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Cryonics Institute
Image:Cryonics Institute Logo.jpg
Founder(s) Robert Ettinger
Founded 1976
Headquarters Clinton Township, Michigan
42°33′17″N 82°51′58″W / 42.55472, -82.86611
Key people Robert Ettinger, Ben Best
Area served Global
Focus Cryopreservation of humans and pets in the hope of future reanimation. An entrepreneur is a person who has possession over a company enterprise, or Venture, and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome The Charter Township of Clinton, usually referred to as Clinton Township, is a Charter township of Macomb County Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Robert Chester Wilson Ettinger (born December 04, 1918) is known as "the father of Cryonics " due to the impact of his 1962 book Ben Best is President/CEO of the Cryonics Institute, the world's second largest Cryonics organization
Method Cryonics vitrification perfusion[1] and cryogenic storage[2]
Revenue Membership fees and donations; Master Cemetery Trust
Volunteers 16
Employees 2
Members 727
Owner Owned by voting members (members who have human cryopreservation funding and contracts)
Website www.cryonics.org

The Cryonics Institute (CI) is a member-owned-and-operated not-for-profit corporation which provides cryonics services. Cryonics is the low-temperature Preservation of Humans and other Animals that can no longer be sustained by contemporary Medicine until Vitrification is a process of converting a material into a Glass -like Amorphous solid that is free from any Crystalline structure either by the quick removal Cryogenics is often used incorrectly to refer to Cryonics, cryopreserving humans or animals In business revenue or revenues is Income that a company receives from its normal business activities usually from the sale of goods and services A volunteer is someone who works for a community or for the benefit of environment primarily because they choose to do so Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. Ownership is the state or fact of exclusive rights and control over Property, which may be an object, land/real estate, Intellectual property A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages Cryonics is the low-temperature Preservation of Humans and other Animals that can no longer be sustained by contemporary Medicine until CI is located in Clinton Township, Michigan. The Charter Township of Clinton, usually referred to as Clinton Township, is a Charter township of Macomb County Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. As of 1-May-2008, CI had 87 cryonically prepared human patients, 52 pets and 135 human tissue/DNA samples and 24 pet tissue/DNA samples in liquid nitrogen storage. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus A pet is an Animal kept for companionship and enjoyment or a househeld animal as opposed to Livestock, Laboratory animals Working animals Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Liquid nitrogen (liquid density at the Triple point is 0707 g/mL is the liquid produced industrially in large quantities by Fractional distillation of [3]

Contents

History

The Cryonics Institute (CI) was incorporated in the state of Michigan on 4-April-1976 by four Michigan residents: R. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. C.  Davis, Robert C. W.  Ettinger, Mae A.  Junod and Walter E.  Runkel. Robert Ettinger is widely known as "the father of cryonics" because his book THE PROSPECT OF IMMORTALITY is believed to have launched the cryonics movement. Robert Chester Wilson Ettinger (born December 04, 1918) is known as "the father of Cryonics " due to the impact of his 1962 book The father is defined as the Male Parent of an offspring The Adjective "paternal" refers to father parallel to "maternal" for Robert Ettinger was CI President for over 25 years until September 2003 when Ben Best became President/CEO and Robert Ettinger became Vice-President. Robert Chester Wilson Ettinger (born December 04, 1918) is known as "the father of Cryonics " due to the impact of his 1962 book President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Ben Best is President/CEO of the Cryonics Institute, the world's second largest Cryonics organization A chief executive officer ( CEO) or chief executive is typically the highest-ranking corporate officer ( executive) or administrator Robert Ettinger retired as Vice-President on his 87th birthday in December 2005, but remained a Director until new Directors were elected in September 2006.

In 1976, CI performed its first human cryopreservation. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Cryopreservation is a process where cells or whole tissues are preserved by cooling to low sub-zero Temperatures such as (typically 77 K or −196 In 2003 an article was published in Sports Illustrated magazine claiming that the cryonics organization Alcor had mishandled the cryopreservation of baseball star Ted Williams. Sports Illustrated is an American Sports Magazine owned by media conglomerate Time Warner. Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally Cryonics is the low-temperature Preservation of Humans and other Animals that can no longer be sustained by contemporary Medicine until The Alcor Life Extension Foundation is a Scottsdale, Arizona, USA -based Nonprofit company that researches advocates for and performs Cryonics Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each Theodore Samuel "Ted" Williams ( August 30, 1918 – July 5, 2002) also nicknamed The Kid, the Splendid Splinter Despite the fact that the Cryonics Institute was not involved in the case, the media hype spurred the State of Michigan to place CI under a "Cease and Desist" order for six months. A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Finally the Michigan government decided to license and regulate the Cryonics Institute as a cemetery[4]. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. The verb license or grant license means to give permission The noun license is the document demonstrating that permission A cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried.

