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Crypto-Calvinism is a term for Calvinist influence in Lutheran Church during the decades just after the death of Martin Luther (1546). Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer It denotes what was seen as a hidden ("crypto" from "kryptein", Greek for "to hide") Calvinist belief, i. e. the doctrines of John Calvin, by members of the Lutheran Church. John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and The term applied to those Germans, who secretly held or were accused of holding the Calvinist doctrine of the Eucharist.

The term crypto-Calvinist in Lutheranism was preceded by terms Zwinglian and Sacramentarian. The study of the theology of Huldrych Zwingli since the 1990s has been facilitated by a modern critical edition of his works Sacramentarians, the name given to those who during the Reformation controversies not only denied the Roman Catholic Transubstantiation, but also the

Also Jansenism has been accused of crypto-Calvinism by Roman Catholics. Jansenism was a branch of Catholic Gallican thought which arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent

Contents

Background

Martin Bucer, one of the Sacramentarians
Martin Bucer, one of the Sacramentarians

Martin Luther had had controversy with "Sacramentarians", and he published agaist them book Confession Concerning Christ's Supper. Martin Bucer (or Butzer) ( 11 November 1491 – 28 February 1551) was a Protestant reformer whose principal ministry was Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer Sacramentarians, the name given to those who during the Reformation controversies not only denied the Roman Catholic Transubstantiation, but also the Confession Concerning Christ's Supper ( 1528) (Vom Abendmahl Christi Bekenntnis is a theological treatise written by Martin Luther affirming the Philipp I of Hessen arranged Marburg Colloquy 1529, which caused no results. Philip I of Hesse, ( 13 November 1504 - 31 March 1567) nicknamed der Großmütige (the " Magnanimous " was a leading The Marburg Colloquy was a meeting at Marburg Castle Marburg, Hesse, Germany which attempted to solve a dispute between Martin Luther and Later Wittenberg Concord 1536 made some Reformed to confess doctrine of Real Presence, but results did not last. Wittenberg Concord ( 1536) is a religious Concordat signed by Reformed and Lutheran theologians and churchmen on May 29, 1536 The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically The Real Presence is the term various Christian traditions use to express their belief that in the Eucharist, Jesus Christ is really present in what was

While Lutheranism had weakened after the Schmalkaldic War and Interim controversies, the Calvinist Reformation on the other hand was spreading over Europe. The Schmalkaldic War (Schmalkaldischer Krieg refers to the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League Calvinists wanted to help also Lutherans to give up "remnants of popery", as they saw it. Papist is a term usually disparaging or an Anti-Catholic slur referring to a member of the Catholic Church. Calvinism had expanded its influence now also to southern Germany (not least because of the work of Martin Bucer), but at this time Peace of Augsburg (1555) had given religious freedom in Germany only to Lutherans, and it was not officially extended to Calvinists until the Treaty of Westphalia 1648. Martin Bucer (or Butzer) ( 11 November 1491 – 28 February 1551) was a Protestant reformer whose principal ministry was The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty between Ferdinand I, who replaced his brother Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor, and the forces of the Schmalkaldic The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of While Zwinglians 1549 had accepted Calvin's much less radical view of the Christs presence in Lord's Supper (The Eucharist was to be more than a sign; Christ was truly present in it, and was received by Faith), Calvinist theologians thought, that Lutheran theology also had changed its view to Real Presence, because the issue had not been discussed anymore, and Philippist teaching gave some justification to this conclusion. The study of the theology of Huldrych Zwingli since the 1990s has been facilitated by a modern critical edition of his works The Real Presence is the term various Christian traditions use to express their belief that in the Eucharist, Jesus Christ is really present in what was The Philippists formed a party in early Lutheranism. Their opponents were called Gnesio-Lutherans.

