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The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity, is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile, or more concretely, with the union of their parliaments a few decades later. Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital History Early man of Neanderthal occupied sites around Burgos as early as 800000 years ago Toledo Spain locationpng|thumb|right|200px|Location of Toledo in Spain Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A parliament is a Legislature, especially in those In 1230 Saint Ferdinand III was crowned King of Castile (which included the former kingdom of Toledo) and Leon (which included the old kingdoms of Galicia and Asturias). Saint Ferdinand III (July 30 or August 5 1199 &ndash May 30, 1252) was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230 The Kingdom of Toledo was the second more established and final centre of Visigothic rule in Hispania. The Kingdom of Galicia (410-1833 was a kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula for two distinct periods The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian political entity to be established in the Iberian peninsula after the collapse of the Visigothic
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Two kingdoms: León and Castile
The Kingdom of León arose out of the Kingdom of Asturias. Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian political entity to be established in the Iberian peninsula after the collapse of the Visigothic The Kingdom of Castile appeared initially as a county of the Kingdom of Leon. From the second half of the 10th century to the first half of the 11th century it changed hands between Leon and the Kingdom of Navarre. In the 11th century it became a kingdom in its own right.
The kingdoms of Leon and Castile had been united twice previously:
- From 1037 until 1065 under Ferdinand I of León. Ferdinand I, called the Great (in his time El Magno) (1017&ndash León, 1065 son of Sancho III of Navarre and Mayor of Castile Upon his death his kingdoms passed to his sons, León to Alfonso VI, Castile to Sancho II, and Galicia to García. Alfonso VI (before June 1040 &ndash June 29 / July 1, 1109) nicknamed the Brave, was King of León from 1065 to 1109 and King of Sancho II (1036/ 1038 - October 7, 1072) called the Strong, or in Spanish el Fuerte, was King of Castile (1065-1072 and
- From 1072 until 1157 under Alfonso VI (died 1109), Urraca (died 1126), and Alfonso VII. Urraca of Castile (1082 &ndash March 8 1126) was Queen of Castile and León from 1109 to her death Alfonso VII ( 1 March 1105 &ndash 21 August 1157) called the Emperor, became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King From 1111 until 1126 Galicia was separate from the union under Alfonso VII. In 1157 the kingdoms were divided between Alfonso's sons, with Ferdinand II receiving León and Sancho III Castile. Ferdinand II (1137 in Toledo, Castile – January 22 1188 was King of León from 1157 to his death Sancho III of Castile ( 1134 &ndash August 31, 1158) called el Deseado (the Desired due to his birth as first child of his parents not until
Ferdinand III received the Kingdom of Castile from his mother Berenguela of Castile in 1217, and the Kingdom of León from his father (Alfonse IX of León) in 1230. Berenguela (or Berengaria) (1180 &ndash November 8, 1246) was briefly queen of Castile and León. From then on the two kingdoms were united under the name of the Kingdom of León and Castile, or simply as the Crown of Castile. Ferdinand III later conquered the Guadalquivir Valley, while his son Alfonso X conquered the Kingdom of Murcia from Al-Andalus, further extending the area of the Crown of Castile. Given this, the kings of the Crown of Castile traditionally styled themselves "King of Castile, Leon, Toledo, Galicia, Murcia, Jaén, Cordoba, Seville, and Lord of Biscay and Molina," among other possessions they later gained. The heir to the throne has been titled Prince of Asturias since the 14th century.
