Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith; people who practice crypto-Judaism are referred to as "crypto-Jews". Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut The term crypto-Jew is also used to describe descendants of Jews who still (generally secretly) maintain some Jewish traditions, often while adhering to other faiths, most commonly Catholicism. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described ^{[1][2][3][4][5]}

Contents 1 Europe 1.1 Xuetes 1.2 Neofiti 2 North America 2.1 Early colonial period - 1500s 2.2 Nuevo León - 1590s to early 1600s 2.3 Former Spanish-territories in the southwestern U.S. 1600s-1700s 2.4 Current times 3 Central, South America and Caribbean 4 Famous Crypto-Jews 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

Europe

The many Marranos (in the Balearic Islands, Chuetas), who publicly professed Roman Catholicism but privately adhered to Judaism during the Spanish Inquisition, and particularly after the Alhambra decree of 1492, are the most widely known crypto-Jews. Marranos or Secret Jews were Sephardic Jews (Jews resident in the Iberian peninsula) who were forced to adopt Christianity or The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean The Xuetes, Chuetas (singular Xueta, Chueta, also known as Xuetons) were a social group on the island of Majorca, descendants The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion) was an edict issued on 31 March, 1492 by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Officially they were known as "New Christians," and there was considerable legislation directed against them in both Spain and Portugal and in their colonies, the chief activity of the Inquisition being directed against them. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula.

The phenomenon of crypto-Judaism, however, dates back to earlier times as Jews forced or pressured to convert by their sovereign hosts secretly kept Jewish rites. The father of Maimonides, for example, is purported to have nominally embraced Islam during the Almohad persecutions of Muslim Spain in 1146. Moses Maimonides ( March 30 1135 – December 13 1204) also known as the Rambam, was a Rabbi, Physician, and The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or

Some of the Jewish followers of Sabbatai Zevi (known as Sabbateans) and later of Jacob Frank (known as "Frankists") formally converted to Islam and Catholicism respectively, but maintained aspects of their versions of Messianic Judaism. Sabbatai Zevi, ( (other spellings include Sabetay in Turkish, Shabbethai, Sabbetai, Shabbsai; Zvi; Sabbetai Also not to be confused with Subbotniks or Sabbatarians. Note Most Sabbateans during and after Sabbatai Zevi were Jews Jacob Frank (יעקב פרנק Ya'akov Frank, Jakob Frank; 1726 - 1791 was an 18th century Jewish religious leader who claimed to be the reincarnation of

Many crypto-Jews live in Russia and other Eastern European countries, though many of them may have become Jews publicly since the end of Communism. It also appears that there are, or have been, several classes of Crypto-Jews in Muslim lands; thus the ancestors of the Daggatuns probably kept up their Jewish practises a long time after their nominal adoption of Islam. This was also done by the Maimins of Salonica (Grätz, in "Monatsschrift," Feb. , 1884), and near Khorassan there still remain a number of Jews known as the "Jedid al-Islam," who were converted to Islam half a century ago ("Il Vessillo Israelitico," April, 1884). In central Iran, there is a village called Sebe, where the local Muslims practice many Jewish customs, such as women lighting a candle on Friday night (the eve of the Jewish Sabbath). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Shabbat or Shabbos ( Hebrew: שַׁבָּת, shabbāt, shabbes, "rest/inactivity" is the Weekly Sabbath Prior to sundown on Friday, they prepare a small fire which they leave on throughout Saturday, so as not to ignite the fire on Sabbath. It is believed Sebe is one of several Persian Jewish communities who underwent forced mass conversion to Islam. |||} Persian Jews or Iranian Jews are Jews historically associated with the Persian Empire or Iran.

