Part of a series on the Death and resurrection of Jesus
Passion Events
Last Supper Arrest Trial Crucifixion & Death Resurrection Appearances
Hypotheses
Resurrection hypothesis Stolen body hypothesis Swoon hypothesis Vision hypothesis
Holy Week
Palm Sunday Maundy Thursday Good Friday Easter
Miscellaneous
Atonement, (substitutionary) Crucifixion eclipse Jesus: Empty tomb Talpiot Tomb
Other views
Islamic Jehovah's Witnesses
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The crucifixion of Jesus is an event recorded in all four gospels (Matthew 27:33-44; Mark 15:22-32; Luke 23:33-43; John 19:17-30) which takes place after his arrest and trial and includes his scourging, crucifixion on the cross, and burial. Simon Vouet ( 9 January 1590 - 30 June 1649) was a French painter and draftsman who helped introduce the Italian Baroque Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Substitutionary atonement is a Doctrine in Christian theology which states that Jesus of Nazareth died &ndash intentionally and willingly &ndash Within the body of Christian beliefs the resurrection of Jesus is a core event on which much of Christian doctrine and theology depend This article describes the Christian Passion For other meanings see Passion. In the Christian Gospels the Last Supper (also called the Lord's Supper or Mystical Supper) was the last meal Jesus shared with his The Arrest of Jesus is a pivotal event recorded in the Canonical Gospels, in which Jesus is arrested The Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus is an event reported by all the Canonical Gospels of the Bible. Within the body of Christian beliefs the resurrection of Jesus is a core event on which much of Christian doctrine and theology depend The major Resurrection appearances of Jesus are reported in the New Testament to have occurred after his death and burial and prior to his Ascension This article concerns itself with the belief in the final Resurrection at the End of time, commonly found in the Abrahamic religions. This is a sub-article of Death of Jesus. According to the stolen body hypothesis, the body of Jesus Christ was stolen from his burial place This is a sub-article of Death of Jesus. The swoon hypothesis refers to a number of theories that aim to explain the Resurrection of Jesus, This is a sub-article of Crucifixion of Jesus. The vision hypothesis is a term used to cover a range of theories that question the physical Resurrection Holy Week ( Latin: Hebdomada Sancta or Maior Hebdomada, "Greater Week" in Christianity is the last week before Easter. Palm Sunday is a Christian Moveable feast which always falls on the Sunday before Easter. In the Christian Liturgical calendar, Maundy Thursday (also known as Holy Thursday) is the feast or holy day falling on the Thursday before Easter Good Friday, also called Holy Friday or Great Friday, is the Friday preceding Easter Sunday ("Pascha" Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. The atonement is a doctrine found within both Christianity and Judaism. Substitutionary atonement is a Doctrine in Christian theology which states that Jesus of Nazareth died &ndash intentionally and willingly &ndash The phrase " Crucifixion eclipse " refers to a three-hour period of daytime darkness that was reported by the Synoptic gospels of the Christian Bible to have None of the four Gospels gives an inclusive or definitive account of the Resurrection of Jesus or of his appearances The Talpiot Tomb (or Talpiyot Tomb) is a Tomb discovered in 1980 in the East Talpiot Israeli neighborhood five kilometers south of the Old See also Islamic views of Jesus, Death of Jesus The issue of Jesus' death is important to Muslims because Muslims believe in Jesus's return at the end See also Cross or stake as gibbet on which Jesus died The Jehovah's Witnesses view of Jesus' death is that Jesus was crucified on an upright stake or pole and not as This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament The Arrest of Jesus is a pivotal event recorded in the Canonical Gospels, in which Jesus is arrested The Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus is an event reported by all the Canonical Gospels of the Bible. Flagellation is the act of whipping (Latin flagellum, "whip" the human body The Christian cross is the best-known Religious symbol of Christianity. In Christian theology, the death of Jesus by crucifixion is a core event on which much teaching depends, representing a critical aspect of the doctrine of salvation, portraying the suffering and death of the Messiah as necessary for the forgiveness of sins. Christian Theology is discourse concerning Christian faith Christian theologians use biblical Exegesis, rational analysis and argument Soteriology is the branch of theology that deals with Salvation. This article describes the Christian Passion For other meanings see Passion. This article is about the concept of a Messiah in religion notably in the Christian Islamic and Jewish traditions Forgiveness doesn't mean that you deny the other person's responsibility for hurting you and it doesn't minimize or justify the wrong Sin is a term used mainly in a religious context to describe an act that violates a moral Rule, or the state of having committed such a violation According to the New Testament, Jesus was resurrected after three days and appeared to his disciples over a 40-day period before ascending to heaven. Within the body of Christian beliefs the resurrection of Jesus is a core event on which much of Christian doctrine and theology depend The major Resurrection appearances of Jesus are reported in the New Testament to have occurred after his death and burial and prior to his Ascension In Christianity, the disciples were the students of Jesus during his ministry. The general and most common understanding of the Christian Doctrine of Ascension holds that Jesus bodily ascended to Heaven in the presence ^[1]