Union of the Cortes and the legal code
Almost immediately after the union of the two kingdoms under Ferdinand III, the parliaments of Castile and León were united. It was divided into three estates, which corresponded with the nobility, the church and the cities, and included representation from Castile, León, Galicia, Toledo, Navarre and the Basque provinces. Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. The Kingdom of Galicia (410-1833 was a kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula for two distinct periods The Kingdom of Navarre (Reino de Navarra Nafarroako Erresuma Royaume de Navarre originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either The Basque Country ( Basque Euskadi, Spanish País Vasco) is an autonomous community in northern Spain. Initially the number of cities represented in the Cortes varied over the next century, until John I premanently set those that would be allowed to send representatives (procuradores): Burgos, Toledo, León, Sevilla, Córdoba, Murcia, Jaén, Zamora, Segovia, Ávila, Salamanca, Cuenca, Toro, Valladolid, Soria, Madrid and Guadalajara (with Granada added after its conquest in 1492). John I ( August 24, 1358 &ndash October 9, 1390) (in Spanish: Juan I) was the king of Castile, was the
Under Alfonso X, most sessions of the Cortes of both kingdoms were held jointly. Alfonso X (November 23 1221 Toledo Spain &ndash April 4 1284 Seville Spain) was a Spanish monarch who ruled as the King of Castile, The Cortes of 1258 in Valladolid comprised of representatives of Castile, Extremadura and León ("de Castiella e de Estremadura e de tierra de León") and those of Seville in 1261 of Castile, León and all other kingdoms ("de Castiella e de León e de todos los otros nuestros Regnos"). Subsequent Cortes were celebrated separately, for example in 1301 that of Castile in Burgos and that of León in Zamora, but the representatives demanded that the parliaments to be reunited from then on.
Although the individual kingdoms and cities initially retained their individual historical rights—including the Old Fuero of Castile (Viejo Fuero de Castilla) and the different fueros of the municipal councils of Castile, León, Extremadura and Andalucía—a unified legal code for entire new kingdom was created in the Siete Partidas (c. Fuero ( Spanish) is a Spanish legal term and conceptThe word comes from Latin forum, an open space used as market tribunal The Siete Partidas (Seven-Part Code or simply Partidas was a Castilian statutory code first compiled during the reign of Alfonso X of Castile 1265), the Ordenamiento de Alcalá (1248) and the Leyes de Toro (1505). This Ordenamiento de Alcalá-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by. These laws continued to be in force until 1889, when a new Spanish civil code (the Código Civil Español) was enacted.
Spanish language and universities
In the 13th century there were many languages spoken in the Kingdoms of León and Castile among them Castilian, Astur-Leonese, Basque and Galician. Astur-Leonese is a Dialect continuum included in the West Iberian branch of the Romance languages. Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain But throughout the century Castilian gained more and more prominence as the language of culture and communication. One example of this is the 'Cantar de Mio Cid'. El Cantar de Mio Cid is the oldest preserved Spanish epic poem ( epopeya)
In the last years of the reign of Ferdinand III Castilian began to be used to certain types of documents, such as the Visigothic Code, then the basis of the legal code for Christians living in Muslim Cordova, but it was during the reign of Alfonso X that it became the official language. Saint Ferdinand III (July 30 or August 5 1199 &ndash May 30, 1252) was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230 The Visigothic Code ( Latin, Forum Iudicum or Liber Judiciorum; Spanish, Libro de los Juicios) comprises a set ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Alfonso X (November 23 1221 Toledo Spain &ndash April 4 1284 Seville Spain) was a Spanish monarch who ruled as the King of Castile, Henceforth all public documents were written in Castilian, likewise all translations of Arabic legal and government documents were made into Castilian instead of Latin. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language
Some people think that the substitution of Castilian for Latin was due to the strength of the new language, whereas others consider that it was due to the influence of Hebrew-speaking intellectuals who were hostile towards Latin, the language of the Christian Church.
