A cultivar is a cultivated plant that has been selected and given a unique name because it has desirable decorative or useful characteristics that distinguish it from otherwise similar plants of the same species. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. When propagated it retains those characteristics. Plant propagation is the process of artificially or naturally propagating (distributing or spreading Plants Sexual propagation (seed See also
The naming of a cultivar should conform to the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (the ICNCP, commonly known as the "Cultivated Plant Code"). The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP) regulates the naming of Cultivars Cultivar Groups and Graft-chimaeras The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP) regulates the naming of Cultivars Cultivar Groups and Graft-chimaeras For this, it must be distinct from other cultivars and it must be possible to propagate it reliably, in the manner prescribed for that particular cultivar. Plant propagation is the process of artificially or naturally propagating (distributing or spreading Plants Sexual propagation (seed See also
The word cultivar, coined by Liberty Hyde Bailey, is generally regarded as a portmanteau of "cultivated" and "variety", but could also be derived from "cultigen" "variety". Liberty Hyde Bailey (1858-1954 was an American horticulturist, Botanist and cofounder of the American Society for Horticultural Science Interestingly, cultivar is also a Spanish verb meaning "to cultivate. " The word cultivar is not interchangeable with the botanical rank of variety, nor with the legal term "plant variety". In Botanical nomenclature or biological nomenclature variety is a low-level Taxonomic rank below that of species and signifies members of different populations can See also Variety (botany A "plant variety " is a Legal term, following the UPOV Convention [1]. Cultivars are a sub-set of Bailey's broader grouping the cultigen, defined as "a plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans" (see cultigen for Bailey's original definition of the cultivar[2], his definitions of the cultigen, and discussion of the current definition of cultigen). A cultigen is a plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans it is the result of Artificial selection.
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Definition
Article 2. 1 of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants states that a cultivar is the "primary category of cultivated plants whose nomenclature is governed by this Code. " and defines a cultivar as "an assemblage of plants that has been selected for a particular attribute or combination of attributes, and that is clearly distinct, uniform and stable in its characteristics and that, when propagated by appropriate means, retains those characteristics" (Art. 2. 2).
The status of a cultivar is quite limited, with nomenclatural consequences only; it offers no legal protection.
Nature of a cultivar
A cultivar is a particular variety of a plant species or hybrid that is being cultivated and/or is recognised as a cultivar under the ICNCP. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. The concept of cultivar is driven by pragmatism, and serves the practical needs of horticulture, agriculture, forestry, etc. Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field that encompasses the parts of exact natural economic and Social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding Forestry is the Art and Science of managing forests tree Plantations and related Natural resources.
The plant chosen as a cultivar may have been bred deliberately, selected from plants in cultivation, or discovered in the wild. Cultivars can be asexual clones or seed-raised. Cloning in Biology is the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as Bacteria, Insects Clones are genetically identical and will appear so when grown under the same conditions. Seed-raised cultivars can be mixes that show a wide variation in one or more traits such as a mix of flower colors, or highly homogeneous plant strains produced by heavily selecting out undesirable traits thus producing a breeding line that is uniform or they can be F1 hybrids produced by cross breeding. In biology strain is a low-level Taxonomic rank used in three related ways Artificial selection is the intentional breeding for certain traits or combinations of traits over others and is synonymous with " Selective breeding " F1 hybrid is a term used in Genetics and Selective breeding. F1 stands for Filial 1, the first filial Generation seeds/plants or animal A crossbreed or crossbred usually refers to an animal with Purebred parents of two different breeds varieties or populations There are a few F2 hybrid seed cultivars too (Achillea 'Summer Berries'. )
There is not necessarily a relationship between any cultivar and any particular genome. In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby The ICNCP emphasizes that different cultivated plants may be accepted as different cultivars, even if they have the same genome, while cultivated plants with different genomes may be a single cultivar. In some cultivars, the human involvement was limited to making a selection among plants growing in the wild (whether by collecting growing tissue to propagate from or by gathering seed).
Other cultivars are strictly artificial: the plants must be made anew every time, as in the case of an F1 hybrid between two plant lines. It is not required that a cultivar can reproduce itself. The "appropriate means of propagation" vary from cultivar to cultivar. This may range from propagation by seed which was the result of natural pollination to laboratory propagation. Many cultivars are clones and are propagated by cuttings, grafting, etc.
Cultivars include many garden and food crops: 'Granny Smith' and 'Red Delicious' are cultivars of apples propagated by cuttings or grafting, 'Red Sails' and 'Great Lakes' are lettuce cultivars propagated by seeds. Granny Smith, or green apple, is a tip-bearing Apple Cultivar. The Red Delicious is an Apple that was recognized in Wellsburg Iowa in 1880 Grafting is a method of asexual Plant propagation widely used in Agriculture and Horticulture where the tissues of one Plant are encouraged to Named Hosta and Hemerocallis plants are cultivars produced by micro propagation or division. Hosta ( syn: Funkia) is a Genus of about 23–40 Species of Lily -like plants native to northeast Asia. Daylilies comprise the small Genus Hemerocallis of flowering plants in the family Hemerocallidaceae.