Small communities of crypto-Jews are still said to exist, still maintaining their hidden traditions, in the Balearic Islands, in Portugal especially at Covilhã, northeastern Brazil, and throughout Spain. The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Covilhã ( pron kuvi'ʎɐ̃ is a city and a municipality in Centro region, Portugal. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

One interesting example is the "Belmonte Jews" in Portugal. The Belmonte Jews are a community that survived in secrecy for hundreds of years by maintaining a tradition of Endogamy and by hiding all the external signs of their faith A whole community survived in secrecy for hundreds of years by maintaining a tradition of intermarriage and by hiding all the external signs of their faith. The Jewish community in Belmonte goes back to the 12th century and they were only discovered in the 20th century. Their rich Sephardic tradition of Crypto-Judaism is unique. Only recently did they contact other Jews and part of them now profess Orthodox Judaism, although many still retain their centuries-old traditions. ^[6]

Xuetes

The Xueta are a minority on the Balearic island of Majorca (Mallorca) that are descended almost entirely from crypto-Jews, forced to convert in 1391 C. The Xuetes, Chuetas (singular Xueta, Chueta, also known as Xuetons) were a social group on the island of Majorca, descendants Balearic is the name given collectively to the group of Catalan variants spoken in the Balearic Islands, Spain. Majorca ( Spanish and Mallorca is the largest island of Spain. Majorca ( Spanish and Mallorca is the largest island of Spain. E. The term "xueta" literally translates to "pig" in Catalan, similar to the old Spanish (Castilian) term of the same meaning. The Xuetes, Chuetas (singular Xueta, Chueta, also known as Xuetons) were a social group on the island of Majorca, descendants Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official There are two Names given to the Spanish language: Spanish ( español) and Castilian ( castellano)

Today, they comprise a population of 20,000-25,000 on an island of 750,000; they have professed Roman Catholicism for centuries but have only recently seen a lessening in ethnic tensions with ethnic Majorcans. Majorca ( Spanish and Mallorca is the largest island of Spain. According to some Orthodox Rabbis, the majority of Xuetes are probably Jewish under Jewish law due to the low rate of intermarriage with outside groups. Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law Interfaith marriage, traditionally (especially in the Catholic Church) called Mixed marriage, is Marriage (either religious or civil Only recently have intermarriages between the two groups been more prevalent or noticeable.

During World War II, Nazi Germany is known to have pressured Majorcan religious authorities into surrendering the Xuetes, targeted because of their Jewish ancestry; religious authorities are reported to have refused the Nazi request. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Majorca ( Spanish and Mallorca is the largest island of Spain. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************

Several Xuetes are reported to have "reconverted" to Judaism, and some are known to work as Rabbis. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master ^[7]

Neofiti

The Neofiti were a group of Crypto-Jews living in the Kingdom of Sicily from the 13th to the 16th centuries. The Neofiti (Neophytes were a group of Crypto-Jews living in Southern Italy. The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae or Sicilie Regno di Sicilia, commonly abbreviated Regno) was a state that existed in the south of Italy

North America

There are three distinct historical components to colonial roots of crypto-Judaism, largely restricted to Spanish-held territories in Mexico, each with distinct geographical and temporal aspects: early colonial roots, the frontier province of Nuevo Leon, and the later northern frontier provinces. The crypto-Jewish traditions have complex histories and are typically embedded in an amalgam of cryptic Roman Catholic and Judaic traditions. In many ways resurgent Judaic practices mirrored indigenous traditions practiced loosely under Roman Catholic veil.

Early colonial period - 1500s

In the early days of the European colonization of Mexico, crypto-Jewish conversos from both Spain and Portugal migrated to the Mexican port of Vera Cruz as well to Mexico City (the revitalized Tenochtitlan), a Spanish-controlled colony that was thought to be more lax in inquisition-related matters. Conversos ( Spanish and Portuguese for "a convert" from Latin conversus, "converted turned around" and its feminine form There are some towns in Mexico which are spelled "Tenochtitlán" like San Lorenzo

Many of the immigrants from Portugal were secondary immigrants from the Jewish Expulsion in Spain of 1492. However, a later similar decree was also issued in Portugal in 1497 effectively converted all Jewish children, making them wards of the state unless the parents also converted. Therefore, many of the early crypto-Jewish migrants to Mexico in the early colonial days were technically first to second generation Portuguese with Spanish roots before that. The number of such Portuguese migrants was significant enough that the label of "Portuguese" became synonymous with "Jewish" throughout the Spanish colonies. Immigration to Mexico offered lucrative trade possibilities in a well-populated colony with nascent Spanish culture counterbalanced by a large non-Christian population. It was largely thought that inquisition-activities would be lax given that the lands were over-whelmingly populated by non-Christian indigenous peoples.