Furthermore, in the 13th century many Universities were founded in Castile, some, like those of Salamanca and Palencia were the among the first universities in Europe. The University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca located in the town of Salamanca, west of Madrid, is the oldest university in Spain (the older
In 1492, under the Catholic Monarchs, the first edition of the Grammar of the Castilian Language by Antonio de Nebrija was published. The Catholic Monarchs (los Reyes Católicos is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon Antonio de Lebrija, also known as Antonio de Nebrija, Elio Antonio de Lebrija, Antonius Nebrissensis, and Antonio of Lebrixa
14th–15th centuries: Reign of the Trastámaras
Ascension of the Trastámara dynasty
On the death of Alfonso XI a dynastic conflict started between his sons, the Infantes Pedro and Henry, Count of Trastámara, which became entangled in the Hundred Years' War. Alfonso XI of Castile (Salamanca August 13, 1311 &ndash Gibraltar March 26/27 1350 was the king of Castile and León, the son of Peter (or Pedro; August 30, 1334 &ndash March 23, 1369) sometimes called the Cruel ( el Cruel) or Henry II ( January 13, 1334 Sevilla - May 29, 1379 Santo Domingo de la Calzada) better known as Henry of Trastámara The Hundred Years' War (Guerre de Cent Ans was a prolonged conflict lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses for the French throne vacant with the extinction of the senior Alfonso XI had married Maria of Portugal with whom he had his heir, the Infante Pedro. Infanta Maria of Portugal ( pron mɐ'ɾiɐ was a Portuguese Infanta, first daughter of King Afonso IV of Portugal and his first wife However, the King also had many illegitimate children with Eleanor of Guzman, among them the above-mentioned Henry, who disputed Pedro's right to the throne once the latter became king. Eleanor of Guzman (ca 1310 &ndash 1351 was a Mistress of King Alfonso XI of Castile.
In the resulting struggle, in which both brothers claimed to be king, Pedro allied himself with Edward, the Prince of Wales, "the Black Prince. Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales, KG (15 June 1330 – 8 June 1376 popularly known as The Black Prince, was the eldest son of King Edward " In 1367 the Black Prince defeated Henry II's allies at the Battle of Nájera, restoring Pedro's control of the kingdom. The Black Prince, seeing that the king would not reimburse his expenses, left Castile. Henry, who had fled to France, took advantage of the opportunity and recommenced the fight. Henry finally was victorious in 1369 in the Battle of Montiel, in which he killed Pedro. The Battle of Montiel was fought in 1369 between Franco-Castilian forces and an alliance of pro-English forces led by the Portuguese
In 1371 the brother of the Black Prince, John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, married Constance, Pedro's daughter. John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster (second creation 1st Duke of Aquitaine (6 March 1340 &ndash 3 February 1399 was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the third Constance of Castile (1141 &ndash October 4 1160) was the second wife of Louis VII King of France, following his divorce from Eleanor of Aquitaine In 1388 he claimed the Crown of Castile in the name of his wife, the legitimate heir according to the Cortes de Seville of 1361. He arrived in A Coruña with an army and took the city. A Coruña ( Spanish: La Coruña; Galician: A Coruña; also Corunna in English, and archaically The Groyne) is He then moved on to occupy Santiago de Compostela, Pontevedra and Vigo. Santiago de Compostela (also Saint James of Compostela is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia and a UNESCO World For other meanings see Pontevedra (disambiguation. Pontevedra is a city in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula. For other meanings see Vigo (disambiguation Vigo is the largest city in Galicia, Spain, in terms of population He asked John I, Henry II's son, to give up the throne in favor of Constance. John I ( August 24, 1358 &ndash October 9, 1390) (in Spanish: Juan I) was the king of Castile, was the
John declined but proposed that his son, the Infante Henry, marry John of Gaunt's daughter Catherine. Henry III ( October 4, 1379 –1406 sometimes known as Henry the Sufferer or Henry the Infirm (Enrique el Doliente was the son of John Katherine of Lancaster (also known as Katherine Plantagenet and as Queen Catalina of Castile and Leon) (1372-1418 &ndash was the daughter of John of Gaunt The proposal was accepted, and the title Prince of Asturias was created for Henry and Catherine. This brought an end to the dynastic conflict, strengthened the House of Trastámara's position and created peace between England and Castile. The House of Trastámara was a Dynasty of kings in the Iberian Peninsula, which governed in Castile from 1369 to 1504, England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland
Relations with the Crown of Aragon
During the reign of Henry III royal power was restored, overshadowing the much powerful Castillian nobility. Henry III ( October 4, 1379 –1406 sometimes known as Henry the Sufferer or Henry the Infirm (Enrique el Doliente was the son of John In his later years Henry delegated some of his power to this brother Ferdinand of Antequera, who would be regent, along with his wife Catherine of Lancaster, during the childhood of this son Prince John. Ferdinand I (Ferran - Catalan (Medina del Campo Castile 27 November 1380 &ndash Igualada Catalonia 2 April 1416) called of Antequera Katherine of Lancaster (also known as Katherine Plantagenet and as Queen Catalina of Castile and Leon) (1372-1418 &ndash was the daughter of John of Gaunt John II ( March 6 1405 &ndash July 20 1454) was King of Castile from 1406 to 1454 After the Compromise of Caspe in 1412, Ferdinand left Castile to become king of Aragon. The Compromise of Caspe made in 1412 was an act and resolution of parliamentary representatives on behalf of the Kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia and the County of The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon.