Cultivar names
Cultivars are identified by uniquely distinguishing names. Viola, commonly called Violets, is a Genus of Flowering plants in the family Violaceae, with around 400-500 species distributed Names of cultivars are regulated by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, are registered with an International Cultivar Registration Authority (ICRA) and conform to the rules of the ISHS (International Society for Horticultural Science) Commission for Nomenclature and Cultivar Registration. International Cultivar Registration Authorities (ICRAs are appointed by the ISHS ( International Society for Horticultural Science) Commission for Nomenclature and There are separate registration authorities for different plant-groups. In addition, cultivars may get a trademark name, protected by law (see Trade Designations and "Selling Names", below). A trademark or trade mark, represented by the symbols ™ and ®, or mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual
A cultivar name consists of a botanical name (of a genus, species, infraspecific taxon, interspecific hybrid or intergeneric hybrid) followed by a cultivar epithet. A botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN and if the plant is a Cultigen, the In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. A taxon (plural taxa) or taxonomic unit, is a name designating an organism or a group of Organisms In Biological nomenclature according to In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. An epithet (from Greek ἐπίθετον - epitheton, neut of ἐπίθετος - epithetos, "attributed added" is a The cultivar epithet is capitalised and put between single quotes: preferably it should not be italicized. Cultivar epithets published before 1 January 1959 were often given a Latin form and can be readily confused with the specific epithets in botanical names: after that date, newly coined cultivar epithets must be in a modern vernacular language to distinguish them from botanical epithets. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. In zoological nomenclature a specific name or specific epithet is the second part (second name in the name of a Species (a Binomen)
- Cryptomeria japonica 'Elegans'
- Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Aureomarginata' (pre-1959 name, Latin in form)
- Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Golden Wonder' (post-1959 name, English language)
- Pinus densiflora 'Akebono' (post-1959 name, Japanese language)
- Some incorrect examples:
- Cryptomeria japonica "Elegans" (double quotes are unacceptable)
- Berberis thunbergii cv. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities 'Crimson Pygmy' (this once-common usage is now unacceptable, as it is no longer correct to use "cv. " in this context; Berberis thunbergii 'Crimson Pygmy' is correct)
- Rosa cv. 'Peace' (this is now incorrect for two reasons: firstly, the use of "cv. "; secondly, "Peace" is a trade designation or "selling name" for the cultivar R. 'Madame A. Meilland' and should therefore be printed in a different typeface from the rest of the name, without any quote marks, for example: Rosa Peace. )
Where several very similar cultivars exist, these are termed Cultivar Groups; the name is in normal type and capitalised as in a single cultivar, but not in single quotes, and followed by "Group" (or its equivalent in other languages)
- Brassica oleracea Capitata Group (the group of cultivars including all typical cabbages)
- Brassica oleracea Botrytis Group (the group of cultivars including all typical cauliflowers)
- Hydrangea macrophylla Groupe Hortensis (in French) = Hydrangea macrophylla Hortensia Group (in English)
Where cited with a cultivar name the Cultivar Group should be enclosed in parentheses, as follows:
- Hydrangea macrophylla (Hortensia Group) 'Ayesha'
Some cultivars and Cultivar Groups are so well "fixed" or established that they "come true from seed", meaning that the plants from a seed sowing (rather than vegetatively propagated) will show very little variation. The cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var capitata) is a leafy garden plant of the Family Brassicaceae (or Cruciferae used as a Cauliflower is one of several vegetables in the species Brassica oleracea, in the family Brassicaceae. Under the Botanical nomenclature of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP a cultivar group is any gathering of Cultivars In the past, such plants were often called by the terms "variety", "selection" or "strain"; these terms (particularly "variety", which has a very different botanical meaning – see below) are best avoided with cultivated plants. Normally, however, plants grown from seed taken from a cultivar can be very variable and such seeds or seedling plants should never be labelled with, or sold under, the parent cultivar's name (See [1] an article by Tony Lord of The RHS Plant Finder). Tony Lord is a United Kingdom gardener photographer and author The Royal Horticultural Society ( RHS) was founded in 1804 in London, England as the Horticultural Society of London, and gained its present
Trade designations and "selling names"
Cultivars that are still being developed and not yet ready for release to retail sale are often coded with letters and/or numbers before being assigned a name. Canola is a type of Edible oil derived from plants initially bred in Canada by Keith Downey and Baldur Stefansson in the 1970s Rapeseed ( Brassica napus) also known as rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rapaseed and (in the case of one particular group of It is common for this code name to be quoted alongside the new cultivar name or trade designation when the plant is made available commercially (for example Rosa Fascination = 'Poulmax') and this may continue, in books or magazines and on plant labels, for several years after the plant was released. Because a name that is attractive in one language may have less appeal in another country, a plant may be given different selling names from country to country. Quoting the code allows the correct identification of cultivars around the world and helps to avoid the once-common situation where the same plant might, confusingly, be sold under several different names in one country, having been imported under different aliases. A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias)
