Citizendia

Aragonese Empire at its greatest extent in the 1380s.
Aragonese Empire at its greatest extent in the 1380s. [1]
Coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon
Coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon
Standard of the Crown of Aragon
Standard of the Crown of Aragon

The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. The so-called Bars of Aragon Royal arms of Aragon Four Bars Red Bars Pales of the House of Barcelona or Coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon, which bear four red paletts This is a list of the rulers of Aragon, now a region of north-eastern Spain.

At the height of its power by the 14th and 15th centuries, the Crown of Aragon was a thalassocracy controlling a large portion of the present-day eastern Spain, Southeastern France, as well as some of the major islands and mainland possessions stretching across the Mediterranean Sea as far as Greece. The term thalassocracy (from the θάλασσα meaning sea and κρατείν meaning "to rule" giving θαλασσοκρατία "rule of the sea" Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The component realms of the Crown were not united politically except at the level of the king. Put in contemporary terms, it functioned more as a confederacy rather than as a single country. In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity In this sense, the larger Crown of Aragon must not be confused with one of its constituent parts, the Kingdom of Aragon, from where it takes its name. The Kingdom of Aragon was an old kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon (

In 1479, a new dynastic union merged the Crown of Aragon with the Crown of Castile, creating what would become the Kingdom of Spain. The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The component titles of the Aragonese Crown as subsidiary titles of the Spanish monarch were used until 1716, when they were abolished by the Nueva Planta decrees as a consequence of the defeat of the preferred pretender of the former components of the Crown of Aragon in the course of the War of the Spanish Succession. The Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta were a number of Decrees signed between 1707 and 1716 by Philip V &mdashthe first Bourbon king of In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting

Contents

Context

The leading economic centres of the Crown of Aragon were the cities of Barcelona and Valencia. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia The Christian Kingdom of Valencia, located in the Eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon. Another political centre was Zaragoza, where kings were crowned in the La Seo Cathedral. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former The Cathedral of the Savior ( Catedral del Salvador) is a Roman Catholic Cathedral in Zaragoza, Spain. Finally, Palma de Mallorca was an additional important city and seaport. Palma is the major City and port on the island of Majorca and capital city of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands in Spain A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo

The Crown of Aragon eventually included the Kingdom of Aragon, the Principality of Catalonia, the Kingdom of Valencia, the Kingdom of Majorca, Sicily, Malta and Sardinia, and for a brief period, Provence, the Kingdom of Naples, the Duchy of Neopatria, and the Duchy of Athens. The Kingdom of Aragon was an old kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon ( The Principality of Catalonia ˈkætəˌloʊ̯nɪə (Principat de Catalunya Aranese: Principautat de Catalonha; Spanish: Principado de Cataluña The Christian Kingdom of Valencia, located in the Eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon. The Kingdom of Majorca was founded by James I of Aragon, also known as James The Conqueror. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Provence ( Provençal Occitan: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm is a region of southeastern France The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian The Duchy of Neopatria or Neopatras was one of the Crusader States set up in Greece after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire during the The Duchy of Athens was one of the Crusader States set up in Greece after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire during the Fourth Crusade,

The countries that are today known as Spain and Portugal spent the Middle Ages after 722 in an intermittent struggle called the Reconquista. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period This struggle pitted the northern Christian kingdoms against the Islamic taifa petty kingdoms of the South and against each other. A taifa (from طائفة ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if) in the history of Iberia was an independent Muslim -ruled principality A petty kingdom is an independent realm recognizing no suzerain and controlling only a portion of the territory held by a particular ethnic group or nation Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or

In the Late Middle Ages, the expansion of the Aragonese Crown southwards met with the Castilian advance eastward in the region of Murcia. The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile The Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia (Spanish Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia) is one of Spain 's seventeen autonomous communities Afterward, the Aragonese Crown focused on the Mediterranean, acting as far as Greece and Barbary, whereas Portugal, which completed its Reconquista in 1272, focused on the Atlantic Ocean. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Barbary Coast, or Barbary, was the term used by Europeans from the 16th until the 19th century to refer to the middle and western coastal regions of North Africa—what Mercenaries from the territories in the Crown, known as almogàvers participated in the creation of this Mediterranean "empire", and later found employment in countries all across southern Europe. The Almogavars ( Aragonese: Almogabars, Catalan: Almogàvers, Spanish: Almogávares, from Arabic: Al-Mugavari

