| Cryptosporidium hominis | ||||||||||||||||
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| Cryptosporidium hominis |
Cryptosporidium hominis, along with Cryptosporidium parvum, is among the medically important Cryptosporidium species. Cryptosporidium parvum is one of several species that cause Cryptosporidiosis, a Parasitic disease of the Mammalian intestinal tract Cryptosporidium is a Protozoan that can cause gastro-intestinal illness with Diarrhea in humans [1] It is an obligate parasite of humans that can colonize the gastrointestinal tract resulting in the gastroenteritis and diarrhea characteristic of cryptosporidiosis. An obligate parasite is a parasitic Organism that cannot live independently of its host. Gastroenteritis (also known as gastro, gastric flu, and stomach flu, although unrelated to Influenza) is Inflammation of the In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea Cryptosporidiosis is a Parasitic disease caused by Cryptosporidium, a Protozoan Parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa. Unlike C. parvum, which has a rather broad host range, C. hominis is almost exclusively a parasite of humans. As a result, C. hominis has a low zoonotic potential compared to C. A zoonosis (ˌzoʊəˈnoʊsɨs or zoonose is any Infectious disease that is able to be transmitted (by a vector) from other Animals both wild and domestic parvum. It is spread through the fecal-oral route usually by drinking water contaminated with oocyst laden feces. Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not [2]
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Characteristics
C. hominis shares many similar characteristics with C. parvum including identical oocyst morphology and life-cycle. As a result, C. hominis is most easily differentiated from C. parvum through genetic analysis at specific loci. [3] [4]
In The Netherlands, C. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands hominis is responsible for an autumnal spike in cases of cryptosporidiosis, though reasons for this spike remain unclear. [5]
Life cycle
The life cycle of Cryptosporidium hominis is similar to that of others of the genus with infective sporozoites from ingested oocysts invading gut epithelium. Cryptosporidium is a Protozoan that can cause gastro-intestinal illness with Diarrhea in humans In the life-cycle of Apicomplexan protozoa sporozoites ( sporos, seed + zoon, animal are cells that infect new hosts An oocyst is the spore phase of certain Protists such as Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma. From there, they undergo merogony and generate merozoites, which escape and can reinvade additional cells and form a secondary meront. Merogony is a word with two biological meanings Merogony is an asexual replication process used by some Protozoan Parasites that increases A merozoite (G meros, part a series + zoon, animal is a Daughter cell of a Protozoan Parasite. The secondary meront then releases secondary merozoites which reinvade and undergo gametogony forming micro and macrogametocytes. A gametocyte is a Eukaryotic Germ cell that divides by Mitosis into other gametocytes or by Meiosis into Gametids during A gametocyte is a Eukaryotic Germ cell that divides by Mitosis into other gametocytes or by Meiosis into Gametids during The gametocytes can then fuse, forming a zygote, which starts the cycle again. A gametocyte is a Eukaryotic Germ cell that divides by Mitosis into other gametocytes or by Meiosis into Gametids during For other meanings see Zygote (disambiguation. A zygote (from Greek ζυγωτός zugōtos "joined" or "yoked"
Treatment
Though symptoms in most immunocompetent persons will resolve without treatment, Nitazoxanide has been approved for treatment of diarrhea resulting from cryptosporidiosis. The effectiveness of Nitazoxanide in immunocompromised patients, however, is uncertain and current treatments revolve around boosting the host immune system to aid in symptom resolution. In Medicine, immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a state in which the Immune system 's ability to fight Infectious disease is compromised [6] Current avenues for treatment include scanning the Cryptosporidium hominis genome for possible targets for vaccine development. [7]
References
- ^ Leoni, F. , C. F. L. Amar, G. Nichols, S. Pedraza-Díaz, and J. McLauchlin. 2006. Genetic analysis of Cryptosporidium from 2414 humans with diarrhoea in England 1985-2001. J. Med. Microbiol. 55:703-707
- ^ Fayer, R. 2004. Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite. Vet. Parasitol. 126:37-56
- ^ Morgan-Ryan, U. M. , A. Fall, L. A. Ward, N. Hijjawi, I. Sulaiman, R. Fayer, R. C. Thompson, M. Olson, A. Lal, and L. Xiao. 2002. Cryptosporidium hominis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from Homo sapiens. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 49:433-440
- ^ Cacciò, S. M. , R. C. A. Thompson, J. McLauchlin, and H. V. Smith. 2005. Unravelling Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology. Trends Parasitol. 21:430-437
- ^ Wielinga PR, de Vries A, van der Goot TH, et al (June 2008). "Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in humans and cattle in The Netherlands". Int. J. Parasitol. 38 (7): 809–17. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 18054936.
- ^ http://www.cdc.gov/NCIDOD/DPD/parasites/cryptosporidiosis/factsht_cryptosporidiosis.htm#10; CDC Cryptosporidiosis Fact Sheet. Retrieved on 04/18/2008
- ^ http://www.hominis.mic.vcu.edu/index.html; Virginia Commonwealth University CSBC Cryptosporidium Research Website. Retrieved on 04/18/2008
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