Philippism

Main article: Philippism

When Luther died in 1546, his closest friend and ally Philipp Melanchthon became the leading Lutheran theologian of Protestant Reformation. The Philippists formed a party in early Lutheranism. Their opponents were called Gnesio-Lutherans. Philipp Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerd) ( February 16, 1497 &ndash April 19, 1560) was a German professor and theologian The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time He was by training not a theologian but rather a classics scholar, and his theological approach became more or less irenic both toward Catholicism and toward Calvinism, which was followed by his disciples called Philippists. Irenism (from Greek eirene - peace was an ideology conceived by Dutch theologian Erasmus (1469-1538 after the consequences of the Reformation As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the The Philippists formed a party in early Lutheranism. Their opponents were called Gnesio-Lutherans. Towards Reformed doctrine of eucharist this had become evident already in 1540, when Melanchthon had published another version of the Augsburg Confession ("Variata"), in which the article on the Real Presence differed essentially from what had been expressed in 1530. The Augsburg Confession, also known as the "Augustana" from its Latin name Confessio Augustana is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran The Real Presence is the term various Christian traditions use to express their belief that in the Eucharist, Jesus Christ is really present in what was The wording was as follows:

The altered edition was made the basis of negotiations with the Roman Catholics at the Colloquies of Worms and Ratisbon in 1541, and at the later Colloquies in 1546 and 1557. It was printed (with the title and preface of the Invariata) in Corpus Doctrinae Philippicum in 1559; it was expressly approved by the Lutheran princes at the Convention of Naumburg in 1561, after Melanchthon’s death, as an improved modification and authentic interpretation of the Confession, and was adhered to by the Melanchthonians and the Reformed even after the adoption of the Book of Concord (1580). The Book of Concord or Concordia (1580 is the historic doctrinal standard of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal Also John Calvin signed it. John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and Still it had no legal status given by Peace of Augsburg, which belonged to original version. The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty between Ferdinand I, who replaced his brother Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor, and the forces of the Schmalkaldic

The Second Sacramentarian Controversy

The Real Presence for Luther was beyond any doubt: The host consecrated is Christ’s body, while for Melanchthon the words spoken during the establishment by Jesus only promised that his body and blood were received [2]. Body of Christ is a term of Christian Theology, implicitly traceable to Jesus 's statement at the Last Supper that "This is my body" Melanchthon rejected doctrine of ubiquity and spoke about personal presence of Christ in Eucharist, without any further definitions. Theology of Melanchthon's School in general was opposed by Lutherans, who were called Flacians by their opponents. Later they have been called "Gnesio-Lutherans". Matthias Flacius had been leader against Philippism in earlier controversies, but even Gnesio-Lutherans did not paid much attention to doctrine of Eucharist, until Joachim Westphal began to write again 1552 agaist those, who deny Real Presence. Matthias Flacius Illyricus ( Latin; Croatian Matija Vlačić Ilirik, German Matthias Flach) ( March 3, 1520 The Philippists formed a party in early Lutheranism. Their opponents were called Gnesio-Lutherans. Joachim Westphal (of Hamburg (born at Hamburg 1510 or at the beginning of 1511 died there January 16 1574) was a German " Gnesio-Lutheran When John Calvin himself answered to him 1555, there was opened wide, inner-protestant controversy about Eucharist, which involved on the side of the Reformed Lasco, Bullinger, Ochino, Valerandus Polanus, Beza, and Bibliander; on the side of the Lutherans Timann, Heshusius Paul von Eitzen, Schnepff, E. Alberus, Gallus, Flacius, Judex, Brenz, and Andreä. John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically Jan Łaski, John Laski, Johannes Alasco John a Lasco ( 1499 - January 8 1560) was a Polish Protestant evangelical Heinrich Bullinger ( July 18, 1504 - September 17, 1575) was a Swiss reformer, the successor of Huldrych Zwingli Bernardino Ochino (1487-1564 was an Italian Reformer. Biography Bernardino Ochino was born at Siena. Theodore Beza ( Théodore de Bèze or de Besze) ( June 24, 1519 &ndash October 13, 1605) was a French Theodore (or Theodorus) Bibliander ( 1506 - September 26 1564) Swiss Orientalist publisher and linguist Erasmus Alberus (c 1500 &ndash 1553 German humanist, Reformer, and Poet, was born in the village of Bruchenbrücken a suburb of Friedberg Hesse Nicolaus Gallus (also Hahn) (c 1516 in Köthen &ndash June 1570 in Bad Liebenzell) was leader of the Lutheran Reformation Matthias Flacius Illyricus ( Latin; Croatian Matija Vlačić Ilirik, German Matthias Flach) ( March 3, 1520 Johann Brenz, the German Theologian and Swabian Reformer was born at Weil (8 miles s Jakob Andreae ( March 25[[ 528]]&ndash1590 was a significant German Lutheran theologian involved in the drafting of major documents Colloquy of Worms 1557 was attempt to achiev unity among Lutherans, but it failed. The Colloquy of Worms was the last colloquy in the 16th century on an imperial level held in Worms from Sep 11 to Oct 8, 1557 During these controversies the State Church of the Palatinate, where Philippism predominated, changed from the Lutheran to the Reformed faith under Frederick III (1560). A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially The Palatinate of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein later the Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically Frederick III the Pious, Elector Palatine of the Rhine ( February 14, 1515 &ndash October 26, 1576) was a ruler from the house of The Heidelberg Catechism, which was written there, was also meant to form bridges between Lutherans and Reformed in Germany - the other of its authors, Zacharias Ursinus, was Melanchthon's disciple. See also Catechism, Reformed Christian confessions of faith The Heidelberg Catechism is a Protestant confessional document taking the form of a series Zacharias Ursinus ( July 18, 1534, Breslau &mdash May 6, 1583, Neustadt) a sixteenth century German