The Crown of Aragon has been considered by some as an empire which ruled in the Mediterranean for hundreds of years, with the power to set rules over the entire sea (for instance, the Llibre del Consolat del Mar or Book of the Consulate of the Sea, written in Catalan, is one of the oldest compilation of maritime laws in the World). An empire (from the Latin " Imperium " denoting military Command within the ancient Roman government) is a State that The term thalassocracy (from the θάλασσα meaning sea and κρατείν meaning "to rule" giving θαλασσοκρατία "rule of the sea" Consulate of the Sea, a celebrated collection of maritime customs and ordinances in the Catalan language, published at Barcelona in the latter Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Admiralty law (also referred to as maritime law) is a distinct body of Law which governs maritime questions and offenses "The world " is a proper noun for the planet Earth envisioned from an Anthropocentric or Human Worldview, as a place It was indeed, at its height, one of the major powers in Europe. A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale

However its different territories were only loosely connected, in a manner that does not match well the traditional idea of Empire. An empire (from the Latin " Imperium " denoting military Command within the ancient Roman government) is a State that A contemporary, the Marqués de Lozoya[2] described the Crown of Aragon as being more like a confederacy than a centralized kingdom, let alone an empire. A confederation is a group of empowered states or communities usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Nor did official documents ever refer to it as an empire (Imperium or any cognate word); instead, it was considered a dynastic union of separate kingdoms.

History

It originated in 1137, when Aragon and the County of Barcelona merged by dynastic union[3] by the marriage of Raymond Berengar IV of Barcelona and Petronilla of Aragon and their titles were finally beared by only one person when their son Alfonso II of Aragon ascended to the throne in 1162. The Kingdom of Aragon was an old kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon ( The Count of Barcelona was the major ruler in Catalonia from the 9th until the 17th century A dynastic union is the combination by which two different states are governed by the same Monarch or Dynasty, while their boundaries their laws and their interests Ramon Berenguer IV Count of Barcelona also called Ramon the Holy (c Petronila, Petronilla, or Petronella ( Aragonese and Peronella Petronila Ramírez (1135 &ndash October 17 1174, Barcelona Alfonso II (Aragon or Alfons I (Provence and Barcelona ( Huesca, 1157 &ndash Perpignan, 1196 called the Chaste or the Troubadour Slowly the various entities over which the House of Barcelona ruled and came to rule came to be called the Crown of Aragon due to the greater prestige of the royal to the comital title. The House of Barcelona ( Casa d'Aragona in Italian history) was a medieval dynasty that ruled the County of Barcelona continuously from 878 and the

Raymond Berenger IV of Barcelona, the new ruler of the united dynasty, still called himself count of Barcelona and merely "prince" of Aragón. [4]

The son of Ramon Berenguer IV and Petronila, Alfonso II, inherited both the titles of King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona, in a style that would be maintained by all its successors to the crown. Alfonso II (Aragon or Alfons I (Provence and Barcelona ( Huesca, 1157 &ndash Perpignan, 1196 called the Chaste or the Troubadour Thus, this union was made while respecting the existing institutions and parliaments of both territories.

Alfonso II tried to conquer Valencia due to favorable circumstances, but the opportunity was lost when Sancho VI of Navarre invaded Aragon. Sancho VI Garcés (c 1133 &ndash June 27, 1194) called the Wise ( el Sabio) was the King of Navarre from 1150 until his death in Alfonso II signed the treaties of Cazola with Alfonso VIII of Castile in order to secure the Aragonese frontiers. The Treaty of Cazorla (or Treaty of Cazola) was signed in 1179 in Soria between Alfonso II of Aragon and Alfonso VIII of Castile. Alfonso VIII ( 11 November 1155 &ndash 5 October 1214) called the Noble or Él de las Navas, was the King The treaty also delimited anew their zones of prospective Moorish conquest: the Kings of Aragon were to have Valencia, leaving Murcia to Castile[5].