Upon the death of his mother John II, at the age of 14, took to the throne and married his cousin Maria of Aragon. Maria of Aragon may refer to Maria of Aragon (1248-1267 a nun daughter of James I of Aragon and Violant of Hungary Maria of Aragon The young king entrusted his government to Álvaro de Luna, the most influential person in court and allied with the lesser nobility, the cities, the clergy and the Jews. Álvaro de Luna y Jarana (b between 1388 and 1390 died June 2, 1453) Constable of Castile, Grand Master of the Military order This brought together the mutual dislikes of the king shared by the greater Castillian nobility and the Aragonese infantes, sons of Ferdinand of Antequera, who sought to control the Castilian crown. This eventually led to war in 1429 and 1430 between the two kingdoms. Álvaro de Luna won the war and expelled the Aragonese Infantes from Castile.
Second Conflict of Succession
Henry IV unsuccessfully tried to re-establish the peace with the nobility that his father had shattered. The War of the Castilian Succession (or the Second Castilian Civil War) was fought from 1475 to 1479 between the two claimaints to succeed Henry IV on the Castilian Enrique IV (5 January 1425 - 11 December 1474 King of Castile, nicknamed the Impotent (ruled 1454-1474 was the last of the weak late medieval kings of Castile When his second wife, Joan of Portugal, gave birth to Princess Joanna, it was claimed that she was the result of an affair of the Queen with Beltrán de la Cueva, one of the King's chief ministers. The Infanta Joana ( 20 March 1439&ndash1475 pron ʒu'ɐnɐ English: Joan,) was a Portuguese infanta daughter of Juana of Castile, known also as la Beltraneja (1462 &ndash 1530 was a princess of Castile Don Beltrán de la Cueva y Alfonso de Mercado 1st Duke of Alburquerque ( Úbeda, 1443 - November 1, 1492 was a Spanish
The King, besieged by riots and the demands of the nobles, had to sign a treaty in which he named as his successor his half-brother Alfonso, leaving Joanna out of the line of succession. After the death of Alfonso in an accident, Henry signed the Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando with his half-sister Isabella in which he named her heiress in return for her marrying a prince chosen by him. The Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando ( Tratado de los Toros de Guisando) is the name of a Treaty agreed on top of the hill of Guisando near the Bulls of Guisando
The Catholic Monarchs: Union with the Crown of Aragon
In October 1469 Isabella and Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Aragon, married in secret in the Palacio de los Vivero in Valladolid. Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico" Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic" Ferrando II d'Aragón The Kingdom of Aragon was an old kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon ( ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region The consequence was a dynastic union of the Crown of Castile and Crown of Aragon in 1479 when Ferdinand ascended to the Aragonese throne. The Kingdom of Aragon was an old kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon ( This union however was not effective until the reign of his grandson Charles I. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was Ferdinand and Isabella were related and had married without papal approval. Although Isabella wanted to marry Ferdinand, she refused to proceed with the marriage until she received a papal dispensation. Consequently, Ferdinand's father forged a papal dispensation for the two to marry. Isabella believed that the dispensation was authentic and the marriage went ahead. A genuine papal dispensation arrived afterwards. Later Pope Alexander VI bestowed upon them the title of the Catholic Monarchs. Pope Alexander VI ( 1 January 1431 &ndash 18 August 1503) born Roderic Llançol, later Roderic de Borja i Borja ( The Catholic Monarchs (los Reyes Católicos is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon
Henry IV, half brother of Isabella, considered the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella as breaking the treaty of Tratado de los Toros de Guisando under which Isabella would ascend to the Castillian throne on his death only if her suitor was approved by him. Enrique IV (5 January 1425 - 11 December 1474 King of Castile, nicknamed the Impotent (ruled 1454-1474 was the last of the weak late medieval kings of Castile Henry wanted to ally Castile with Portugal or France rather than Aragon. He therefore decided to name his daughter Joanna as heiress to the throne rather than Isabella. Juana of Castile, known also as la Beltraneja (1462 &ndash 1530 was a princess of Castile When he did in 1474 the War of the Castilian Succession broke out over who would ascend to the throne. The War of the Castilian Succession (or the Second Castilian Civil War) was fought from 1475 to 1479 between the two claimaints to succeed Henry IV on the Castilian It lasted until 1479 when Isabella and her supporters came out victorious.
