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The culture of Europe might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures. Whether it is a question of West as opposed to East; Christianity as opposed to Islam; many have claimed to identify cultural fault lines across the continent. There are many cultural innovations and movements, often at odds with each other, such as Christian proselytism or Humanism. The term innovation means a new way of doing something It may refer to incremental radical and revolutionary changes in thinking products processes or organisations Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal Thus the question of "common culture" or "common values" is far more complex than it seems to be.

Contents

Ethnic cultures

Further information: European ethnic groups and European folklore

National dress

National dress

Brogi, Giacomo (1822-1881) - Donna in costume tradizionale fiorentino. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. This is a list of the cultures of Slavic Europe. East Slavs Belarusian culture Russian culture Slavic Europe is a region of Europe where Slavic people live This area corresponds more or less to East-Central, Eastern Europe and Southeastern Celtic nations are areas of modern northwest Europe which identify themselves with the Celtic cultures specifically speakers of Celtic languages. The culture of Hungary is rich and varied from the twin cities of Buda and Pest on the Danube, to the Great Plain bordering Ukraine. The Culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years with its beginnings in the Mycenaean and Minoan Civilizations, continuing most notably into Classical Greece The culture of Turkey is diverse combining elements derived from Ottoman, European and Middle Eastern traditions Education See also Education in Albania The education system in Albania is secular The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. The culture of the Romani people is rich and various because of unique properties of Romani history National costume, also known as national dress, regional costume or folk dress, expresses an identity through Costume which usually jpg Florence, Italy, 1860s
Gloedensiciliano. jpg Sicily, 1900
Prokudin-Gorskii-08. jpg Russia, c. 1910
Carpatho-Rusyn sub-groups - Transcarpathian Rusyns in original goral folk-costumes from Maramureş . . jpg Ukraine
Chlapi2. jpg Slovakia
Moravian Slovak Costumes during Jizda Kralu. jpg Moravia
Makedonski Nosii 2. jpg Macedonia
MB-Tracht paar. jpg Bavarian
Dutchfolkore. jpg Netherlands, 1920s
Frauentracht aus Waggum. jpg Lower Saxony, c. 1900
Bortfelder Bauerntracht. jpg Lower Saxony, c. 1900
Leksandkvinna, 1911. jpg Sweden, 1911
Eivor a veg inn. jpg Faroese
Sami woman 2005-08-25. jpg Sami
Costumes Saami. jpg Sami

Language

Main article: European languages

Library resources

See The European Library

Religion

Main article: Religion in Europe

Christianity has been the dominant feature in shaping up European culture for at least the last 1700 years. Most of the many Languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European Language family. The European Library is an Internet service that offers access to the resources of 47 European National libraries. Modern philosophical thought has very much been influenced by Christian philosophers such as St Thomas Aquinas and Erasmus.

Predominant religions in Europe      Roman Catholicism      Orthodox Christianity      Protestantism      Sunni Islam      Shia Islam      Judaism
Predominant religions in Europe      Roman Catholicism      Orthodox Christianity      Protestantism      Sunni Islam      Shia Islam      Judaism

The most popular religions of Europe are the following:

Other minor religions exist in Europe, some brought by migrants, including:

Millions of Europeans profess no religion or are atheist or agnostic. Atheism Agnosticism ( Greek: α- a-, without + γνώσις gnōsis, knowledge after Gnosticism) is the philosophical view that the The largest non-confessional populations (as a percentage) are found in Sweden, the Czech Republic and France although most former communist countries have significant non-confessional populations. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Attendance at church is a minority activity in most Western European countries - as an example, the Church of England attracts around 1 million worshippers on a Sunday [1], which corresponds to about 2% of the population of England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

Official religions

A number of countries in Europe have official religions, including Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, Vatican City (Catholic); and Greece (Eastern Orthodox), Denmark, Iceland and Norway (Lutheran). A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional In Switzerland, some cantons are officially Catholic, others Reformed Protestant. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The 26 cantons of Switzerland are the states of the Federal state of Switzerland. Some Swiss villages even have their religion as well as the village name written on the signs at their entrances. In Bulgaria, an article in the constitution defines Eastern Orthodox Christianity as the country's "traditional religion". The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian

Georgia has no established church, but the Georgian Orthodox Church enjoys "de facto" privileged status. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Christianity in ancient and feudal Georgia According to tradition when the Apostles were sent out to preach the Gospel to the nations of the world the Apostle In Finland, both Finnish Orthodox Church and Lutheran church are official. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Structure and organization Along with the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland the Orthodox Church of Finland has a special position in Finnish law The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (in Finnish Suomen evankelis-luterilainen kirkko; in Swedish Evangelisk-lutherska kyrkan Russia recognises Eastern Orthodoxy, Islam, Buddhism and Judaism as all "traditional" (with three states, Kalmykia, Buryatia and Tuva, officially Buddhist). Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Republic of Kalmykia (Респу́блика Калмы́кия Kalmyk: Хальмг Таңһч is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a Buryat Republic (Респу́блика Буря́тия Буряад Республика is a federal subject of Russia (a Republic) Tyva Republic (Респу́блика Тыва́ Respublika Tyva, rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə tɨˈva Тыва Республика Tyva Respublika) or Tuva England, a part of the UK, has Anglicanism as its official religion. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs Scotland, another part of the UK, has