King James I (13th century) started the era of expansion, by conquering and incorporating Majorca and a good part of the Kingdom of Valencia to the Crown. James I the Conqueror ( Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador Majorca ( Spanish and Mallorca is the largest island of Spain. The Christian Kingdom of Valencia, located in the Eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon. With the Treaty of Corbeil (1258), which was based upon the principle of natural frontiers,[6] French claims over Catalonia came to an end. The Treaty of Corbeil was an agreement signed on May 11, 1258, in Corbeil (today Corbeil-Essonnes, in the region of Île-de-France The general principle was clear, that Aragonese influence north of the Pyrenees was to cease[6]. James I had realized that wasting his forces and distracting his energies in attempts to keep a footing in France could only end in disaster[6]. On January 1266, James I besieged and captured Murcia, settled his own men, mostly Catalans, there; and turned over Murcia to Castile by the treaty of Cazorla[7].

Majorca, together with the counties of Cerdanya and Roussillon and the city of Montpellier, was held independently from 1276 to 1279 by James II of Majorca as a vassal of the Crown after that date, becoming a full member of the Crown of Aragon in 1344. Cerdanya (Ceritania Cerdagne Cerdaña is a small region of the eastern Pyrenees divided between France and Spain and which is historically one of the Roussillon ( French: Roussillon, ʀusiˈjɔ̃ Catalan: Rosselló, pronounced; Spanish: Rosellón, pronounced) is Montpellier ( Occitan Montpelhièr) is a City in the south of France. James II (Jaume (died 1311 was King of Majorca and Lord of Montpellier from 1243 until his death Valencia was made a new kingdom with its own institutions, and so was the third member of the crown (the legal status of Majorca was not as consistent as those of Aragón, Catalonia and Valencia).

On 1282, the sicilians raised against second dinasty of the Angevins on the Sicilian Vespers and massacred the garrison soldiers. The Capetian House of Anjou, or the Second Angevin dynasty, was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, established by Charles Count of Anjou The Sicilian Vespers is the name given to a rebellion in Sicily in 1282 against the rule of the Angevin king Charles I of Naples, who had taken control Peter III responded to their call, and landed in Trapani to an enthusiastic welcome five months later. Peter the Great ( Catalan: Pere el Gran, Spanish: Pedro el Grande; 1239 &ndash 2 November 1285) was the King of Aragon Trapani ( Tràpani in Sicilian) is a city on the west coast of Sicily in Italy. This caused Pope Martin IV to excomulgate the king, place Sicily under interdict, and offer the kingdom of Aragon to a son of Philip III of France[8][9]. Pope Martin IV (between 1210 and 1220 &ndash March 28, 1285) born Simon de Brion, held the Papacy from February 21, 1281 Philip the Bold Philip III ( 30 April 1245 &ndash 5 October 1285) called the Bold ( French: le Hardi) was

When Peter III refused to impose the Fueros de Aragon in Valencia, the nobles and towns united on Zaragoza to demand a confirmation of their privileges, which the king has to accept on 1283- Thus was originated the Union of Aragon, which obtained that power of the Justicia to mediate between the king and the Aragonese "ricos hombres". The Union of Aragon ( Castilian: Unión de Aragón) was an anti-royalist movement among the nobility and the townsmen of the lands of the Crown of Aragon Justicia ( syn Acelica Adhatoda Amphiscopia Anisostachya Aulojusticia Averia Beloperone Calliaspidia Calymmostachya Chaetothylopsis Chiloglossa The "Justicia de Aragón" institution and the annual Catalan General Courts date from that time. The . [8]

When James II (not to be confused with James II of Majorca) completed the conquest of the Kingdom of Valencia, the Crown of Aragon established itself as one of the major powers in Europe. James II ( 10 August 1267 in Valencia &ndash 2 November or 5 November 1327 in Barcelona) called the Just

