Cuban Revolution (part of Cold War)
Date July 26, 1953, to January 1, 1959 Location Cuba Result Overthrow of Batista government
Belligerents
26th of July Movement	Cuba
Commanders
Fidel Castro Che Guevara Raul Castro	Fulgencio Batista

The Cuban Revolution refers to the revolution that led to the overthrow of General Fulgencio Batista's regime on January 1, 1959 by the 26th of July Movement and other revolutionary elements within the country. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la General Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (fulˈxensjo βaˈtista i salˈdiβar January 16, 1901 &ndash August 6, 1973) was a Cuban The 26th of July Movement ( Spanish: Movimiento 26 de Julio; M-26-7) was the revolutionary organization planned and led by Fidel Castro that The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until Ernesto "Che" Guevara (June 14 Following the Cuban revolution,Guevara reviewed Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz (born June 3 1931 is the President of the Cuban Council of State and the Head of state of Cuba. General Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (fulˈxensjo βaˈtista i salˈdiβar January 16, 1901 &ndash August 6, 1973) was a Cuban The Cuban Revolution was the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista’s regime by the 26th of July Movement and the establishment of a new Cuban government led by The Moncada Barracks was a military Barracks in Santiago de Cuba, named after General Guillermon Moncada, a hero of the War of Independence. History Will Absolve Me (Spanish "La historia me absolverá") is the concluding sentence and subsequent title of a four-hour speech made by Fidel Castro Granma is the Yacht that was used to transport the fighters of the Cuban Revolution from Mexico to Cuba in 1956 for the purpose of Operation Verano ( June 28, 1958 - August 8, 1958) was the name given to the summer offensive in 1958 by the Batista government during The Battle of La Plata ( 11 July 1958 - 21 July 1958) was part of Operation Verano, the summer offensive of 1958 launched The Battle of Las Mercedes ( 29 July 1958 - 8 August 1958) was the last battle of Operation Verano, the summer offensive of The Battle of Yaguajay ( 19 December, 1958 - 30 December, 1958) was a decisive victory for the Cuban Revolutionaries over the soldiers of the Batista The Battle of Santa Clara was a series of events in late December 1958 that led to the capture of the Cuban city of The 26th of July Movement ( Spanish: Movimiento 26 de Julio; M-26-7) was the revolutionary organization planned and led by Fidel Castro that Radio Rebelde (English Rebel Radio is a Cuban Spanish-language radio station Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until General Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (fulˈxensjo βaˈtista i salˈdiβar January 16, 1901 &ndash August 6, 1973) was a Cuban Ernesto "Che" Guevara (June 14 Following the Cuban revolution,Guevara reviewed Frank País ( December 7 1934 – July 30 1957) was a Cuban revolutionary who campaigned for the overthrow of General Fulgencio Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz (born June 3 1931 is the President of the Cuban Council of State and the Head of state of Cuba. Camilo Cienfuegos Gorriarán ( February 6, 1932 – October 28, 1959) was a Cuban Revolutionary born in Lawton Havana Celia Sánchez Manduley ( May 9, 1920 &ndash January 11, 1980) was a participant of the Cuban Revolution and a close friend Huber Matos Benítez (born November 26, 1918) was a Cuban revolutionary who helped successfully overthrow General Fulgencio Batista in concert William Alexander Morgan ( 19 April 1928 &ndash 11 March 1961) was a United States citizen who fought in the Cuban Revolution Carlos Franqui (born 1921 is a Cuban writer poet journalist art critic and political activist Vilma Lucila Espín Guillois ( April 7, 1930 - June 18, 2007) was a former Cuban chemical engineer and revolutionary who Norberto Collado Abreu (c 1921 &ndash April 2, 2008) was the Cuban Captain and Helmsman of the Yacht Granma General Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (fulˈxensjo βaˈtista i salˈdiβar January 16, 1901 &ndash August 6, 1973) was a Cuban New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The 26th of July Movement ( Spanish: Movimiento 26 de Julio; M-26-7) was the revolutionary organization planned and led by Fidel Castro that The Cuban Revolution also refers to the ongoing implementation of social and economic programs by the new government since the overthrow of the Batista government, including the implementation of Marxist policies. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Pre-December 1956

