A cultural universal (see George Murdock, Claude Levi-Strauss, Donald Brown) is an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all human cultures on the planet. For the first mayor of Calgary Alberta see George Murdoch. For the American actor see George Murdock (actor. Claude Lévi-Strauss (klod levi stʁos born 28 November 1908 is a French Anthropologist. Donald E Brown is an American professor of Anthropology ( Emeritus) Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Examples of elements that may be considered cultural universals are gender roles, the incest taboo, religious and healing ritual, mythology, marriage, language, art, music, cooking, games, and jokes. A gender role is defined as a set of perceived behavioural norms associated particularly with Males or Females in a given social group or system The incest taboo refers to the cultural prohibition of Sexual activity or Marriage between persons defined as "close" relatives - commonly called Incest A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Cooking is the process of preparing Food by applying Heat, selecting measuring and combining of ingredients in an ordered procedure for producing safe and edible A game is a structured activity, usually undertaken for Enjoyment and sometimes also used as an Educational tool See also Mathematics of humor A joke is a short story or ironic depiction of a situation communicated with the intent of being humorous. It should be noted that some anthropological and sociological theorists of an extreme cultural relativism perspective may deny, or minimize the importance of, the existence of cultural universals. Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual Human 's Beliefs and activities should be understood in terms of his or her own Culture. The "nature versus nurture" argument has been going on for generations and is likely to continue. The nature versus nurture debates concern the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities ("nature" i
These universals are sometimes referred to as "empty universals" since merely remarking on their presence in a particular culture doesn't actually show anything unique or significant about that culture.
The principal cultural universals are:
- Food
- Water
- Clothing
- Shelter
- Social organization
- Family
- Communication
- Recreation
- Arts
- Environment
- History
- Trance
- Spirituality
External links
Bibliography
- Erika Bourginon (1973) Diversity and Homogeneity in World Societies. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Clothing (also called clothes, accoutrements, accouterments, or habiliments) protects the Human body from extreme Weather Social organization or social institution, refers to a group of Social positions connected by Social relations performing a Social role. Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way Recreation or fun is the expenditure of time in a manner designed for therapeutic refreshment of one's Body or Mind. The arts is a broad subdivision of Culture, composed of many expressive disciplines. See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Trance denotes a variety of processes techniques modalities and states of mind awareness and consciousness Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality New Haven, Connecticut: HRAF Press
- Donald Brown (1991) Human Universals. Donald E Brown is an American professor of Anthropology ( Emeritus) Philadelphia, Temple University Press. Temple University Press is a University press publishing house that is part of Temple University, Philadelphia Pennsylvania.
- Joseph H. Greenberg, et al. Joseph Harold Greenberg (May 28 1915 – May 7 2001 was a prominent and controversial linguist and Africanist anthropologist known for his work in both typology (1978) Universals of Human Language, 4 vols. Stanford University Press
- Charles D. Laughlin and Eugene G. The Stanford University Press is the Publishing house of Stanford University. Charles D Laughlin Jr (1938 --) is known primarily for having co-founded a school of neuroanthropological theory called Biogenetic Structuralism. d'Aquili (1974) Biogenetic Structuralism. New York: Columbia University Press
- Claude Lévi-Strauss (1966) The Savage Mind. Claude Lévi-Strauss (klod levi stʁos born 28 November 1908 is a French Anthropologist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press [first published in French in 1962]
- Charles E. Osgood, William S May, and Murray S Miron (1975) Cross-Cultural Universals of Affective Meaning Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press
- Steven Pinker (2002), The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature, New York: Penguin Putnam
- Rik Pinxten (1976) "Epistemic Universals: A Contribution to Cognitive Anthropology" in Universalism Versus Relativism in Language and Thought, R. The University of Chicago Press is the largest University press in the United States Charles Egerton Osgood (* November 20 1916 in Somerville Massachusetts &dagger September 15 1991 was a distinguished Psychologist who developed a technique for the measurement The University of Illinois Press ( UIP) is a major American University press and part of the University of Illinois. Steven Arthur Pinker (born September 18 1954 is a prominent Canadian - American experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, and author Penguin Group is the second largest trade book Publisher in the world behind Random House. Pinxten (ed. ). The Hague: Mouton.
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