So many perceived crypto-Jews were going to Mexico during the 1500s that officials complained in written documents to Spain that Spanish society in Mexico would become significantly Jewish. Officials found and condemned clandestine synagogues in Mexico City. At this point, colonial administrators instituted The Law of the Pure Blood, which prohibited migration to Mexico for New Christians (Christiano Nuevo), i. Limpieza de sangre is also a novel in the Captain Alatriste series by Arturo Pérez-Reverte. For other uses see New Christian (Swedenborgian. New Christian ( Spanish: cristianos nuevos; Portuguese, e. anyone who could not prove to be Old Christians for at least the last three generations. During this early time the Mexican Inquisition was formally instituted to insure the orthodoxy of all migrants into Mexico. The Mexican Inquisition was the extension of the Spanish Inquisition to Mexico in 1571 The Mexico Inquisition was also deployed in the traditional manner to begin ensuring orthodoxy of converted indigenous peoples. The first burnings or Autos de Fe of the Mexican Inquisition were largely targeted at indigenous converts convicted of heresy or crypto-Jews convicted of relapsing into their ancestral faith. The phrase auto de fe refers to the ritual of public Penance of condemned heretics and Apostates that took place when the Spanish Inquisition

Except for the province of Nuevo León, the early migration of crypto-Jewish converts did not continue unabated past the initiation of the Blood Purity Laws.

Nuevo León - 1590s to early 1600s

The history of the colonization of Mexico can be described as a northward expansion over increasingly hostile geography well-populated by hostile tribes and loose confederations of indigenous peoples. This expansion was largely financed by the exploitation of mineral wealth, the exploitation of indigenous peoples as labor in mines and the establishment of ranchos for livestock. One troublesome region was a large expanse covering the North-Eastern quadrant of the current geography of Mexico. Chichimec, Apache and other tribes had proved resistant to Christianization and "settling" and in general were perceived to render the frontier (frontera) a lawless and unsettled region. Chichimeca was the name that the Nahuas generically applied to a wide range of semi- Nomadic peoples who inhabited the north of modern-day Mexico, and carried

Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva was a Portuguese royal accountant and a New Christian, who received a royal charter to settle the large expanse of land in the hostile frontier, named Nuevo León. Luis de Carabajal y Cueva (sometimes Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva; c Nuevo León ( Spanish for "New León " after the former kingdom in Spain) is a state located in northeastern Mexico. Significantly, Carvajal y de la Cueva received an exemption from the King of Spain to allow any New Christian to participate in the settling of this region. This exemption allowed an increased number of peoples to come to the hostile region while doing so with immigrants that were legally barred from entering Mexico elsewhere. Carvajal chartered ships from Portugal and the passenger list is thought to have consisted exclusively of New Christians.

With Carvajal as governor the colony was based in the city of Monterrey, currently in the state of Nuevo León. Within a few years, reports were filed in Mexico City claiming specifically of Jewish rites being performed in the Northern Province and of lax Christianization efforts to convert heathen indigenous peoples.

The governor, his immediate family members and others were called to appear before the Inquisition in Mexico City. They were arrested and jailed. The governor subsequently died in jail, while his family members were rehabilitated. One of these was Anna Carvajal, a niece of the Governor. She and others were eventually caught again and sentenced to a burning at the stake for relapsing.

The governor's nephews changed their name to Lumbroso. One of these was Joseph Lumbroso, also known as Luis de carvajal el mozo, who is said to have circumcised himself in the desert to conform to Jewish law. His memoirs, letters and inquisition record survive. Two other nephews also changed their names to Lumbroso and became famous rabbis in Italy.