Main article: Moncada Barracks

The starting point of the Cuban Revolution is generally accepted to be July 26, 1953, the date on which a group of about one hundred poorly armed guerrillas attacked the Moncada Barracks. The Moncada Barracks was a military Barracks in Santiago de Cuba, named after General Guillermon Moncada, a hero of the War of Independence. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc The Moncada Barracks was a military Barracks in Santiago de Cuba, named after General Guillermon Moncada, a hero of the War of Independence. [1] Many of them were killed in the battles after the attack or tortured, as was Abel Santamaria. Abel Santamaria was an important leader in the Cuban Revolutionary movement The survivors, among them Fidel Castro and his brother Raúl Castro Ruz, were captured shortly afterwards. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz (born June 3 1931 is the President of the Cuban Council of State and the Head of state of Cuba. In a highly political trial, Fidel Castro spoke for nearly four hours in his defense, ending with the words; "Condemn me, it does not matter. History will absolve me. History Will Absolve Me (Spanish "La historia me absolverá") is the concluding sentence and subsequent title of a four-hour speech made by Fidel Castro " Fidel Castro was sentenced 15 years in the presidio modelo prison, located on Isla de Pinos; Raúl was sentenced to 13 years. Isla de la Juventud (lit Isle of Youth; until 1978 named Isla de Pinos – Pine Island is the second-largest Cuban Island and the sixth-largest

In 1955, due to pressure from civil leaders, the general opposition, and the Jesuits who had helped educate Fidel Castro, and perhaps because he had known the Castro brothers in their youth, Batista freed all political prisoners, including the Moncada attackers. The Castro brothers went into exile in Mexico, where they gathered more exiled Cubans to fight in the Cuban revolution for the overthrow of Batista. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. During that period, Castro also met Ernesto "Che" Guevara, who joined their forces. Ernesto "Che" Guevara (June 14 Following the Cuban revolution,Guevara reviewed They were trained by Alberto Bayo, a former military leader of the failed "loyalists" in the Spanish Civil War. Alberto Bayo y Giroud (1892 Camagüey &mdash1967 Havana) was a Cuban Military leader of the defeated left-wing Loyalists The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of

The group trained in Mexico under the leadership of Fidel Castro and returned to Cuba in November 1956, on a small yacht named Granma. Granma is the Yacht that was used to transport the fighters of the Cuban Revolution from Mexico to Cuba in 1956 for the purpose of They hoped their landing in Eastern Cuba would coincide with planned uprisings in the cities and a general strike, coordinated by the llano wing of the 26th of July Movement. The 26th of July Movement ( Spanish: Movimiento 26 de Julio; M-26-7) was the revolutionary organization planned and led by Fidel Castro that It was their intention to launch an armed offensive and swiftly topple the Batista government.

December 1956 to Mid-1958

The Granma arrived in Cuba on 2 December 1956. Granma is the Yacht that was used to transport the fighters of the Cuban Revolution from Mexico to Cuba in 1956 for the purpose of It was delayed in route to Cuba, arriving late and at a location further east than was planned. This dashed any hopes for a coordinated attack with the llano wing of the movement. After arriving and exiting the ship, the band of rebels began to make their way into the Sierra Maestra mountains, a range in Southwestern Cuba. For the Cuban son bandsee Sierra Maestra (music. Sierra Maestra is a Mountain range that runs westward across the south of the old Oriente Province Shortly after their trek began, they were attacked by men from the army. Most of the Granma participants were killed in this attack, but a small number, between ten and two dozen, escaped. The survivors were separated from one another, and alone or in small groups, wandered through the mountains, looking for other survivors. Eventually, this small group of persons, which included Fidel Castro, Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara, Juan José Pàjaro, Camilo Cienfuegos, and Raúl Castro, would find one another with the help of peasant sympathizers and would form the core leadership of the guerrilla army. Juan José Pàjaro ( March 20, 1927) was a Cuban Revolutionary born in Santiago del Cuba Camilo Cienfuegos Gorriarán ( February 6, 1932 – October 28, 1959) was a Cuban Revolutionary born in Lawton Havana Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz (born June 3 1931 is the President of the Cuban Council of State and the Head of state of Cuba. Celia Sanchez and Haydee Santamaria, sister of Abel Santamaria, were two women revolutionaries that assisted Fidel Castro in the mountains. Celia Sánchez Manduley ( May 9, 1920 &ndash January 11, 1980) was a participant of the Cuban Revolution and a close friend

There was another group of revolutionaries, who carried out the most dramatic act of the Revolution since the Moncada Barracks attack of 1953. This second group of revolutionaries were members of the decidedly anticommunist, Student Revolutionary Directorate (RD; Directorio Revolucionario), who in plain daylight and in the middle of Havana traffic stormed the Presidential Palace in an attempt to decapitate the government from the top-- i. e. , to assassinate President Fulgencio Batista-- on March 13, 1957.