Another form of what the Cultivated Plant Code (ICNCP) calls a trade designation is the plant "variety", as defined in the UPOV Convention. See also Variety (botany A "plant variety " is a Legal term, following the UPOV Convention The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants or UPOV ( French: U nion internationale pour la p rotection des Not to be confused with the botanical rank of variety. In Botanical nomenclature or biological nomenclature variety is a low-level Taxonomic rank below that of species and signifies members of different populations can
Cultivars in the garden and natural world
Some cultivars are "naturalized" in gardening, in other words they are planted out and largely left to their own devices. Pavlovo (Па́влово or Pavlovo-na-Oke (Па́влово-на-Оке́ is a city in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, situated on the Oka River With pollination and regrowth from seed, true natural processes, the distinct cultivars will disappear over time. The cultivar's genetic material however may become part of the gene pool of a population, where it will be largely but not completely swamped. Genetic material is used to store the genetic information of an organic life form In Population genetics, a gene pool is the complete set of unique Alleles in a Species or Population. Cultivars that are propagated by asexual means such as dividing, cuttings or micropropagation generally do not come true from seed. Plants raised from seed saved from these plants should never be called by the cultivar name. Seeds collected from seed raised cultivars may or may not come true from collected seeds that are sown. Cross pollination with other plants in the garden or from the surrounding area could occur that could contaminate the seed line and produce different plants the next generation. Even if a seed raised cultivar is grown in isolation, often the cultivar can change as different combinations of recessive genes are expressed, so good breeders maintain the seed lines by weeding out atypical plants before they can pass on their genes or pathogens to the next generation and affect the cultivar line. [3]
Legal points
The practice of patent protection (legally protecting) is an important tool to encourage the development of new useful cultivars; "protected cultivars" are the result of deliberate breeding programs and selection activity by nurseries and plant breeders, and are often the result of years of work. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the genetics of plants for the benefit of humankind "Plant patents" and "plant breeder's rights" (which can be expensive to obtain) are means for the breeder or inventor to obtain financial reward for their work. [4]
With plants produced by genetic engineering becoming more widely used, the companies producing these plants (or plants produced by traditional means) often claim a patent on their product. Genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an In Marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a Market that might satisfy a want or need Plants so controlled retain certain rights that accrue not to the grower, but to the firm or agency that engineered the variety.
Some plants are often labeled "PBR", which stands for "plant breeders' rights", or "PVR", which stands for "plant variety rights. Plant breeders' rights (PBR also known as plant variety rights (PVR are Intellectual property rights granted to the breeder of a new variety " It is illegal in countries that obey international law to harvest seeds from a patented "variety" except for personal use. Other means of legal protection include the use of trade marked names whereby the name the plant is sold under is trademarked, but the plant itself not protected. A trademark or trade mark, represented by the symbols ™ and ®, or mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual Trademarking a name is inexpensive and requires less work, while patents can take a few years to be granted and have a greater expense. Some previously named cultivars have been renamed and sold under trademarked names.
In horticulture, plants that are patented or trade marked are often licensed to large wholesalers that multiply and distribute the plants to retail sellers. The wholesalers pay a fee to the patent or trade mark holders for each plant sold, those plants that are patented are labeled with "It's unlawful to propagate this plant" or a similar phrase. Typically the license agreement specifies that a plant must be sold with a tag thus marketed to help ensure that unlawfully produced plants are not sold. The use of plant patents is considered unethical by some people.
External links
- Sale point of the Latest Edition (February 2004) of The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
- International Cultivar Registration Authorities
- The Language of Horticulture
- Opinion piece by Tony Lord (from The Plantsman magazine)
- HORTIVAR - The FAO Horticulture Cultivars Performance Database
References
- ^ HORT217 - Woody Landscape Plants - Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture - Purdue University
- ^ Bailey, L. The Plantsman, Published Quarterly by the Royal Horticultural Society since 1979, is a 68-page Journal "dedicated H. 1923. Various cultigens, and transfers in nomenclature. Gentes Herb. 1:113-136.
- ^ http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/ROGUING.pdf
- ^ P. Gepts (2004)Who Owns Biodiversity, and How Should the Owners Be Compensated?. Plant Physiology 134, 1295-1307
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