Contents 1 Overview 2 Records of the crucifixion 2.1 Gospel narratives 2.2 Other records 3 Date and place of the crucifixion 3.1 Date of the crucifixion 3.2 Path to the crucifixion 3.3 Place of the crucifixion 4 Last words of Jesus 5 Phenomena during the crucifixion 5.1 Darkness 5.2 Temple veil torn 5.3 Earthquakes and resurrections 6 Medical aspects of the crucifixion 7 Death of Jesus: Theological significance 7.1 Atonement 8 References 9 Further reading 10 See also 11 External links

Overview

See also: Mark 15

Following the Last Supper with his disciples, Jesus was arrested in Gethsemane and forced to stand trial before the Sanhedrin, Pontius Pilate, and Herod Antipas before being handed over for crucifixion. Mark 15 is the fifteenth chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. In the Christian Gospels the Last Supper (also called the Lord's Supper or Mystical Supper) was the last meal Jesus shared with his The Twelve Apostles (Greek apostolos, "someone sent out" e Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) The Arrest of Jesus is a pivotal event recorded in the Canonical Gospels, in which Jesus is arrested Gethsemane ( Greek ΓεσΘημανι Gesthēmani ' Hebrew: גת שמנים, from Aramaic גת שמנא Gat Šmānê, lit The Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus is an event reported by all the Canonical Gospels of the Bible. Herod Antipas (short for Antipatros (before 20 BC &ndash after AD 39) was a first century AD ruler of Galilee and Perea, who bore the title After being flogged, Jesus was mocked by Roman soldiers as the "King of the Jews", who also beat him and spat on him after clothing him with a purple robe and a placing a crown of thorns on his head. Jesus then had to make his way through Jerusalem to the place of his crucifixion, a route traditionally called Via Dolorosa. See also Religious significance of Jerusalem For Christians, Jerusalem's place in the life of Jesus gives it great importance in addition to its Via Dolorosa ( Latin for "Way of Grief" or "Way of Suffering" is a street in the Old City of Jerusalem.

Once at Golgotha, Jesus was stripped and nailed by his hands to the beam and hung for three hours between two convicted thieves. "Golgotha" redirects here For other uses see Golgotha (disambiguation. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign at the top stating "King of the Jews" in at least three languages, divided his garments and cast lots for his seamless robe, and offered him wine mixed with gall to drink, before eventually piercing his side with a spear to be certain that he had died. INRI is an Acronym of the Latin phrase IESVS·NAZARENVS·REX·IVDÆORVM (Jesus Nazarenus rex Judæorum which translates to English The Bible records seven statements that Jesus made while he was on the cross, as well as several supernatural events that occurred. Following his death, his body was removed from the cross by Joseph of Arimathea and buried in a rock-hewn tomb, with Nicodemus assisting. Joseph of Arimathea was according to the Gospels, the man who donated his own prepared tomb for the burial of Jesus after Jesus' Crucifixion A sepulchre, or sepulcher, is a type of Tomb or Burial chamber Nicodemus (Greek Νικόδημος was a Pharisee and a member of the Sanhedrin, who according to the Gospel of John, showed favour to Jesus

Records of the crucifixion

See also: Historical Jesus

All four Gospels record in great detail the events surrounding the crucifixion so as to leave little room to doubt its historicity. The historical Jesus is Jesus of Nazareth as reconstructed by historians using Historical methods These historical methods use critical That Jesus was crucified is a well-attested event of Roman history. ^[2] Furthermore, modern archaeological discoveries have all been consistent with the details provided in the Gospel accounts as an accurate portrayal of Roman crucifixion.

Gospel narratives

The earliest detailed historical narrative accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four canonical gospels: Matthew 27, Mark 15, Luke 23, and John 19. This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament The Gospel of Matthew (Gk Κατά Ματθαίον Ευαγγέλιον is one of the four Canonical gospels in the New Testament and is a Synoptic gospel Content Authorship The gospel itself is anonymous but as early as Papias in the early 2nd century a text was attributed to Mark, a cousin The Gospel of Luke (Gk Κατά Λουκάν Ευαγγέλιον) is a synoptic Gospel, and is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the The Gospel of John (literally According to John; Greek, Κατὰ Ἰωάννην Kata Iōannēn) is the fourth Gospel in the canon There are other more implicit references in the New Testament epistles.