But it was the RD that was virtually decapitated after this suicidal attack. Jose Antonio Echeverria, student leader of the group, died of gun-shot wounds fighting Batista's forces after seizing a Havana radio station to broadcast the anticipated news of the success of the operation and the death of the dictator. Only a handful of the assailants (and RD leaders) survived, among them Dr. Humberto Castello, who became Inspector General in the Escambray, Comandante Rolando Cubela and Comandante Faure Chomon, the last two, dual leaders of the pro-freedom, 13 of March Movement, in the Escambray Mountains in Las Villas Province. ^[1]

From 1956 through the middle of 1958, Castro, with the aid of Frank País, Ramos Latour, Huber Matos, and many others, staged successful attacks on small Batista garrisons in the Sierra Maestra mountains. Frank País ( December 7 1934 – July 30 1957) was a Cuban revolutionary who campaigned for the overthrow of General Fulgencio Huber Matos Benítez (born November 26, 1918) was a Cuban revolutionary who helped successfully overthrow General Fulgencio Batista in concert Batista forces tried bloody repression to retain control and the cities in Cuba remained under Batista's control until the end. Che Guevara and Raúl Castro helped consolidate political control in the mountains through executions of suspected Batista Loyalists and potential rivals to Castro. The irregular poorly armed escopeteros harassed the Batista forces through the foot hills and the plains of Oriente Province; in addition these much maligned forces provided Castro's main forces with moderate military support, intelligence, and protected supply lines. Escopeteros in its original usage means those armed with a Smoothbore long barrel Firearm, sometimes a Trabuco or Blunderbuss, and Thus Castro achieved military control of these mountains.

In addition to the physical attacks endured by Batista, further insult came from a pirate radio station called Rebel Radio (Radio Rebelde), created in February 1958. Radio Rebelde (English Rebel Radio is a Cuban Spanish-language radio station It was on these airwaves that Castro and his forces broadcast their message to everyone, from within enemy territory. The radio broadcasts were made possible by Carlos Franqui, a previous acquaintance of Castro and Cuban exile now living in Puerto Rico. Carlos Franqui (born 1921 is a Cuban writer poet journalist art critic and political activist Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}}

During this time, Castro's forces were quite small, at times less than 200 men, while the Cuban army and police force numbered between 30,000 and 40,000 in strength. Yet nearly every time the army fought against the revolutionaries, they were the ones who retreated from the fight. The Cuban military was remarkably ineffective. A growing problem for the Batista forces was an arms embargo imposed on the Cuban government by the United States government on March 14, 1958. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Cuban air force rapidly lost its power as planes could not be repaired without spare parts from the United States.

In the question of support and supply for the insurgency, too, the official figures available from both the U. S. Government and the Cuban government are somewhat suspect. In fact, the 26th of July columns were constantly supplied with ammunition, ordnance, and certain specialized communications equipment, by air and sea, from various locations in Florida and Louisiana. The bulk of the ordinary military stores were drawn from the armories of the Alabama National Guard, which served as the 'augmentation' for the para-military operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency in Latin America. The Alabama National Guards consists of the Alabama Army National Guard Alabama Air National Guard near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Towards the final stages of the conflict, limited numbers of aircraft and armored vehicles were supplied to the insurgents directly from the U. S. Naval Station at Guantánamo Bay, so that the handful of early, cast-hull M4A3 Shermans (equipped with the low-velocity 75mm gun) of the Cuban Army found themselves facing 'Easy Eights' (M4 Shermans with upgraded armor, high-velocity 76mm guns, and HVSS) 'issued' from U. S. Army National Guard and Reserve stores.