The Great Adoration Controversy

There were number of local controversies, like Saligerian Controversy in Lübeck 1568, in Rostock 1569 and again in Lübeck 1574; controversy in Bremen 1554 involving Melanchthon's friend Albert Rizaeus Hardenberg, and controversy in Danzig 1561/62.

The earliest of these incidents had happened with Simon Wolferinus, pastor of St. Andreas at Eisleben in 1543, while Martin Luther still lived. The controversy also was about eucharistic adoration, which was defended by "Gnesio-Lutherans" and also many other Lutherans outside of Flacian party, like Johann Hachenburg, Andreas Musculus, Jakob Rungius and Laurentius Petri. Eucharistic adoration is a practice in the Roman Catholic Church and in some Anglican churches in which the Blessed Sacrament is exposed to and adored Andreas Musculus (1514 &ndash 29 September 1581) was a German Lutheran theologian Laurentius Petri Nericius ( Örebro 1499 – 27 October 1573) was a Swedish clergyman and the first Evangelical Lutheran This belief was shared also by Nikolaus Selnecker, Martin Chemnitz and Timotheus Kirchner. Nikolaus Selnecker or Selneccer ( December 5[[ 532]] Hersbruck &ndash May 24[[ 592]] Leipzig) was a German musician Martin Chemnitz ( November 9 1522 &ndash April 8 1586) was an eminent second-generation Lutheran theologian, reformer Feast of the victory of genuine Lutheranism over Philippism was celebrated in one of the German principalities with prayers for the preservation of the doctrine of justification and the doctrine of the adoration of the Sacrament [3]. Paul Eber was one of the Philippistic main opponents of eucharistic adoration. Paul Eber ( November 8, 1511 - December 10, 1569) German Theologian, was born at Kitzingen in Franconia

In Saxony

Controversy about crypto-Calvinism inside of Lutheran Church divides into two stages: 1552–74 and 1586–92. It was the most bitter of all controversies after Luther's death.