According to all four gospels, Jesus was brought to the "Place of a Skull"^[3] and crucified with two thieves,^[4] with the charge of claiming to be "King of the Jews" written by Pilate,^[5] and the soldiers dividing his clothes^[6] before he bowed his head and died. ^[7] Following his death, Joseph of Arimathea requested the body from Pilate,^[8] which he then placed in a new garden tomb. ^[9]

The three synoptic gospels provide further details of Simon of Cyrene bearing the cross,^[10] the multitude mocking Jesus^[11] along with the thieves,^[12] darkness from the 6th to the 9th hour,^[13] and the temple veil being torn from top to bottom. ^[14] The synoptics also record several witnesses, including the centurion who glorified God,^[15] and the women who watched from a distance^[16] and were present during the burial. ^[17]

Luke is the only gospel writer to omit the detail of sour wine mix that was offered to Jesus on a reed,^[18] while only Mark and John record Joseph actually taking the body down off the cross. ^[19]

There are several details that are only found in one of the gospel accounts. For instance, only Matthew's gospel mentions the earthquake and resurrected saints and the fact that Roman soldiers were assigned to guard the tomb,^[20] while Mark is the only one to record the actual time of the crucifixion (the third hour, or 9 am) and the Centurion's report of Jesus' death. ^[21] Luke’s unique contributions to the narrative include Jesus' words to the women who were mourning, one criminal's rebuke of the other, the reaction of the multitudes who left "beating their breasts", and the women preparing spices and ointments before resting on the Sabbath. ^[22] John, providing the only first-hand account, is also the only one to relay the request that the legs be broken and the soldier’s subsequent piercing of Jesus' side (as fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy), as well as the fact that Nicodemus assisted Joseph with burial. ^[23]

Other records

See also: Josephus on Jesus

Since crucifixion was a common punishment for first century Jews thought to be traitors against Rome, it is not surprising that only a few secular historians record the event (and then without much commentary). Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, usually just known as Caravaggio, (28 September 1571 – 18 July 1610 was an Italian Artist active in Rome This article is part of the Jesus and history series of articles ^[24] For instance, Roman historian Tacitus, in his Annals (A. Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. The Annals, or in Latin, Annales, is a history book by Tacitus covering the reign of the four Roman Emperors succeeding D. 55), mentions only in passing that "Christus. Year 55 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. . . suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators. . . "^[25]

Additionally, first-century Jewish historian Josephus (in a disputed passage^[26]) records:

Now there was about this time Jesus, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man; for he was a doer of wonderful works, a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. Josephus (AD 37 – c 100 also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph son of Matthias and after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus He drew over to him both many of the Jews and many of the Gentiles. He was [the] Christ. And when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him; for he appeared to them alive again the third day; as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him. And the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct at this day.

—Josephus , Antiquities of the Jews - XVIII, 3:8-10

Another possible Jewish reference to the crucifixion ("hanging" cf. Luk 23:39; Gal 3:13) is found in the Babylonian Talmud:

On the eve of the Passover Yeshu was hanged. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history This article is about references to the designation Yeshu in classical Jewish Rabbinic literature. For forty days before the execution took place, a herald went forth and cried, ‘He is going forth to be stoned because he has practised sorcery and enticed Israel to apostacy. Anyone who can say anything in his favour, let him come forward and plead on his behalf. ’ But since nothing was brought forward in his favour he was hanged on the eve of the Passover!

—Soncino English Translation of the Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin 43a

Although the question of the equivalence of the identities of Yeshu and Jesus has at times been debated, many historians agree that the above passage is likely to be about Jesus. ^[27]

Date and place of the crucifixion

The exact time, date and place of the crucifixion have been the subject of a wide range of research and speculation. Although there is no final agreement among different groups of religious scholars and scentists on the exact time and place for the crucifixion, in recent years the views regarding the approximate date and location of the crucifixion have started to converge via independent methods of reasoning and verification. For instance, the year range given by some scripture scholars based on their methods of reasoning happens to roughly coincide with that obtained by Isaac Newton via the observation of the cycles of the moon, and later by modern astronomers. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements

Date of the crucifixion

See also: Chronology of Jesus

A series of articles on
Jesus Christ and Christianity Chronology • Virgin Birth Ministry • Miracles • Parables Death • Resurrection Second Coming • Christology Names and titles • Relics • Active obedience
Cultural and historical background Aramaic • Race Genealogy of Jesus
Perspectives on Jesus Biblical Jesus • Religious Christian • Jewish Islamic • Scientology Historicity • In myth Research: historical • mythic Yuz Asaf
Jesus in culture Depiction • Sexuality This box: view • talk • edit