After Isabella's victory in the civil war and Ferdinand's ascension to the Aragonese throne the two crowns were united under the same monarchs. However, this was only a personal union and both kingdoms remained administratively separate, each maintaining its own identity and laws; both parliaments remained separate, the only common institution would be the Inquisition. The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain Despite their titles of "Monarchs of Castile, Leon, Aragon and Sicily" Ferdinand and Isabella reigned over their respective territories, although they also took decisions together. Its central position, larger territorial area (three times greater than that of Aragon) and larger population (4. 3million as opposed to the 1 million in Aragon) led to Castile becoming the dominating partner in the union.
As a result of the Reconquest the Castilian aristocracy had become very powerful. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period The monarchs needed to assert their authority over the nobility and the clergy. With this end in mind they founded a law enforcement body, the Consejo de la Hermandad, more commonly known as the Santa Hermandad (the Holy Brotherhood), which was staffed and funded by the municipalities. Hermandad, literally "brotherhood" in Spanish was a peacekeeping association of armed individuals a characteristic of municipal life in medieval Spain, especially They also took further measures against the nobility, destroying feudal castles, prohibiting private wars and reducing the power of the adelantados (a governor-like military office in areas recently conquered). Adelantado was a military title held by some Spanish Conquistadors of the 15th 16th and 17th centuries The monarchy incorporated military orders under the Consejo de las Órdenes in 1495, reinforced royal judicial power over the feudal one and transformed the Audiencias into the supreme judicial bodies. For the modern court see Audiencia Nacional of Spain. The Royal Audiencia and Chancellery ( Spanish: Real audiencia y chancillería The crown also sought to better control the cities, and so in 1480 in the Cortes of Toledo it created the corregidores, representatives of the crown, which supervised the city councils. In religion, they reformed religious orders and sought unity of the various sections of the church. They pressured Jews to convert to Catholicism, in some cases persecuted by the Inquisition. Finally in 1492 the monarchs decided that those who would not convert would be expelled. It is estimated that between 50,000 and 70,000 people were expelled from Castile. From 1502 onwards they began to convert the Muslim population.
Between 1478 and 1497 the monarchs conquered the Canary Islands of Gran Canaria, La Palma and Tenerife. The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish Gran Canaria (in English " Grand Canary " is an island of the Canary Islands, an Archipelago located in the Atlantic Ocean 210 km from Isla de La Palma (known in English as "La Palma" not to be confused with "Palma" in the Balearic Islands is a Spanish volcanic ocean island Tenerife (previously known and spelled as "Teneriffe" in English before mass tourism adopted the Spanish spelling a Spanish Island, is the largest On the 2nd January 1492 the monarchs entered Granada's Alhambra marking the end of the Reconquest. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. This article is about the Alhambra in Granada Spain For other meanings see Alhambra (disambiguation. Also in 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered the West Indies and in 1497 Castile conquered Melilla. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492 although there was at least one earlier colonization effort Melilla is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African coast After Castile's conquest of the Kingdom of Granada, its politics turned towards the Mediterranean, and Castile militarily helped Aragon in its problems with France, culminating in the reconquest of Naples for the Crown of Aragon in 1504. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Later that same year, Isabella died.
