- Cryogenics is often used incorrectly to refer to cryonics, cryopreserving humans or animals. Cryonics is the low-temperature Preservation of Humans and other Animals that can no longer be sustained by contemporary Medicine until
- For the band, see Cryogenic (Band). Cryogenic was an Australian Thrash metal / Death metal band formed in 1992 in Wetherill Park, a suburb of Sydney, Australia.
In physics or engineering, cryogenics is the study of the production of very low temperatures (below –150 °C, –238 °F or 123 K) and the behavior of materials at those temperatures. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature Rather than the familiar temperature scales of Fahrenheit and Celsius, cryogenicists use the Kelvin (and formerly Rankine) scales. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic Rankine is a thermodynamic (absolute temperature scale named after the Scottish Engineer and Physicist William John Macquorn Rankine
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Definitions and distinctions
The terms cryogenics, cryobiology and cryonics are frequently confused. Other new terms with the prefix cryo- have also been introduced.
- Cryogenics
- The branches of physics and engineering that involve the study of very low temperatures, how to produce them, and how materials behave at those temperatures.
- Cryobiology
- The branch of biology involving the study of the effects of low temperatures on organisms (most often for the purpose of achieving cryopreservation). Cryobiology is the branch of Biology that studies the effects of low Temperatures on living things Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Cryopreservation is a process where cells or whole tissues are preserved by cooling to low sub-zero Temperatures such as (typically 77 K or −196
- Cryonics
- The emerging medical technology of cryopreserving humans and animals with the intention of future revival. Cryonics is the low-temperature Preservation of Humans and other Animals that can no longer be sustained by contemporary Medicine until Medical technology refers to the diagnostic or therapeutic application of Science and Technology to improve the management of Health conditions Cryopreservation is a process where cells or whole tissues are preserved by cooling to low sub-zero Temperatures such as (typically 77 K or −196 Researchers in the field seek to apply the results of many sciences, including cryobiology, cryogenics, rheology, emergency medicine, etc. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Rheology is the study of the flow of matter mainly liquids but also soft solids or solids under conditions in which they flow rather than deform elastically Emergency Medicine is a speciality of Medicine that focuses on the Diagnosis and treatment of acute illnesses and injuries that require immediate medical attention
- Cryoelectronics
- The field of research regarding superconductivity at low temperatures. Cryoelectronics or cryolectronics is the study of Superconductivity at low temperatures and its applications Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain Materials generally at very low Temperatures characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance
- Cryotronics
- The practical application of cryoelectronics. Cryotronics is the production of Electronics that utilize Superconductivity, and is not to be confused with Cryoelectronics or cryolectronics
Etymology
The word cryogenics means "the production of freezing cold"; however the term is used today as a synonym for the low-temperature state. This article deals with the general meaning of the term "synonym" It is not well-defined at what point on the temperature scale refrigeration ends and cryogenics begins. Refrigeration is the process of removing Heat from an enclosed space or from a substance and moving it to a place where it is unobjectionable The workers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology at Boulder, Colorado have chosen to consider the field of cryogenics as that involving temperatures below –180 °C (93. Boulder is a Home Rule Municipality that is the County seat and most populous city of Boulder County, Colorado, in the United States The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 15 K). The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic This is a logical dividing line, since the normal boiling points of the so-called permanent gases (such as helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, and normal air) lie below -180 °C while the Freon refrigerants, hydrogen sulfide, and other common refrigerants have boiling points above -180 °C. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter Helium ( He) is a colorless odorless tasteless non-toxic Inert Monatomic Chemical Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Neon (ˈniːɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Ne and Atomic number 10 Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Freon is DuPont 's trade name for its odorless colorless nonflammable and noncorrosive Chlorofluorocarbon and Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Refrigerants Hydrogen sulfide (or hydrogen sulphide) is the Chemical compound with the formula H 2 S.