Although there is no final consensus regarding the specific year or day, it is generally agreed that it occurred during the governorship of Pontius Pilate (between AD 26 and AD 36 ) on a Friday at the beginning of Passover. Introduction The chronology of Jesus is linked to a number of Jewish festivals Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Introduction The chronology of Jesus is linked to a number of Jewish festivals The virgin birth of Jesus is a religious Tenet of Christianity and Islam which holds that Mary miraculously conceived Jesus while According to the canonical Gospels Jesus worked many Miracles in the course of his ministry, which may be categorized into cures Exorcisms The parables of Jesus, found in the Synoptic gospels, embody much of Jesus ' teaching. The crucifixion of Jesus is an event recorded in all four Gospels (;;) which takes place after his arrest and trial and includes his scourging Within the body of Christian beliefs the resurrection of Jesus is a core event on which much of Christian doctrine and theology depend In Christianity, the Second Coming is the anticipated return of Jesus Christ from Heaven to earth an event that will fulfill aspects of Messianic Christology (from Christ and Greek grc -λογία -logia) is a field of study within Christian theology which is concerned with A large variety of names and titles are used in the New Testament to describe Jesus. There are many relics attributed to Jesus that people believe or believed to be authentic Relics of the Gospel accounts The active obedience of Jesus Christ (sometimes called his preceptive obedience comprises the totality of his actions which Christians believe Scholars examine the cultural and historical background of Jesus in order to better understand Jesus his ministry and the origins of Christianity Most scholars believe that historical '''Jesus''' primarily spoke Aramaic, with some Hebrew and Greek, although there The race of Jesus has been a subject of debate since at least the 19th century The genealogy of Jesus through Joseph is given by two passages from the Gospels, Matthew and Luke. The four canonical Gospels of the New Testament are the main sources of information for the doctrinal Christian narrative of Jesus ' life Religious perspectives on Jesus is the specific significance some Religions place on Jesus. Christian views of Jesus consist of the teachings and beliefs held by Christian groups about Jesus including his divinity humanity and earthly life While Judaism has no special or particular view of Jesus, and very few texts in Judaism directly refer to or take note of Jesus, Judaism takes a strong Etymology The Anglicized name of Jesus is derived from the Latin Iēsus, which in turn comes from the Greek (Iēsoûs Scientology founder L Ron Hubbard described Scientology as "the Western Anglicized continuance of many earlier forms of wisdom" and cites the teachings The historicity of Jesus concerns the historical authenticity of Jesus of Nazareth. The study of Jesus from a mythographical perspective is the examination of the narrative of Jesus, the Christ ("the Anointed " of the This article is about the history of academic Jesus research For the book "The Quest of the Historical Jesus A Critical Study of Its Progress from Reimarus to Wrede" The historical Jesus is Jesus of Nazareth as reconstructed by historians using Historical methods These historical methods use critical "Jesus myth" links here For a comparison between Jesus Christ and pagan mythology see Jesus Christ and comparative mythology. Yuz Asaf is the name of several different religious figures of several distinct religious groups a sage entombed at Roza Bal in Srinagar Kashmir India Jesus has inspired artistic and cultural works for nearly two millennia The depiction of Jesus in art took several centuries to reach a conventional standardized form for his physical appearance which has subsequently remained largely stable since that The canonical New Testament does not explicitly indicate that Jesus had any sexual relationships or desire and Christians have traditionally believed that he remained Year 26 was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 36 was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Good Friday, also called Holy Friday or Great Friday, is the Friday preceding Easter Sunday ("Pascha" Passover ( Hebrew, Yiddish: פֶּסַח Pesach, Tiberian: pɛsaħ Israeli: Pesah, Pesakh, Yiddish (Thursday^[28][29] or even Wednesday^[30] crucifixion scenarios have also been suggested. ) John's Gospel implies that at the time of the trial the Jewish leaders had not yet eaten the Passover meal^[31] and explicitly states just prior to his sentencing "Now it was the day of Preparation of the Passover. It was about the sixth hour. "^[32] This places the crucifixion on Nisan 14, since the law mandated the lamb had to be sacrificed between 3:00 pm and 5:00 pm and eaten before midnight on Nissan 14. This article is about the Jewish month of Nisan See Nissan Motors for the automobile manufacturer See also Easter controversy, Easter Quartodecimanism (derived from the Vulgate Latin: quarta decima, meaning fourteen ^[33][34][35] This understanding fits well with Old Testament typology, in which Jesus entered Jerusalem to identify himself as the Paschal lamb on Nisan 10,^[36] was crucified and died at 3:00 in the afternoon of Nisan 14, at the same time the High Priest would have sacrificed the Paschal lamb,^[37] and rose before dawn the morning of Nisan 16, as a type of offering of the First Fruits. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. Korban Pesach ( Hebrew: קרבן פסח "sacrifice of Passover " also known as the "Paschal Lamb" is the sacrifice that the First Fruits are a religious Offering of the first agricultural produce of the Harvest. ^[38]