Sport

Main article: Sport in Europe

Europe's influence on sport is enormous. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Sport in Europe tends to be highly organised with many sports having professional leagues Indeed, it is difficult to think of a modern sport, apart from basketball and related sports, that does not have its origins in Europe. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m European sports include:

In addition, Europe has numerous national or regional sports which do not command a huge international following outside of emigrant groups. These include:

Some sporting organisations hold European Championships. Bullfighting or Tauromachy (from Greek ταυρομαχία - tauromachia, "bull-fight" is a traditional spectacle of Spain Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Bandy is a Winter sport, where a ball is hit with a stick It shares a common ancestry with Ice hockey, in that it likely developed from the informal "ball and Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

Philosophy

European philosophy is the most dominant strand of philosophy globally, and is central to philosophical enquiry in America and most other parts of the world. The Union of European Football Associations (Union des associations européennes de football is the administrative and controlling body for European football. The Rugby League European Federation (RLEF is the governing body for the sport of Rugby league across Europe, and the Mediterranean area The European Nations Cup (formerly known as the' European Championship') is a Rugby league tournament for European nations FIRA was formed in 1934 to promote develop organise and administer the game of rugby union in Europe outside the authority of the International Rugby Board (the world governing body of The European Rugby Cup (known as the Heineken Cup because of the tournament's sponsorship by Heineken) is an annual Rugby union competition involving leading The European Short Course Championships are held every year in winter usually in December The European Union plays a minor and mostly indirect policy role in sport, because (a sport is The Mitropa Cup, officially called the La Coupe de l'Europe Centrale was one of the first really international major European football cups for club sides The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF was founded in 1908 as the Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace and is the worldwide governing body for Ice Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America The origins are Judeo-Hellenic: Christian thought is a huge influence on many fields of European philosophy (as European philosophy has been on Christian thought too), sometimes as a reaction; the Greek schools of philosophy in antiquity provide the basis of philosophical discourse that extends to today. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean

Perhaps the most important single philosophical periods since the classical era were the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment. 17th century philosophy in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of Modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century There are many disputes as to its value and even its timescale. What is indisputable is that the tenets of reason and rational discourse owe much to René Descartes, John Locke and others working a the time. Reason involves the ability to think understand and draw Conclusions in an Abstract way as in Human thinking John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher.

Other important European philosophical strands include:

Music

One kind of music in Europe is Irish Folk. Analytic philosophy (sometimes analytical philosophy) is a generic term for a style of Philosophy that came to dominate English-speaking countries in the 20th century Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Christian democracy is a political ideology that seeks to apply Christian (and often specifically Catholic) principles to public policy Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Deconstruction is a term used in Philosophy, Literary criticism, and the Social sciences, popularised through its usage by Jacques Derrida in In Philosophy, empiricism is a theory of Knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from Experience. Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal In Western civilization, Idealism is the philosophy which maintains that the Ultimate nature of reality is ideal or based upon ideas values essences The so-called Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Logical positivism (later and more accurately called logical empiricism) is a school of philosophy that combines Empiricism, the idea that observational evidence is Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. Perspectivism is the philosophical view developed by Friedrich Nietzsche that all Ideations take place from particular perspectives This means Platonism is the Philosophy of Plato or the name of other philosophical systems considered closely derived from it Positivism is the Philosophy that the only authentic knowledge is knowledge that is based on actual sense experience Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism In Epistemology and in its broadest sense rationalism is "any view appealing to Reason as a source of knowledge or justification" (Lacey 286 Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the In ordinary usage skepticism or scepticism ( Greek 'σκέπτομαι' skeptomai, to look about to consider see also spelling differences Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Stoicism, a school of Hellenistic philosophy, was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC For the use of structuralism in biology see Structuralism (biology Structuralism is an approach to the human sciences that attempts to analyze Thomism is the philosophical school that arose as a legacy of the work and thought of Thomas Aquinas. Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall Utility, that is its contribution to happiness The Balver Hoehle is the home of the annual Irish Folk & Celtic Music. Balve is a town in the Märkischer Kreis district North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Rudolstadt is the host of a festival with Worldmusic. Rudolstadt is a Town in the German Bundesland of Thuringia, close to the Thuringian Forest to the southwest and to Jena Important classical composers from Europe include Beethoven, Mozart and Bach.

Europe consists of many different genre's of music, ranging form pop, rap, hip'hop, r'n'b, dance, jazz, soul etc. Europe overlapps all the cultural movements of music, and is intertwined within itself. It is a whole world of music.

Festivals

Europe is home to many cultural festivals including the Oktoberfest beer festival (Germany), Cannes Film Festival (France) and music festivals such as Glastonbury (UK) and Benicassim (Spain).

European City of Culture

Each year since 1985 one or more cities across Europe are chosen as European Cities of Culture.

Symbols

See also

External links

The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one Calendar year during which it is given a chance to showcase its Europeanisation (or Europeanization) refers to a number of related phenomena and patterns of change Westernization or occidentalization (from occident, see wiktionary) is a process whereby societies come under or adopt the Western In the battles of macrohistorical importance involving invasions of Europe, there were seven distinct conflicts that greatly affected the history of Europe ranging from the Battle Europalia is a cultural organization established in Brussels, Belgium in 1969. The term Romano-Germanic describes the conflation of Roman culture with that of various Germanic peoples under the rule of the Roman Empire.
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