Industrial application
Liquefied gases, such as liquid nitrogen and liquid helium, are used in many cryogenic applications. Liquid Air was the brand name of an unusual Automobile produced by a joint American / English concern between 1899 and 1902 Liquid nitrogen (liquid density at the Triple point is 0707 g/mL is the liquid produced industrially in large quantities by Fractional distillation of Liquid nitrogen is the most commonly used element in cryogenics and is legally purchasable around the world. Liquid helium is also commonly used and allows for the lowest attainable temperatures to be reached.
These liquids are held in either special containers known as Dewar flasks, which are generally about six feet tall (1. 8 m) and three feet (91. 5 cm) in diameter, or giant tanks in larger commercial operations. Dewar flasks are named after their inventor, James Dewar, the man who first liquefied hydrogen. Sir James Dewar FRS ( September 20, 1842 &ndash March 27, 1923) was a Scottish Chemist and Physicist Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Museums typically display smaller vacuum flasks fitted in a protective casing.
Cryogenic transfer pumps are the pumps used on LNG piers to transfer Liquefied Natural Gas from LNG Carriers to LNG storage tanks. A LNG (liquefied natural gas pier is a specialized kind of working Pier designed for the loading and offloading of Liquefied natural gas from ships to shore based Not to be confused with Natural Gas Liquids (NGL Liquefied natural gas or LNG is Natural gas (primarily Methane, CH4 An LNG carrier is a ship designed for transporting liquefied natural gas ( LNG) A storage tank is a container usually for holding liquids sometimes for compressed gases (gas tank
Cryogenic processing
The field of cryogenics advanced during World War II when scientists found that metals frozen to low temperatures showed more resistance to wear. Based on this theory of cryogenic hardening, the commercial cryogenic processing industry was founded in 1966 by Ed Busch. Cryogenic hardening is a Heat treatment in which the material is cooled to Cryogenic temperatures to the order of -185 °C usually using Liquid nitrogen A Cryogenic processor is a unit designed to reach ultra-low temperatures (usually around -300°F / -150°C at a slow rate in order to prevent Thermal shock to the components With a background in the heat treating industry, Busch founded a company in Detroit called CryoTech in 1966. Second Album by Rock and roll Singer-songwriter near-legend Graham Parker. Though CryoTech later merged with 300 Below to create the largest and oldest commercial cryogenics company in the world, they originally experimented with the possibility of increasing the life of metal tools to anywhere between 200%-400% of the original life expectancy using cryogenic tempering instead of heat treating. Cryogenic hardening is a Heat treatment in which the material is cooled to Cryogenic temperatures to the order of -185 °C usually using Liquid nitrogen This evolved in the late 1990s into the treatment of other parts (that did more than just increase the life of a product) such as musical instruments or amplifier valves (improved sound quality), brass instruments (improved tonal characteristics), baseball bats (greater sweet spot), golf clubs (greater sweet spot), racing engines (greater performance under stress), firearms (less warping after continuous shooting), knives, razor blades, brake rotors and even pantyhose. The theory was based on how heat-treating metal works (the temperatures are lowered to room temperature from a high degree causing certain strength increases in the molecular structure to occur) and supposed that continuing the descent would allow for further strength increases. Using liquid nitrogen, CryoTech formulated the first early version of the cryogenic processor. A Cryogenic processor is a unit designed to reach ultra-low temperatures (usually around -300°F / -150°C at a slow rate in order to prevent Thermal shock to the components Unfortunately for the newly-born industry, the results were unstable, as components sometimes experienced thermal shock when they were cooled too fast. Thermal shock is the name given to cracking as a result of rapid temperature change Some components in early tests even shattered because of the ultra-low temperatures. In the late twentieth century, the field improved significantly with the rise of applied research, which coupled microprocessor based industrial controls to the cryogenic processor in order to create more stable results. A Cryogenic processor is a unit designed to reach ultra-low temperatures (usually around -300°F / -150°C at a slow rate in order to prevent Thermal shock to the components