The chronology presented by John is problematic in reconciling with the Synoptic passages and the tradition that the Last Supper was a Passover meal,^[39] placing the crucifixion instead on Nisan 15. Matthias Stom or Matthias Stomer (c 1600 Amersfoort &ndash after 1649 Sicily) was a Dutch golden age painter, often considered Yosef Bar Kayafa ( Hebrew יוסף בַּר קַיָּפָא joˑsef bar qayːɔfɔʔ (which translates as Joseph son of Caiaphas) also known simply as In the Christian Gospels the Last Supper (also called the Lord's Supper or Mystical Supper) was the last meal Jesus shared with his However, the apparent contradiction may be resolved by postulating differences in how post-exilic Jews reckoned time. ^[40] For Jesus and his disciples, the Passover could have begun at dawn Thursday, while for traditional Jews (following Leviticus 23:5), it would not have begun until dusk that same day. ^[41][42] Another potential solution is that Jesus chose to celebrate the Passover meal a day early with his disciples. ^[43][44][45]

Isaac Newton was one of the first scientists to estimate the date of the crucifixion by calculating the relative visibility of the crescent of the new moon between the Hebrew and Julian calendars. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements The Hebrew calendar (הלוח העברי ha'luach ha'ivri) or Jewish calendar is a Lunisolar calendar used by Jews for predominantly religious The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 Ab urbe condita Newton suggested the date as Friday, April 23 AD 34 . Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Year 34 was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. ^[46] Yet, using similar computations, in 1990 astronomer Bradley Schaefer arrived at the date Friday, April 3, 33 AD. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 33 was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. ^[47] In 2003, using a computer program, astronomers Liviu Mircea and Tiberiu Oproiu estimated that Jesus died at 3 pm on Friday, April 3, 33 AD, and rose on Sunday, April 5, dates that agree with Schaefer, but not with Newton. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 33 was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop ^[48][49] Writing in the Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1991, John Pratt argued that Newton's reasoning was effectively sound, but included a minor error at the end. The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS is a Learned society that began as the Astronomical Society of London in 1820 to support astronomical research Pratt suggested the year 33 AD as the accurate answer. ^[50] Another computer calculation suggests somewhat different dates. ^[51]

Path to the crucifixion

Main article: Via Dolorosa

The three Synoptic Gospels refer to a man called Simon of Cyrene who is made to carry the cross,^[52] while in the Gospel of John, Jesus is said to "bear" his own cross. Via Dolorosa ( Latin for "Way of Grief" or "Way of Suffering" is a street in the Old City of Jerusalem. The synoptic gospels are the first three Gospels of the New Testament in the Christian Bible. Simon of Cyrene ( שמעון "Hearkening listening" Standard Hebrew Šimʿon, Tiberian Hebrew Šimʿôn) was the person ^[53] However, John uses "bastazō" with a figurative meaning of enduring or sustaining. ^[54] By contrast, the first two accounts use "airō" which literally means to raise, take up, or lift,^[55] and Luke uses "pherō̄" which literally means to bear, carry, or bring forth. ^[56]

Luke's gospel also records an interaction between Jesus and the women among the crowd of mourners following him, quoting Jesus as saying "Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. For behold, the days are coming when they will say, 'Blessed are the barren and the wombs that never bore and the breasts that never nursed!' Then they will begin to say to the mountains, 'Fall on us,' and to the hills, 'Cover us. ' For if they do these things when the wood is green, what will happen when it is dry?"^[57]

Traditionally, the path that Jesus took is called Via Dolorosa (Latin for "Way of Grief" or "Way of Suffering") and is a street in the Old City of Jerusalem. Via Dolorosa ( Latin for "Way of Grief" or "Way of Suffering" is a street in the Old City of Jerusalem. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Old City (העיר העתיקה HaIr HaAtika, البلدة القديمة al-Balda al-Qadimah) is a 0 It is marked by nine of the fourteen Stations of the Cross. Stations of the Cross (or Way of the Cross; in Latin, Via Crucis; also called the Via Dolorosa or Way of Sorrows, or simply The last five stations are inside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Sanctum Sepulchrum also called the Church of the Resurrection, ( Greek: Ναός της Αναστάσεως Naos tis Anastaseos