By grant of Pope Boniface VIII to James II, the Kingdoms of Sardinia and Corsica were added to the Crown in 1297, though it would not be for more than a century that they were brought under control of the Aragonese Crown. Pope Boniface VIII (c 1235 &ndash October 11, 1303) born Benedetto Caetani, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1294 James II ( 10 August 1267 in Valencia &ndash 2 November or 5 November 1327 in Barcelona) called the Just Kingdom of Sardinia, also known as Piedmont-Sardinia or Sardinia-Piedmont, was the name given to the possessions of the House of Savoy in 1720 when the Kingdom of Sardinia, also known as Piedmont-Sardinia or Sardinia-Piedmont, was the name given to the possessions of the House of Savoy in 1720 when the By marriage of Peter IV to Mary of Sicily, the Kingdom of Sicily, as well as the Duchies of Athens and Neopatria, were added in 1381. Peter IV (also known as Pedro or Pere 5 September 1319, Balaguer – 5 January 1387) called the Ceremonious ( el Ceremonioso Mary of Sicily ( Catania, Kingdom of Sicily, 2 July 1363 &ndash Lentini, Kingdom of Sicily, May 25, The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae or Sicilie Regno di Sicilia, commonly abbreviated Regno) was a state that existed in the south of Italy The Duchy of Athens was one of the Crusader States set up in Greece after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire during the Fourth Crusade, The Duchy of Neopatria or Neopatras was one of the Crusader States set up in Greece after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire during the The Greek possessions were permanently lost to Nerio I Acciaioli in 1388 and Sicily was dissociated in the hands of Martin I from 1395 to 1409, but the Kingdom of Naples was added finally in 1442 by conquest of Alfonso V. Nerio I Acciaioli (full name Rainerio; died 25 September 1394) was as Italian aristocrat from Florence who rose to power in Frankish Martin I of Sicily (c 1374/1376 — July 25, 1409) called "The Younger" was King of Sicily from 1390 to 1409 The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian Alfonso the Magnanimous (also Alphonso; Catalan: Alfons) (1396 &ndash 27 June 1458) was the King of Aragon (as

It must be noted that the king possessions outside of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands were ruled by proxy through local elites as petty kingdoms, rather than subjected directly to a centralized government. A petty kingdom is an independent realm recognizing no suzerain and controlling only a portion of the territory held by a particular ethnic group or nation They were more an economic part of the Crown of Aragon than a political one.

The fact that the King was keen on settling new kingdoms instead of merely expanding the existing kingdoms was a part of a power struggle that pitted the interests of the king against those of the existing nobility. Nobility is a government-privileged title which may be either hereditary (see Hereditary titles) or for a lifetime This process was also in under way in most of the European states that successfully transitioned from the medieval era to what was to be called the modern state (see modern era). The term modern period or modern era (sometimes also modern times) is the period of history that followed the Middle Ages between c Thus, the new territories gained from the Moors (namely Valencia and Majorca) were usually given fueros (in Catalan furs) as an instrument of self-government in order to limit the power of nobility in these new acquisitions and, at the same time, increase their allegiance to the monarchy proper. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Fuero ( Spanish) is a Spanish legal term and conceptThe word comes from Latin forum, an open space used as market tribunal The trend in the neighbouring kingdom of Castile was similar, both kingdoms giving impetus to the Reconquista by granting self-government either to cities or territories, instead of placing the new territories under the rule of nobility. Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period

In 1410, King Martin I died without surviving descendants. Martin of Aragon (1356 &ndash 31 May 1410) called the Elder, the Humane, the Ecclesiastic, was the King of Aragon, As a result, by the Pact of Caspe, Ferdinand of Antequera from the Castilian dynasty of Trastamara, received the Crown of Aragon as Ferdinand I of Aragon. The Compromise of Caspe made in 1412 was an act and resolution of parliamentary representatives on behalf of the Kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia and the County of Ferdinand I (Ferran - Catalan (Medina del Campo Castile 27 November 1380 &ndash Igualada Catalonia 2 April 1416) called of Antequera The House of Trastámara was a Dynasty of kings in the Iberian Peninsula, which governed in Castile from 1369 to 1504, Ferdinand I (Ferran - Catalan (Medina del Campo Castile 27 November 1380 &ndash Igualada Catalonia 2 April 1416) called of Antequera