16th–17th centuries: from empire to crisis
Period of regency
Isabella had excluded her husband from Castile's line of succession, which passed to their daughter Joanna (married to Philip of Austria, nicknamed the Handsome). But Isabella knew of her daughter's illness (for which she was known as Joanna the Mad) and named Ferdinand as regent in the case that Joanna didn't want to or couldn't fulfil her duties. In the Salamanca Agreement of 1505 it was decided that the government would be shared by Phillip, Ferdinand and Joanna. However, poor relations between Phillip (supported by the Castilian nobility) and Ferdinand resulted in Ferdinand renouncing his powers in Castile in order to avoid an armed conflict. Through the Concordia de Villafáfila (1506), Ferdinand returned to Aragon and Phillip was crowned king of Castile. In 1507 Phillip died and Ferdinand returned once again to be regent.
Emperor Charles V
Charles I received the Crown of Castile, Aragon and the Empire through a combination of dynastic marriages and premature deaths:
- when his father Philip I died in 1506, he became sovereign of the Netherlands;
- upon the death of Ferdinand II of Aragon (his grandfather) in 1517 he inherited the throne of Aragon. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico" Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic" Ferrando II d'Aragón He also received the throne of Castile (and the Americas) since his mother (Joanna the Mad) was not fit to rule; and
- upon the death of Maximilian in 1519, Charles was elected Holy Roman Empire as a consequence of which he is better-known as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in
Charles I was not well-received in Castile. Part of this was because he was a foreign-born King (born in Ghent), and even before his arrival in Castile he had granted important positions to Flemish citizens and had used Castilian money to fund his court. Ghent (ˈɡɛnt Gent ʝɛnt in Dutch, Gand in French, and formerly Gaunt in English) is a City and a The Castilian nobility and the cities were on the verge of an uprising to defend their rights. Many Castilians favoured the King's younger brother Ferdinand, who grew up in Castile, and in fact the Council of Castile opposed the idea of Charles as King of Castile. Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor ( Alcalá de Henares (near Madrid) Kingdom of Castile (now Spain) 10 March 1503 &ndash The Council of Castile ( Consejos de Castilla, plural in Spanish) was a high council for the domestic government of Castile.
In 1518 the Castilian parliament in Valladolid named a Waloon (Jean de Sauvage) as its president. ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region This caused angry protests in the parliament, which rejected the presence of foreigners in its deliberations. Despite threats, the parliament (lead by Juan de Zumel, representative of Burgos) resisted and forced the King to respect the laws of Castile, remove all foreigners from important governmental posts, and learn to speak Castilian. After taking his oath Charles received a subsidy of 600,000 ducats.
Charles was conscious of the fact that he had many options to be emperor and needed to impose his authority over Castile in order to gain access to its riches for his imperial dream. Castile was one of the more dynamic, rich and advanced territories in Europe in the 16th century and started to realise that it could become immersed within an empire. This, added to the broken promise of Charles, only increased hostility towards the King. In 1520 in Toledo Parliament rejected a further subsidy for the King. Toledo Spain locationpng|thumb|right|200px|Location of Toledo in Spain Parliament in Santiago de Compostela reached the same decision. Santiago de Compostela (also Saint James of Compostela is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia and a UNESCO World Finally, when Parliament was held in La Coruña, many members were bribed and others denied entry, with the result that the subsidy was approved. A Coruña ( Spanish: La Coruña; Galician: A Coruña; also Corunna in English, and archaically The Groyne) is Those members who voted in favour were attacked by the Castilian people and their houses were burned. Parliament was not the only opposition which Charles would come up against. When he left Castile in 1520 the Castilian War of the Communities broke out. Los comuneros were defeated one year later (1521). After their defeat, Parliament was reduced to a mere consultative body.
Imperial policies of Philip II
Philip II continued the politics of Charles I, but unlike his father he made Castile the centre of his empire, centralising all administration in Madrid. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. The other states within the peninsula maintained their autonomy, being governed by a Viceroy. A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch.