There is no reference to Saint Veronica in the Gospels. Saint Veronica or Berenice, according to the " Acta Sanctorum " published by the Bollandists (under February 4) was a pious But according to the Acta Sanctorum published by the Bollandists, Saint Veronica was a pious woman of Jerusalem who, moved with pity as Jesus carried his cross to Golgotha, gave him her veil that he might wipe his forehead. Acta Sanctorum ( Acts of the Saints ' is an encyclopedic text in 68 folio volumes of documents examining the lives of Christian saints in essence a critical The Bollandists are an association of scholars - originally all Jesuit, but now including non-Jesuits -- philologists and historians -- who since the early seventeenth century Saint Veronica or Berenice, according to the " Acta Sanctorum " published by the Bollandists (under February 4) was a pious Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) "Golgotha" redirects here For other uses see Golgotha (disambiguation. Jesus reportedly accepted the offering and after using it handed it back to her, the image of his face miraculously impressed upon it. This reported image then became known as the Veil of Veronica (in Italian as the Volto Santo) and was the starting point for the devotions to the Holy Face of Jesus by Roman Catholics. The Veil of Veronica, or Sudarium (Latin for sweat-cloth often called simply "The Veronica" and known in Italian as the Volto Santo or Holy Face The Holy Face of Jesus is a title for specific images which some Catholics believe to have been miraculously formed representations of the face of Jesus Christ. ^[58][59]

Place of the crucifixion

See also: Empty tomb

The precise location of the crucifixion remains a matter of conjecture, but the biblical accounts indicate that it would have been outside the city walls,^[60] accessible to passers-by,^[61] and observable from some distance away. ^[62] Eusebius identified its location only as being north of Mount Zion,^[63] which is consistent with the two most popularly suggested sites of modern times. Mount Zion (הר צִיּוֹן Har Tzion) is a hill just outside the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem.

Calvary is an English name derived from the Latin word for skull (calvaria), which is how Jerome translated the Aramaic word Gûlgaltâ which identifies the place where Jesus was crucified. "Golgotha" redirects here For other uses see Golgotha (disambiguation. Although the text does not indicate why it was so designated, several theories have been put forward. One is that as a place of public execution, Calvary may have been strewn with the skulls of abandoned victims (which would be contrary to Jewish burial traditions). Another is that Calvary is named after a nearby cemetery (which is consistent with both of the proposed modern sites). A third is that the name was derived from the physical contour, which would be more consistent with the singular use of the word, i. e. the place called "a skull". While often referred to as "Mount Calvary", it was more likely a small hill or rocky knoll. ^[64]

The traditional site, inside what is now occupied by the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the Christian Quarter of the Old City, has been attested since the 4th century. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Sanctum Sepulchrum also called the Church of the Resurrection, ( Greek: Ναός της Αναστάσεως Naos tis Anastaseos The Christian Quarter is one of the four quarters of the ancient walled Old City of Jerusalem, the other three being the Jewish Quarter, the Muslim Quarter The Old City (העיר העתיקה HaIr HaAtika, البلدة القديمة al-Balda al-Qadimah) is a 0 A second site (commonly referred to as Gordon’s Calvary), located further north of the Old City near a place popularly called the Garden Tomb, has been promoted since the 19th century, mostly by Protestants. The Garden Tomb in Jerusalem is considered by some to be the site of the burial and resurrection of Jesus.

Last words of Jesus

Main article: Sayings of Jesus on the cross

The gospel writers record seven statements uttered by Jesus while he was on the cross:

• "Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do. The seven sayings of Jesus on the cross are a traditional collection of seven short phrases uttered by Jesus at his Crucifixion immediately before he died " (Luke 23:34)
• "Truly, I say to you, today you will be with me in Paradise. " (Luke 23:43)
• "Woman, behold, your son!" (John 19:25-27)
• "E′li, E′li, la′ma sa‧bach‧tha′ni?" (Matthew 27:46; Mark 15:34) (Aramaic for "My God, My God, why have you forsaken me?")
• "I thirst. Aramaic is a Semitic language with " (John 19:28)
• "It is finished. " (John 19:30)
• "Father, into your hands I commit my spirit!" (Luke 23:46)