Organization

Cryonics Institute main facility in Clinton Township, Michigan
Cryonics Institute main facility in Clinton Township, Michigan

All Officers[5] of the Cryonics Institute are also Directors. [6] As of 2008, the Cryonics Institute Officers were:

  • President: Ben Best
  • Vice-President: John de Rivaz
  • Secretary: Royse Brown
  • Assistant Secretary: Joseph Kowalsky
  • Treasurer: Patrick Heller
  • Assistant Treasurer: S. R. Luyckx
  • Contract Officer: Constance Ettinger

As of 1-May-2008, CI had 727 members, 327 of whom had funding and contracts in place to be cryopreserved upon legal death. Fifty of those funded members had contracts with Suspended Animation, Inc. for standby and transport. [3]

Policies

The Cryonics Institute has 12 Directors on its Board,[6] four of whom are elected by the members every year at the Annual General Meeting (usually held on the last Sunday of September). The Board then selects the Officers: President, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer. President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. __FORCETOC__ For the Vice President of the United States, their roles and other information see Vice President of the United States. A secretary is either an administrative assistant in business office administration, or a certain type of mid- or high-level governmental position such as a In many Governments a treasurer is the person responsible for running the Treasury.

Unlike other cryonics organizations, the Cryonics Institute only allows its members to arrange for whole body storage, not simply heads. Cryonics is the low-temperature Preservation of Humans and other Animals that can no longer be sustained by contemporary Medicine until Anyone can become a Lifetime Member by paying $1,250 and filling out a membership form -- or become a Yearly Member by paying a $75 Initiation fee plus $120 per year (or $35 per quarter). A Lifetime Member has the privilege of making arrangements for perfusion and storage in liquid nitrogen for $28,000, whereas a Yearly Member must pay $35,000. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 [7] CI has not raised the $28,000 price or $1,250 fee since the time of its inception in 1976.

The Immortalist Society is a closely associated educational organization that publishes the magazine The Immortalist every two months. The Immortalist Society is a charitable 501(c(3 organization devoted to Research and Education in the areas of Cryonics and The Immortalist reports on activities of the Cryonics Institute along with other information related to cryonics and life extension. Cryonics is the low-temperature Preservation of Humans and other Animals that can no longer be sustained by contemporary Medicine until Life extension refers to an increase in maximum or average lifespan, especially in humans by slowing down or reversing the processes of aging.

Technical Procedures

For most of its history the Cryonics Institute perfused patients with the (antifreeze) cryoprotectant glycerol, but in the year 2000 a cryobiologist was hired: Yuri Pichugin, Ph.D. who had done research on the Hippocampal Slice Cryopreservation Project (HSCP). In Physiology, perfusion is the process of nutritive delivery of Arterial Blood to a Capillary bed in the Biological tissue. Antifreeze is a Cryoprotectant used in Internal combustion engines and for many other heat transfer applications such as electronics cooling and Chillers A cryoprotectant is a substance that is used to protect Biological tissue from Freezing damage (damage due to Ice formation Cryobiology is the branch of Biology that studies the effects of low Temperatures on living things "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Cryopreservation is a process where cells or whole tissues are preserved by cooling to low sub-zero Temperatures such as (typically 77 K or −196 HSCP was a project focused on vitrification of rat brain hippocampal slices which involved cooling to −130 degrees Celsius, rewarming and testing for viability. Vitrification is a process of converting a material into a Glass -like Amorphous solid that is free from any Crystalline structure either by the quick removal Rats are various medium sized long-tailed Rodents of the superfamily Muroidea The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain The hippocampus is a part of the Forebrain, located in the medial Temporal lobe. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. The results of the HSPC were published in the April 2006 issue of the journal Cryobiology. [8]

At the Cryonics Institute Dr. Pichugin developed a vitrification mixture which is superior to glycerol in preventing ice formation. Vitrification is a process of converting a material into a Glass -like Amorphous solid that is free from any Crystalline structure either by the quick removal Ice is a Solid phase, usually crystalline, of a Non-metalic substance that is liquid or gas at Room temperature, such as Ammonia This vitrification mixture was first applied to two dogs of members who wanted their pets cryopreserved in 2004 and early 2005. The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order A pet is an Animal kept for companionship and enjoyment or a househeld animal as opposed to Livestock, Laboratory animals Working animals The first human patient received the vitrification mixture in the summer of 2005 using a new procedure in which the head was vitrified while still attached to the body, which was frozen without any cryoprotectant. A cryoprotectant is a substance that is used to protect Biological tissue from Freezing damage (damage due to Ice formation [9] In February 2007 the Cryonics Institute abandoned its efforts to patent its vitrification mixture and disclosed the formula to preclude others from preventing its use by CI[10]. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an Dr.  Pichugin resigned from the Cryonics Institute in December 2007[11].