Cryogens, like liquid nitrogen, are further used for specialty chilling and freezing applications. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Some chemical reactions, like those used to produce the active ingredients for the popular statin drugs, must occur at low temperatures of approximately -100 °C. The statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) form a class of hypolipidemic drugs used to lower Cholesterol levels in people with or at risk of Cardiovascular Special cryogenic chemical reactors are used to remove reaction heat and provide a low temperature environment. In Chemical engineering, chemical reactors are vessels designed to contain Chemical reactions The design of a chemical reactor deals with multiple aspects of The freezing of foods and biotechnology products, like vaccines, requires nitrogen in blast freezing or immersion freezing systems. A vaccine is a biological preparation which is used to establish or improve immunity to a particular disease Certain soft or elastic materials become hard and brittle at very low temperatures, which makes cryogenic milling (grinding) an option for some materials that cannot easily be milled at higher temperatures. A grinding mill is a Unit operation designed to break a solid material into smaller pieces
Fuels
Another use of cryogenics is cryogenic fuels. Cryogenic fuels are Fuels that require storage at extremely low temperatures in order to maintain them in a liquid state Cryogenic fuels, mainly hydrogen, have been used as rocket fuels. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 (Oxygen is used as an oxidizer of hydrogen, but oxygen is not, strictly speaking, a fuel. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state ) For example, NASA's workhorse space shuttle uses cryogenic hydrogen fuel as its primary means of getting into orbit, as did all of the rockets built for the Soviet space program by Sergei Korolev. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States In Physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved path of one object around a point or another body for example the gravitational orbit of a planet around a star The Soviet space program consisted of initiatives within the Soviet Union by competing design groups Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov (often Transliterated as Sergei Korolev) (Серге́й Па́влович Королёв Сергій Павлович Корольов (This was a bone of contention between him and rival engine designer Valentin Glushko, who felt that cryogenic fuels were impractical for large-scale rockets such as the ill-fated N-1 rocket spacecraft. N1 or N-1 was the secret Soviet Rocket intended to send Soviet Cosmonauts to the Moon. )
Russian aircraft manufacturer Tupolev is currently researching a version of its popular design Tu-154 with a cryogenic fuel system, known as the Tu-155. Tupolev ( Туполев) is a Russian aerospace and defence company headquartered in Moscow. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The plane uses a fuel referred to as liquefied natural gas or LNG, and made its first flight in 1989. Not to be confused with Natural Gas Liquids (NGL Liquefied natural gas or LNG is Natural gas (primarily Methane, CH4
Production
Cryogenic cooling of devices and material is usually achieved via the use of liquid nitrogen, liquid helium, or a cryocompressor (which uses high pressure helium lines). Liquid nitrogen (liquid density at the Triple point is 0707 g/mL is the liquid produced industrially in large quantities by Fractional distillation of Helium exists in Liquid form only at very low Temperatures The Boiling point and critical point depend on the Isotope
Detectors
Cryogenic temperatures, usually well below 77 K (-196 °C) are required to operate cryogenic detectors. Cryogenic particle detectors are radiation sensors that operate at very low temperature typically only a few degrees above Absolute zero.
See also
- 1 E2 K
- Absolute zero
- Coldest temperature recorded on Earth
- Cryocoolers
- Cryogenic processor
- Cryogenic tempering
- Cryobiology
- Cryonics
- Cryopreservation
- Ex-situ conservation
- Frozen zoo
- Important publications in cryogenics
- Liquid nitrogen
- Quantum hydrodynamics, Superfluidity or Superconductivity
- Superconductivity
- Superconducting RF
- Wildlife conservation
- Apollo 13
External links
- Cryogenic Society of America, Inc. (CSA)
- Sumitomo (SHI) Cryogenics of America, Inc.
- Lancaster University, Ultra Low Temperature Physics - ULT research group homepage
- Tupolev's pages regarding Cryogenic airliners
- Cryogenics, Key to Advanced Science and Technology
- An Introduction to Cryogenics
- Cryo Diffusion - Cryogenic equipment
- SASPG International - Cryogenic equipment
Dictionary
cryogenics
-noun
- The science and technology of the production of very low temperatures.
- The scientific study of low temperature phenomena.
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