Batista forces finally responded with an attack on the mountains called Operation Verano (the rebels called it "la Ofensiva"). Operation Verano ( June 28, 1958 - August 8, 1958) was the name given to the summer offensive in 1958 by the Batista government during Some 12,000 soldiers (more than half new, untrained recruits) attacked into the mountains. In a series of small-scale fights, the Cuban army was defeated by Castro's determined soldiers. In one battle (the Battle of La Plata) which lasted from July 11 till July 21, Castro's forces defeated an entire battalion, capturing 240 men, while losing just 3 of their own. The Battle of La Plata ( 11 July 1958 - 21 July 1958) was part of Operation Verano, the summer offensive of 1958 launched The tide nearly turned on July 29 when Castro's small army (some 300 men) was almost destroyed at the Battle of Las Mercedes. The Battle of Las Mercedes ( 29 July 1958 - 8 August 1958) was the last battle of Operation Verano, the summer offensive of With his forces pinned down by superior numbers, Castro asked for, and was granted, a temporary cease-fire (August 1st). Over the next seven days, while fruitless negotiations took place, Castro's forces gradually escaped from the trap. By August 8th, Castro's entire army had escaped back into the mountains. Operation Verano had been a failure for the Batista government.

Mid-1958 to January 1959

Map Showing Key Locations in the Sierra Maestra during the Cuban Revolution, 1958. For the Cuban son bandsee Sierra Maestra (music. Sierra Maestra is a Mountain range that runs westward across the south of the old Oriente Province

On August 21, 1958, after the defeat of the Batista "ofensiva", Castro's forces began their offensive. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. There were four fronts in the "Oriente" province (now divided into Santiago de Cuba, Granma, Guantánamo and Holguín) directed by Fidel Castro, Raúl Castro and Juan Almeida Bosque. Santiago de Cuba is the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province in the south-eastern area of the island nation of Cuba Granma is one of the Provinces of Cuba. Its capital is Bayamo. Guantánamo is a municipality and city in southeast Cuba and capital of Guantánamo Province. Holguín is a municipality and city the capital of the Cuban Province Holguín. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until Juan Almeida Bosque (born February 17, 1927 in Havana, Cuba) is the third ranking member of the Cuban Council of State and one Descending from the mountains, with weapons captured during the ofensiva and smuggled in by plane, Castro's forces won a series of victories. The major Castro victory at Guisa, and the succeeding capture of several towns (Maffo, Contramaestre, Central Oriente, etc. Guisa is a municipality and city in the Granma Province of Cuba. ) consolidated victory on the Cauto plains.

Meanwhile, three columns under the command of Che Guevara, Camilo Cienfuegos and Jaime Vega proceeded westward toward the provincial capital of Santa Clara. Ernesto "Che" Guevara (June 14 Following the Cuban revolution,Guevara reviewed Camilo Cienfuegos Gorriarán ( February 6, 1932 – October 28, 1959) was a Cuban Revolutionary born in Lawton Havana Jaime Vega's column was ambushed and destroyed. The surviving two columns reached the central provinces, where they joined efforts with several other resistance groups not under the command of Castro. According to Faria, when Che Guevara's column passed through his native province of Las Villas, specifically through the Escambray Mountains — i. e. , where the anticommunist Revolutionary Directorate forces (13 of March Movement) had been fighting Batista's army for many months — friction developed between the two groups of rebels. Che's 26th of July Movement troops were found to be heavily infiltrated by communists, such as the polemicist Armando Acosta and the more dangerous Comandante Felix Torres. But the combined rebel army continued the offensive and Cienfuegos won a key victory in the Battle of Yaguajay on December 30, 1958 (earning him the nickname "The Hero of Yaguajay"). The Battle of Yaguajay ( 19 December, 1958 - 30 December, 1958) was a decisive victory for the Cuban Revolutionaries over the soldiers of the Batista

Map of Cuba showing the location of the arrival of the rebels on the Granma yacht in late 1956 and the rebels' stronghold in the Sierra Maestra. Granma is the Yacht that was used to transport the fighters of the Cuban Revolution from Mexico to Cuba in 1956 for the purpose of For the Cuban son bandsee Sierra Maestra (music. Sierra Maestra is a Mountain range that runs westward across the south of the old Oriente Province The map also shows Guevara and Cienfuegos's route towards Havana via Las Villas Province in December 1958. Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading Santa Clara (also known as Las Villas after 1940) was a historical province of Cuba.