In the summer of 2005, the Cryonics Institute obtained some custom-built computer-controlled cooling boxes, with LabVIEW software which would allow controlled cooling to a temperature as low as −192°C (−313°F). LabVIEW (short for Lab oratory V irtual I nstrumentation E ngineering W orkbench is a platform and development environment for a This equipment was necessary for effective application of vitrification, because cooling should be as fast as possible prior to the solidification temperature of the vitrification mixture (about −125°C), but cooling should be very slow below that temperature to reduce cracking due to thermal stress. Vitrification is a process of converting a material into a Glass -like Amorphous solid that is free from any Crystalline structure either by the quick removal Vitrification is a process of converting a material into a Glass -like Amorphous solid that is free from any Crystalline structure either by the quick removal In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature Stress is a measure of the average amount of Force exerted per unit Area.

The basic $28,000/$35,000 cryopreservation fees and contract with the Cryonics Institute does not include Standby or Transport. CI members living outside of Michigan must normally provide extra funding to pay for funeral director services and shipping. CI members wanting Standby and Transport from cryonics professionals can contract for additional payment to the Florida-based company Suspended Animation, Inc. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the

Instead of using dewars for storage, the Cryonics Institute keeps its patients in large fiberglass/resin liquid-nitrogen-filled "thermos bottles" which CI calls "cryostats". Fiberglass (also called fibreglass and glass fibre see Spelling differences) is material made from extremely fine Fibers of Glass. Resin, not to be confused with Rosin, is a Hydrocarbon Secretion of many Plants particularly coniferous trees. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 The first dewars were hand-built by Facilities Manager Andy Zawacki, but now the units are custom built by an external manufacturer. Costs for liquid nitrogen in the newest and most efficient cryostats was below $100 per patient per year in May 2006. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Cost reduction is greatly assisted by the use of a 3,000 gallon bulk tank for liquid nitrogen.

See also

References

  1. ^ Outline of CI Cryopreservation Procedures. The Alcor Life Extension Foundation is a Scottsdale, Arizona, USA -based Nonprofit company that researches advocates for and performs Cryonics The American Cryonics Society ("ACS" is a member-run California -based 501(c(3 tax-exempt Non-profit corporation that supports Cryonics is the low-temperature Preservation of Humans and other Animals that can no longer be sustained by contemporary Medicine until The Immortalist Society is a charitable 501(c(3 organization devoted to Research and Education in the areas of Cryonics and Cryonics Institute. Retrieved on 2008-05-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
  2. ^ Cryostats for Cryogenic Storage. Cryonics Institute. Retrieved on 2008-05-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
  3. ^ a b Cryonics Institute (CI) Statistics Details. Cryonics Institute. Retrieved on 2008-05-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
  4. ^ Piet, Elizabeth. "Cryonics lab one of three in United States", USA Today, 2004-02-17. USA TODAY is a national American daily Newspaper published by the Gannett Company. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Retrieved on 2008-05-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following  
  5. ^ Officers of the Cryonics Institute. Cryonics Institute. Retrieved on 2007-09-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
  6. ^ a b Directors of the Cryonics Institute. Cryonics Institute. Retrieved on 2007-09-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
  7. ^ Becoming A Member: the FAQ. Cryonics Institute. Retrieved on 2008-05-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
  8. ^ Pichugin,Fahy,Morin (April 2006). "Cryopreservation of rat hippocampal slices by vitrification". CRYOBIOLOGY 52 (2): 228-240. PMID 16403489.  
  9. ^ Ben Best. Ben Best is President/CEO of the Cryonics Institute, the world's second largest Cryonics organization The Cryonics Institute's 69th Patient. Cryonics Institute. Retrieved on 2007-03-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia.
  10. ^ Best, Ben (February 23, 2007). Cryonics Institute Vitrification Formula Disclosure. CryoNet. Retrieved on 2007-09-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
  11. ^ Dr. Pichugin resigns, Chana de Wolf visits. Cryonics Institute (December 14, 2007). Retrieved on 2008-05-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.

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