During the time in which Governor Carvajal was in office, the city of Monterrey became a target of migration by other crypto-Jews feeling the pressure of the Mexican Inquisition in the south. Thus, the story of Nuevo León and the founding of Monterrey is significant for openly concentrating a crypto-Jewish community from all parts of Mexico. Such Jewish communities did not exist in Mexico until the immigration of Ashkenazi communities in the late 1800s and 1900s. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing

Former Spanish-territories in the southwestern U. S. 1600s-1700s

Due to the activities of the Mexican Inquisition in Nuevo Leon, many crypto-Jewish descendants migrated to other frontier colonies further west to the trade routes passing through the towns of Sierra Madres Occidental and Chihuahua and further north on the trade route to El Paso (Texas) and Santa Fe (New Mexico), and somewhat less in California.

In the former Spanish-held Southwestern United States, some Hispanic Roman Catholics have stated a belief that they are descended from crypto-Jews and have started practicing Judaism. The Southwestern area of the United States could be defined as the states west of the Mississippi River, with the qualification of a certain northern limit such as the 37 Hispanic (hispano hispánico hispânico Hispānus adjective from ''Hispānia'', the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically They often cite as evidence memories of older relatives practicing Jewish traditions. Skeptics of the authenticity of the Jewish ancestry of Latinos of the Southwest argue that these remembered traditions could be those of Ashkenazi, not Sephardi, Jews and may possibly be constructed memories due to suggestion by proponents. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural It is also argued that the Jewish traditions practiced by older relatives were introduced by groups of Evangelical Protestant Christians who purposely acquired and employed Jewish traditions as part of their religious practices. Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth ^[7]

Current times

Recent genetic research, however, has shown that many Latinos of the American Southwest are indeed descended from Anusim (Sephardic Jews who were forced to convert to Roman Catholicism). Anusim (אנוסים plural for anús, means "forced ones" in Hebrew Michael Hammer, a research professor at the University of Arizona and an expert on Jewish genetics, said that fewer than 1% of non-Jews possessed the male-specific "Cohanim marker" (which in itself is not necessarily endemic to all Jews, but is prevalent among Jews claiming descent from hereditary priests), and 30 of 78 Latinos tested in New Mexico were found to be carriers. Y-chromosomal Aaron is the name given to the hypothesised most recent common ancestor of many of the patrilineal Jewish priestly caste known as Kohanim New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. DNA testing of Hispanic populations also revealed between 10% and 15% of men living in New Mexico, south Texas and northern Mexico have a Y chromosome that traces back to the Middle East. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Y chromosome is the sex-determining Chromosome in most Mammals including Humans In mammals it contains the gene SRY, which triggers ^[8]

In northern Mexico, Monterrey, the capital city of the State of Nuevo León, that shares a border with Texas, is said to contain descendants of Crypto-Jews. This article is about the Mexican city for other uses see Monterrey (disambiguation. Nuevo León ( Spanish for "New León " after the former kingdom in Spain) is a state located in northeastern Mexico. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Monterrey was founded by Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva who although had converted to Roman Catholicism, in 1590 was accused by the Spanish Inquisition of heresy. Luis de Carabajal y Cueva (sometimes Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva; c The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief It was officially found that members of his extended family had reverted to Judaism and he was exiled from the territory then known as New Spain. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España was a name given to the Viceroy -ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America, A large portion of his extended family, 121 people, was executed in Mexico City in 1596. They included most of the original settlers of Monterrey.

The State of Jalisco also has several cities with large numbers of Anusim, mainly Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzman, and Puerto Vallarta, although a steady influx of Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe during the late 1800s and early to mid-1900s into Mexico City, Guadalajara, and Veracruz is also widely known. Jalisco is a state in Mexico. The capital of Jalisco is the city of Guadalajara. Anusim (אנוסים plural for anús, means "forced ones" in Hebrew Guadalajara (ˌgwɑːdləˈhɑːrə Spanish pronunciation) is the capital city of the Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality Ciudad Guzmán (also known as simply Guzmán) is a city in the Mexican state of Jalisco. Puerto Vallarta (English Vallarta Port is a Mexican resort city situated on the Pacific Ocean's Bahía de Banderas. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that constitute the republic of Mexico.