Phenomena during the crucifixion

Darkness

Main article: Crucifixion eclipse

In the biblical narrative, while Jesus is hanging on the cross, the sky is "darkened for 3 hours," from the sixth to the ninth hour (noon to mid-afternoon). The phrase " Crucifixion eclipse " refers to a three-hour period of daytime darkness that was reported by the Synoptic gospels of the Christian Bible to have "Golgotha" redirects here For other uses see Golgotha (disambiguation. Paolo Veronese (1528 – April 19 1588 was an Italian painter of the Renaissance in Venice, famous for paintings such as The Wedding at Cana Both Roman orator Julius Africanus and Christian theologian Origen refer to Greek historian Phlegon as having written "with regard to the eclipse in the time of Tiberius Caesar, in whose reign Jesus appears to have been crucified, and the great earthquakes which then took place"^[65] Julius Africanus further refers to the writings of historian Thallus when ruling out the possibility of a solar eclipse: "This darkness Thallus, in the third book of his History, calls, as appears to me without reason, an eclipse of the sun. For the Christian traveller and historian see Sextus Julius Africanus. Origen ( Greek: Ōrigénēs, or Origen Adamantius, ca 185–ca Phlegon, of Tralles in Asia Minor, Greek writer and freedman of the emperor Hadrian, lived in the 2nd century. Thallus was a Historian who wrote in Greek It is uncertain when he wrote but it was probably in the early 2nd century For the Hebrews celebrate the passover on the 14th day according to the moon, and the passion of our Saviour falls on the day before the passover; but an eclipse of the sun takes place only when the moon comes under the sun. "^[66] A solar eclipse concurrent with a full moon is a scientific impossibility. Diogenes is said to have commented "Either the Deity Himself suffers at this moment, or sympathizes with one who does. Diogenes Laërtius ( Greek:, Diogénes Laértios) the biographer of the Greek Philosophers, is supposed by some to have received his surname "^[67] Christian apologist Tertullian wrote "In the same hour, too, the light of day was withdrawn, when the sun at the very time was in his meridian blaze. Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, Anglicised as Tertullian, (ca Those who were not aware that this had been predicted about Christ, no doubt thought it an eclipse. You yourselves have the account of the world-portent still in your archives. "^[68]

Temple veil torn

The synoptic gospels state that the veil of the temple was torn from top to bottom. A veil is an article of clothing worn almost exclusively by women that is intended to cover some part of the head or Face. Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name According to Josephus, the curtain in Herod's temple would have been nearly 60 feet high and 4 inches thick. According to Hebrews 9:1-10, this curtain was representative of the separation between God and man, beyond which only the High Priest was permitted to pass, and then only once each year (cf. Exodus 30:10) to enter into God's presence and make atonement for the sins of Israel (Leviticus 16). Bible expositors agree that the rending of the veil is symbolic of Jesus establishing a new and living way of access to God (Hebrews 9:11-15).

Earthquakes and resurrections

Matthew records that there were earthquakes, splitting rocks, and the graves of dead saints were opened (and subsequently resurrected after the resurrection of Jesus). A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity This article concerns itself with Jesus Christ Christian, Islamic and other religious interpretations of resurrection in general Within the body of Christian beliefs the resurrection of Jesus is a core event on which much of Christian doctrine and theology depend The fate of these resurrected saints is never elaborated upon. ^[69]

The synoptics report that the centurion in charge, witnessing these events said: "Truly this was the Son of God!" (Matthew 27:54); or "Truly this man was the Son of God!" (Mark 15:39); or "Certainly this man was innocent!" (Luke 23:47). Centurion redirects here This article is about the Roman soldier Son of God is a phrase found in the Hebrew Bible, various other Jewish texts and the New Testament.

Medical aspects of the crucifixion

The Gospel of John says that a soldier pierced Jesus' side, causing the flow of blood and water. Apologists claim that medical knowledge at the time would have only expected blood. ^[70] Some scholars have hypothesized the 'water' as pericardial effusion and pleural effusion, and maintain that this medical anomaly would have been a fact that the author of the Gospel of John would have been tempted to leave out, had he not been interested in accurate reporting. Pericardial effusion ("fluid around the heart" is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the Pericardial cavity. Pleural effusion is excess fluid that accumulates in the Pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the Lungs Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair This flow of water suggests fatal heart trauma required to release pericardial fluid. Without pericardial fluid, the heart may become bruised over time (due to friction between the heart and the pericardium). (The pericardial fluid is not required for the heart to function; it merely acts as a lubricant. ) Roman soldiers were trained with such diligence that it is not logical to assume that someone could have survived a piercing in this region of the body. ^[71]

Death of Jesus: Theological significance

Main article: Atonement

The theological significance of death by crucifixion is at times discussed in terms of the cross being a curse. The atonement is a doctrine found within both Christianity and Judaism. The Heidelberg Catechism suggests that the special meaning behind Jesus' death by crucifixion rather than some other method is that the believer is "assured that He took upon Himself the curse which lay on me, for a crucified one was cursed by God" (Q & A 39). See also Catechism, Reformed Christian confessions of faith The Heidelberg Catechism is a Protestant confessional document taking the form of a series

Similarly, Galatians 3:3 quotes Deuteronomy 21:23 in its assertion that Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us, for it is written: "Cursed is everyone who is hung on a tree. "

Atonement

Main article: Atonement

Jesus' death and resurrection underpin a variety of theological interpretations as to how salvation is granted to humanity. The atonement is a doctrine found within both Christianity and Judaism. Agnolo di Cosimo ( November 17, 1503 &ndash November 23, 1572) usually known as Il Bronzino, or Agnolo Bronzino (mistaken Soteriology is the branch of theology that deals with Salvation. In Theology, salvation can mean three related things being saved from or Liberation from something such as Suffering or the punishment of A common feature of all these interpretations is that they place greater emphasis on the death and resurrection than on his words. ^[72]