Crypto-Calvinists had gained the ecclesiastical power in Saxony during the rule of elector Augustus, but the unquestionably Calvinistic work of Joachim Cureus, Exegesis perspicua de sacra cœna (1574), and a confidential letter of Johann Stössel which fell into the elector's hands opened his eyes. Augustus I Elector of Saxony (b Freiberg, 31 July 1526 &ndash d The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl The heads of the Philippist party were imprisoned and roughly handled, and the Torgau Confession of 1574 completed their downfall (Caspar Peucer, not incidentally Melanchthon's son-in-law, was captured and jailed in the Königstein Fortress for Crypto- Calvinism for 12 years). Caspar Peucer ( 6 January 1525 - 25 September 1602) was a German reformer, Physician, and Scholar Königstein Fortress (Festung Königstein the " Saxon Bastille " is a famous historic mountaintop Fortress near Dresden, in Saxon By the adoption of the Formula of Concord their cause was ruined in all the territories which accepted it, although in some others it survived under the aspect of a modified Lutheranism, as in Nuremberg, or, as in Nassau, Hesse, Anhalt, and Bremen, where it became more or less definitely identified with Calvinism. Formula of Concord ( 1577) ( Latin: Formula concordiae, " Harmony Concord " also the " Bergic Book " is an authoritative Hesse (Hessen is a state of Germany with an area Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the

Crypto-Calvinism raised its head once more in Electoral Saxony in 1586, on the accession of Christian I. Christian I (b Dresden, 29 October, 1560 - d Dresden, 25 September, 1591) was Elector of Saxony from 1586 , but on his death five years later it came to a sudden and bloody end with the murder of Nikolaus Krell as a victim to this unpopular revival of Calvinism. Nikolaus Krell (c 1551 - October 9, 1601) chancellor of the Elector of Saxony, was born at Leipzig, and educated at the university Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the

In Scandinavia

In Denmark crypto-Calvinism was represented by Niels Hemmingsen [4]. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Niels Hemmingsen (Nicolaus Hemmingius ( Taagerup 1513- Roskilde 1600 was a Danish Lutheran theologian In Sweden, crypto-Calvinism, which was resisted by Archbishop Olaus Martini, was supported by Duke Charles, uncle of Catholic king Sigismund III Vasa. Olof Mårtensson (1557 - March 25, 1609) also known in the Latin form Olaus Martini, was Archbishop of Uppsala from 1601 to his death Charles IX (Karl IX ( 4 October 1550 – 30 October 1611) was King of Sweden from 1604 until his death Sigismund III Vasa (Zygmunt III Waza ( 20 June 1566 Finally Calvinism was banned at Uppsala Synod 1593 by initiative of Bishop of Turku, Ericus Erici Sorolainen [5] together with Bishop Olaus Stephani Bellinus. The Uppsala Synod in 1593 was the most important Synod of the Lutheran Church of Sweden. The bishop of Turku ( Episcopus Aboensis) was the medieval catholic religious leader of Finland. Ericus Erici Sorolainen ( 1546 - 1625 was a Finnish Lutheran Bishop.

Later history and evaluation

After Prussian Union and other Evangelical unions in Germany, the Evangelical Church in Germany consists of both Lutherans and Reformed. The Prussian Union (Evangelical Christian Church ( Unionsurkunde) was the merger of the Lutheran Church and the Reformed Church in Prussia, by EKD redirects here For the Basque political party see Democracia Cristiana Vasca. Leuenberg Concord (1962) has made similar irenic solution between Lutheran and Calvinist doctrines, while Confessional Lutheran church bodies still continue to see Calvinist teaching on Lord's Supper as a danger to Lutheran faith and identity. Leuenberg Agreement (Concorde de Leuenberg is an Ecumenical document adopted in 1973 by major European Lutheran and Reformed churches Confessional Lutheran is a name used by certain Lutheran Christians to designate themselves as those who accept the doctrines taught in the Book of Concord It can be noted, that never in the history of the christian Church there has been any "crypto-Lutheranism", but Lutheran Church has always confessed its doctrines without any hiding.

Bibliography

See also

External links

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