Today, there are about 40,000^[9] Mexican Jews, both Ashkenazi and Sephardi. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Researchers and historians say that number would rise considerably if Anusim (or Crypto-Jews) were included in those estimates. Anusim (אנוסים plural for anús, means "forced ones" in Hebrew Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith people who practice crypto-Judaism are referred to as "crypto-Jews"

Central, South America and Caribbean

As in the American Southwest, in the department of Antioquia, Colombia, many families also hold traditions, handed down memories and oral accounts of Jewish descent. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. In this population, Y chromosome genetic analysis has shown an origin of founders predominantly from "southern Spain but also suggest that a fraction came from northern Iberia and that some possibly had a Sephardic origin". ^[10]

In addition to these communities, other now Roman Catholic-professing communities descendants of Crypto-Jews are also said to exist in Cuba, Puerto Rico^[11]and amidst the populations of various other Spanish-speaking countries of South America (Argentina, Venezuela, Chile and Ecuador). The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. From these communities comes the proverb, "Catholic by faith, Jewish by blood".

All the above localities were former territories of either the Spanish or Portuguese Empires, where the Inquisition eventually followed and continued persecuting the Jews who had settled there, and where it endured for longer than it had in Spain itself. ^[11]

Famous Crypto-Jews

• Luis de Carvajal was the governor of the state of Nuevo León, a northern Mexico province in which the restriction against immigration from conversos was relaxed in order to encourage migration to the peril-fraught frontier. Luis de Carabajal y Cueva (sometimes Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva; c Nuevo León ( Spanish for "New León " after the former kingdom in Spain) is a state located in northeastern Mexico. Conversos ( Spanish and Portuguese for "a convert" from Latin conversus, "converted turned around" and its feminine form He was responsible for bringing a significant group of crypto-Jewish conversos living in Portugal since the Expulsion of 1492. Conversos ( Spanish and Portuguese for "a convert" from Latin conversus, "converted turned around" and its feminine form The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain

• Luis de Carvajal el Mozo, was the nephew of Jose Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva, the only crypto Jew of the Spanish colonial era whose memoirs have been preserved.

• Antonio Fernandez Carvajal was a Portuguese merchant in London; "like other Marranos in London, Carvajal prayed at the Catholic chapel of the Spanish ambassador, while simultaneously playing a leading role in the secret Jewish community, which met at the clandestine synagogue at Creechurch Lane. Antonio Fernandez Carvajal (c 1590 - November 10, 1659) in António Fernandes Carvalhal was a Portuguese Jewish merchant and the first naturalized "^[12]

• Baruch Spinoza was the son of Iberian conversos but was not himself a crypto-Jew, since he grew up in the openly Jewish community in Amsterdam and was well versed in the teachings of Judaism. Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21,

• Miguel de Cervantes is suspected by some scholars of Judaic Studies to have been a crypto-Jew. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ( in modern Spanish; September 29, 1547 &ndash April 22, 1616) was a Spanish Novelist Jewish studies (or Judaic studies) is an academic discipline centered on the study of Jews and Judaism. ^[13]

• Rodrigo Lopez (physician), a marrano who fled from Portugal to England and became physician to Queen Elizabeth, was a "Jewish physician". Rodrigo Lopez, whose original name was probably Rodrigo Lopes (c ^[12]

See also

• Doctrine of mental reservation
• History of the Jews in Latin America
• History of the Jews in the Netherlands
• Marrano
• Anusim
• Jewish ethnic divisions
• Jewish history
• Morisco
• Kakure Kirishitan
• Crypto-Christianity
• Crypto-Muslims
• Crypto-Paganism

References

• This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain. The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

External links

• Resources > Medieval Jewish History > Expulsion from Spain and The Anusim The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
• Shavei
• Luis de Carvajal, el mozo [1]
• Societry for Crypto Judaic Studies [2]
• Crypto Jews/Anusim Resources [3]

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