Since the reign of Charles I the financial burden of the empire had fallen mainly on Castile. Under Philip II the cost quadrupled. During his reign, as well as increasing existing taxes he created some new ones, among them the excusado in 1567. That same year Philip ordered the proclamation of the La Pragmática; an act whereby all Moriscos had to abandon all Moorish traditions and become true Catholics. This edict limited religious, linguistic and cultural freedom of the Morisco population and provoked the Morisco Revolt (1568-1571), which was put down by John of Austria. The Morisco Revolt occurred in 1568. It was a rebellion by the remnants of the community of Muslim converts to Christianity in Granada against
Castile entered a phase of recession in 1575, which provoked the suspension of wages (the third of his reign). In 1590 the Cortes approved the millones; a new tax on food. This ruined Castilian cities and eliminated their weak attempts at industrialisation. In 1596 pay was once again suspended.
Kingdom of the "Austrias Menores"
In the previous kingdoms positions in national institutions were filled by educated gentlemen. Philip II's administrators would normally come from either the University of Alcalá or the University of Salamanca. The University of Alcalá (Universidad de Alcalá is an institute of higher learning located in the city of Alcalá de Henares, to the east of Madrid in The University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca located in the town of Salamanca, west of Madrid, is the oldest university in Spain (the older After Philip III the nobility once again asserted their right to govern the country. after he farted he ate chicken and farted some more Philip III (Felipe III April 14, 1578 &ndash March 31, 1621) was the King In order to show that there was a new order ruling there was a cleansing of the blood of Spain. Religious persecution lead Philip to declare the expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609.
Faced with the collapse of the Exchequer, in order to maintain the hegemony of Philip IV's Spanish Empire, the Count-Duke of Olivares, the king's favourite (valido) from 1621 to 1643, tried to introduce a series of reforms. Don Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel Count of Olivares and Duke of Sanlúcar (Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel conde-duque de Olivares also known as es ''Conde de Olivares y In historical writings when used in reference to a person favourite ( British English and the English of Commonwealth Countries or favorite ( American Among these was the Unión de Armas, the creation of a new army of 140,000 reservists. Every territory within the kingdom contributed citizens proportionally in order to maintain the force. His aims of union did not work and the Spanish Crown continued as a confederation of kingdoms.
Luis Méndez de Haro took over from Olivares as favourite Philip IV between 1659 and 1665. This was in order to alleviate interior conflicts sparked off by his predecessor (revolts in Portugal, Catalonia and Andalusia) and achieve peace in Europe. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Catalan Revolt (known in Catalan as the Guerra dels Segadors or Reapers' War) affected a large part of Catalonia between the years of Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area
Upon the death of Philip IV in 1665, and with the incapacity of Charles II to govern, Spain suffered an economic slowdown and battles for power between the different 'favourites'. Charles II ( November 6 1661, Madrid – November 1 1700, Madrid was the last Habsburg King of Spain and the The death of Charles II in 1700 without descendants provoked the War of the Spanish Succession. In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting
Spanish territorial divisions within the Crown of Castile
In Spain
- Old Castile/Castilla la Vieja
- New Castile/Castilla la Nueva
- Kingdom of León/Reino de León
- Kingdom of Castile/Reino de Castilla
- Principado de Asturias
- Kingdom of Galicia/Reino de Galicia
- Biscay/Señorío de Vizcaya
- Gipuzkoa/Provincia de Guipúzcoa
- Provincia de Álava
- Extremadura
- Kingdom of Toledo/Reino de Toledo
- Kingdom of Murcia/Reino de Murcia
- Kingdom ofCordoba/Reino de Córdoba
- Kingdom of Jaén/Reino de Jaén
- Kingdom of Seville/Reino de Sevilla
- Kingdom of Granada/Reino de Granada (after 1492)
- Kingdom of Navarre/Reino de Navarra (after 1512)
Overseas
- Virreinato de Nueva España (after 1535)
- Virreinato del Perú (after 1542)
- New Kingdom of Granada/Nuevo Rieno de Granada (after 1538)
- Kingdom of Chile/Reino de Chile (after 1541)
- Virreinato de Nueva Granada (from 1717-1724 and after 1739)
- Virreinato del Río de la Plata (after 1776)
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