The next day (the 31st), in a scene of great confusion, the city of Santa Clara was captured by the combined forces of Che Guevara, Cienfuegos, Revolutionary Directorate(RD) rebels led by Comandantes Rolando Cubela, Juan ("El Mejicano") Abrahantes , and William Alexander Morgan. Santa Clara is the capital city of the Cuban province of Villa Clara. William Alexander Morgan ( 19 April 1928 &ndash 11 March 1961) was a United States citizen who fought in the Cuban Revolution News of these defeats caused Batista to panic. He fled Cuba for the Dominican Republic just hours later on January 1, 1959. The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Comandante William Alexander Morgan, for his part and leading RD rebel forces, continued fighting and captured the city of Cienfuegos on January 1 and 2, during, and in, the wake of Batista's departure. ^[2] Castro learned of Batista's flight in the morning and immediately started negotiations to take over Santiago de Cuba. Santiago de Cuba is the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province in the south-eastern area of the island nation of Cuba On January 2nd, the military commander in the city, Colonel Rubido, ordered his soldiers not to fight and Castro's forces took over the city. The forces of Guevara and Cienfuegos entered Havana at about the same time. They had met no opposition on their journey from Santa Clara to Cuba's capital. Castro himself arrived in Havana on January 8th after a long victory march, his choice of President, Manuel Urrutia Lleó taking up office on the 3rd. Manuel Urrutia Lleó ( 8 December 1901 Yaguajay, Las Villas Province &ndash 5 July 1981 New York, ^[3]

Post-1959: After the Revolution

Hundreds of suspected Batista-era agents, policemen and soldiers were put on public trial for human rights abuses and war crimes, including murder and torture. Most of those convicted in revolutionary tribunals of political crimes were summarily executed by firing squad, and the rest received long prison sentences. One of the most notorious examples of revolutionary justice was the executions of over 70 captured Batista regime soldiers, directed by Raúl Castro after capturing Santiago. Santiago de Cuba is the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province in the south-eastern area of the island nation of Cuba For his part in Havana, Che Guevara was appointed supreme prosecutor in La Cabaña Fortress. The Fortaleza de San Carlos de la Cabaña, commonly known simply as La Cabaña, is an 18th century Fortress complex located on the elevated eastern side of the This was part of a large-scale attempt by Fidel Castro to cleanse the security forces of Batista loyalists and potential opponents of the new revolutionary regime that could launch a counter-revolution. Others were fortunate to be dismissed from the army and police without prosecution, and some high-ranking officials in the ancien régime were exiled as military attachés. Ancien Régime ( pronounced: /ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim/ refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in ^[4]

In 1961 after the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the new Cuban government also nationalized all property held by religious organizations including the Roman Catholic Church. The Bay of Pigs Invasion (aka Playa Girón) was an unsuccessful attempt by a U Hundreds of members of the clergy, including a bishop, were permanently expelled from the nation, with the new Cuban government being officially atheist. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight Atheism Faria describes how the education of children changed as Cuba became officially an atheist state: private schools were banned and the progressively Socialist state assumed greater responsibility for children. ^[5]

According to geographer and Cuban Comandante Antonio Núñez Jiménez, 75% of Cuba's best arable land was owned by foreign individuals or foreign (mostly U. Antonio Núñez Jiménez ( April 20, 1923 – September 13, 1998) was a Cuban Revolutionary and academic S. ) companies. One of the first policies by the newly formed Cuban government was eliminating illiteracy and implementing land reforms. Land reform efforts helped to raise living standards by subdividing larger holdings into cooperatives. Comandante Sori Marin, nominally in charge of land reform, objected and fled and eventually was executed. Many other anti-Batista, but not Marxist, rebel leaders were forced in to exile, purged in executions, or eliminated in failed uprisings such as those of the Beaton brothers.

