarded as an acceptable subject to broach on almost every social occasion, and Greeks are often very vocal about their support (or lack of it) for certain policy proposals, or political parties themselves - this is perhaps reflected in what many consider the rather sensationalist media on both sides of the political spectrum; although this is a feature of most European tabloids. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press"

See also

• Art in modern Greece
• Diotima (magazine)
• Education in Greece
• Greek cuisine
• Holidays in Greece
• List of famous Greeks
• List of Greek dances
• List of Greek films
• List of universities in Greece
• Paideia
• Syncretism in Ancient Greece
• Architecture of Greece (non-classical)
• My Big Fat Greek Wedding

External links

• Sketch of the History of Greek Literature from the Earliest Times to the Reign of Alexander the Great by William Smith
• Anagnosis Books Modern Greek Culture Pages
• The Impact of Greek Culture on Normative Judaism from the Hellenistic Period through the Middle Ages c. 330 BCE- 1250 CE
• The Greek diet and its relationship to health
• Greece a cultural profile

Modern Greek Art is the term used to describe Greek art during the period between the emergence of the new independent Greek state and the 20th century Diotima (Greek Διοτίμα is a Greek cultural and social magazine ( ISSN 1790-4552 published in Tripolis of Arcadia, Greece. The Greek Educational system has undergone significant changes and modernisations during the 1990s The Greek cuisine ( Greek: Ελληνική Κουζίνα is Greece's traditional Cuisine, a typical Mediterranean cuisine Contemporary Holidays in Greece: This is a list of Greek people. This is a list of ethnic folk traditional regional or otherwise traditionally assiciated with a particular ethnicity dances, grouped by Ethnicity, Country A list of the most notable films produced in the Cinema of Greece ordered split by year and decade of release on separate pages A listing of universities in Greece. Institutes of Higher Education (Ανώτατα Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα All the state-accredited universities In Ancient Greek, the word Paideia (παιδεία means "education" or "instruction Syncretism consists of the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory beliefs often while melding practices of various schools of thought My Big Fat Greek Wedding is an Academy Award nominated 2002 Romantic comedy film written by and starring Nia Vardalos and directed by Joel

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