To Christians, Jesus willingly sacrificed himself as an act of perfect obedience as a substitutionary atonement, a sacrifice of love which pleased God. Substitutionary atonement is a Doctrine in Christian theology which states that Jesus of Nazareth died &ndash intentionally and willingly &ndash ^[73] Many modern branches of Christianity embrace substitutionary atonement as the central meaning of Jesus' death on the cross. These branches however have developed different theories of atonement. The Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholics incorporates substitutionary atonement as one (relatively minor) element of a single doctrine of the Cross and Resurrection, the Roman Catholic church incorporates it into Aquinas' Satisfaction doctrine rooted in the idea of penance,^[73] and Evangelical Protestants interpret it largely in terms of penal substitution. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See The satisfaction view of the Atonement is a Doctrine in Christian theology related to the meaning and effect of the death of Jesus Christ Penance is repentance of Sins as well as the proper name of the Catholic and Orthodox Christian Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation/Confession Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Penal substitution is a theory of the Atonement within Christian theology, especially associated with the Reformed tradition

In the Roman Catholic tradition this view of atonement is balanced by the duty of Roman Catholics to perform Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ^[58] which in the encyclical Miserentissimus Redemptor of Pope Pius XI were defined as "some sort of compensation to be rendered for the injury" with respect to the sufferings of Jesus. Roman Catholic tradition include specific prayers and devotions as Acts of Reparation for insults and blasphemies against Jesus Christ Miserentissimus Redemptor is the title of an Encyclical by Pope Pius XI, issued on May 8 1928. Pope Pius XI ( Latin: Pius PP XI; Italian: Pio XI; May 31 1857 &ndash February 10 1939) born ^[74] Pope John Paul II referred to these Acts of Reparation as the "unceasing effort to stand beside the endless crosses on which the Son of God continues to be crucified. Pope In the Roman Catholic tradition an Act of Reparation is a prayer or devotion with the intent to repair the " sins of others " e "^[75]

The Christus Victor view, which is more common among Eastern Orthodox Christians, holds that Jesus was sent by God to defeat death and Satan. Gustaf Aulén's Christus Victor The term Christus Victor comes from the title of Gustaf Aulén 's groundbreaking book first published in 1931 where he drew The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Satan, ( Standard Hebrew Satan'el, English accuser) is a term that originates from the Abrahamic faiths, being traditionally Because of his perfection, voluntary death, and Resurrection, Jesus defeated Satan and death, and arose victorious. Therefore, humanity was no longer bound in sin, but was free to rejoin God through faith in Jesus. ^[76]

References

Further reading

• Cousar, Charles B. (1990). A Theology of the Cross: The Death of Jesus in the Pauline Letters. Fortress Press. ISBN 0800615581.  
• Dennis, John (2006). "Jesus’ Death in John's Gospel: A Survey of Research from Bultmann to the Present with Special Reference to the Johannine Hyper-Texts". Currents in Biblical Research 4 (3): 331–363. doi:10.1177/1476993X06064628. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
• Green, Joel B. (1988). The Death of Jesus: Tradition and Interpretation in the Passion Narrative. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 3161453492.  
• Humphreys, Colin J. (December 1983). "Dating the Crucifixion". Nature 306: 743–746. doi:10.1038/306743a0. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
• Rosenblatt, Samuel (December 1956). "The Crucifixion of Jesus from the Standpoint of Pharisaic Law". Journal of Biblical Literature 75 (4): 315–321. doi:10.2307/3261265. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
• Sloyan, Gerard S. (1995). The Crucifixion of Jesus. Fortress Press. ISBN 0800628861.  
• Schwertley, Brian (2006). The Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Reformed Online Library. Westminster Presbyterian Church of Waupaca County.
• Terasaka, David (1996). Medical Aspects of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. The Blue Letter Bible.

See also

• Atonement
• Passion (Christianity)
• Descent from the Cross
• Acts of Reparation

External links

• Jewish Encyclopedia: Crucifixion: Date of Jesus' Crucifixion
• Jewish Encyclopedia: Jesus of Nazareth: The Crucifixion

The atonement is a doctrine found within both Christianity and Judaism. This article describes the Christian Passion For other meanings see Passion. The Descent from the Cross ( Greek: Αποκαθελωσις Apokathelosis) or Deposition, is the scene as depicted in art from the Gospel account of In the Roman Catholic tradition an Act of Reparation is a prayer or devotion with the intent to repair the " sins of others " e

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