To expand his power base among the former rebels and the supportive population, shortly after taking power the new Cuban government also created a Revolutionary militia. Castro also initiated Committees for the Defense of the Revolution or CDRs in late September of 1960. Committees for the Defense of the Revolution ( Comités de Defensa de la Revolución) or CDR, is a network of Committees across Cuba. Informants became rampant within the population. The CDR’s were tasked with the responsibility of keeping "vigilance against counter-revolutionary activity. " Local CDR’s were also tasked with keeping a detailed record of each neighborhood’s inhabitant’s spending habits, level of contact with foreigners, their work and education history, and any "suspicious" behavior. ^[6]

Cuba began expropriating land and private property in Cuba under the auspices of the Agrarian Reform law of May 1959. Cuban lawyer Mario Lazo writes that farms of any size could be and were seized by the government. Land, businesses, and companies owned by upper and middle class Cubans were also nationalized, including the plantations owned by Fidel Castro's family. By the end of 1960, the revolutionary government had nationalized more than $25 billion of private property owned by Cubans. ^[7] Cuba also nationalized all United States and other foreign-owned property in the nation on August 6, 1960. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States, in turn, responded by freezing all Cuban assets in the US and tightening the embargo on Cuba, which is still in place after more than 45 years. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States Embargo Against Cuba (described in Cuba as el bloqueo, Spanish for "the Blockade " is an economic commercial and ^[8]

Many attempts have been made by the U. S. to overthrow Cuba's government. One of the most notorious is the failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion at the height of the Cold War, but after the Cuban Missile Crisis, it promised verbally to never invade the island. The Bay of Pigs Invasion (aka Playa Girón) was an unsuccessful attempt by a U Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War. In July 1961, the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (IRO) was formed by the merger of Fidel Castro's 26th of July Revolutionary Movement, the People's Socialist Party (the old Communist Party) led by Blas Roca and the Revolutionary Directorate March 13th led by Faure Chomón[2]. The 26th of July Movement ( Spanish: Movimiento 26 de Julio; M-26-7) was the revolutionary organization planned and led by Fidel Castro that On March 26, 1962 the IRO became the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (PURSC) which, in turn, became the Communist Party of Cuba on October 3, 1965 with Castro as First Secretary. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Communist Party of Cuba ( Spanish: Partido Comunista de Cuba, PCC is currently the governing political party in Cuba. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar.

Desperate but unsuccessful rebellions known as the War Against the Bandits continued until about 1965. The War of EscambrayThe War Against the Bandits was a rebellion against the Communist government of Fidel Castro, mainly by peasants small farmers and former landowners

Notes

[a] Fermoselle, Rafael The Evolution of the Cuban Military: 1492-1986 Miami, Ediciones Universal, 1987

[b] Pawley, William D. Unpublished manuscript and notes - A Concise Overview of the Central Intelligence Agency's paramilitary operations in the Caribbean, 1945 to 1965 Miami, 1977

[c] Servicio de Inteligencia Militar Situation report, dated 23 November 1958 (Via LCOL Irenaldo Garcia Baez)

- Marquez Sterling, Carlos & Manuel Historia de la Isla de Cuba New York, Regents Publishing, 1975

- Portell Vila, Dr Herminio Nueva Historia de la Republica de Cuba Miami, La Moderna Poesia, 1986

- Fernandez Miranda, Roberto Mis Relaciones con el General Batista Miami, Ediciones Universales, 1999

- Dorschner, John & Fabricio, Roberto The Winds of December New York, Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1980

Another available reference on post-Revolutionary Cuba is Cuban Revolutionis Post-Revolutionary Cuban Spanish: A Glossary of Social, Political, and Common Terms (Glosario de términos socio-políticos y autóctonos de actualidad (español-inglés)) by Jesus Núñez Romay .

Bibliography

• Bonachea, Ramon L. and San Martin, Marta. The Cuban Insurrection: 1952–1959. New York, Transaction Books, 1974.
• The Spirit Of Moncada: Fidel Castro's Rise To Power, 1953–1959. Bockman, Larry (Major USMC), 1984.
• Faria, Miguel A. Cuba in Revolution--Escape from a Lost Paradise. Haciendapub. com, 2002.
• Clark, Juan. Cuba: Mito y Realidad: Testimonio de un Pueblo. Saeta Ediciones, Miami, 1992.
• Sweig, Julia E. Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.
• Lazo, Mario. American Policy Failures in Cuba--Dagger in the Heart Twin Circle Publishing Co. , New York, Library of Congress Card Catalog Number: 68-31632, 1970.

• Radio broadcasts
  • Unimaps.
  • Radio on the Fringes: 'Clandestine Radio'.

External links

• The Cuban revolution: facts and quotes
• Cuban Air Force during the Revolution
• Guide to the Cuban Revolution Collection, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library
• fidelcastro.cubasi.cu