Later, his grandson King Ferdinand II of Aragon recovered the northern Catalan counties (Roussillon) which had been lost to France and also the kingdom of Navarre, which had recently joined the Crown of Aragon but had been lost after internal dynastic disputes. Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico" Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic" Ferrando II d'Aragón

Ferdinand married Queen Isabella of Castile in 1469, a dynastic union[10][11][12] which became the constituent event for the dawn of the Kingdom of Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. At that point both Castile and the Crown of Aragon remained distinct territories, each keeping its own traditional institutions, Parliaments and laws. The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile The process of territorial consolidation was completed when Charles I of Spain in 1516 united all the kingdoms on the Iberian peninsula minus Portugal under one monarch, thereby furthering the creation of the Spanish state, albeit a decentralized one. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was

The Crown of Aragon and its institutions were abolished only after the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1713) by the Nueva Planta decrees, under which all its lands were incorporated, as provinces, into a united Spanish administration, as Spain moved towards a centralized government under the new Bourbon dynasty. In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting The Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta were a number of Decrees signed between 1707 and 1716 by Philip V &mdashthe first Bourbon king of Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. A centralized government is the Form of government in which power is concentrated in a central authority to which Local governments are subject The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. The punishments on the territories that had fought against Philip V in the War of Succession are used by some Valencian and Catalan nationalists as arguments against modern day Spain. Philip V of Spain ( December 19, 1683 - July 9, 1746) born Philippe de France, Fils de France and duc d'Anjou Historically, the modern country of Spain was formed by the accretion of several independent Iberian realms ( Asturias, León, Galicia Catalan Nationalism, or Catalanism (from Catalanisme in Catalan) is a political movement advocating for either further political Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

Pennon

Main article: Senyera

The pales of Barcelona became the emblem of the kings. The Senyera (roughly meaning "signal flag" in Catalan) is a Vexillological symbol based on the Coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon [13] The Pennon was used exclusively by the monarchs of the Crown and was expressive of their sovereignty. [14] James III of Majorca, vassal of the Kingdom of Aragon, used a coat of arms with four bars, as seen on the Leges Palatinae miniatures. James III (also Jaume or Jaime; 1315 &ndash 25 August 1349) called the Rash or the Unfortunate, son of Ferdinand

Institutions

Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia each had a legislative body, known as the Cortes in Aragon or Corts in Catalonia and Valencia. A diputacion general was established in each, becoming known as a Generalidad in Aragon and Generalitat in Catalonia and Valencia. Generalitat (literally 'Generality' is the name of the regional systems of Government of two of the present Spanish autonomous communities: Catalonia and

Capital

The Crown had no capital, the courts were itinerating[15] until Philip II of Spain. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 Buesa argues that Zaragoza ought to be considered the political capital (but not economical or administrative), due to the obligation of the kings to be crowned at the Seo of Zaragoza[16] [16]

Lands of the Crown

External links

References

  1. ^ Original Aragonese Empire extension map on "A History of Aragon and Catalonia" by H. J. Chaytor
  2. ^ Marqués de Lozoya, Tomo Segundo de Historia de España, Salvat, ed. The Count of Barcelona was the major ruler in Catalonia from the 9th until the 17th century The Kingdom of Aragon was an old kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon ( The Christian Kingdom of Valencia, located in the Eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon. The Kingdom of Majorca was founded by James I of Aragon, also known as James The Conqueror. Roussillon ( French: Roussillon, ʀusiˈjɔ̃ Catalan: Rosselló, pronounced; Spanish: Rosellón, pronounced) is Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan: Principat d'Andorra) is a small Landlocked country in western The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian Corsica (Corse Corsican and Italian: Corsica) is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily Kingdom of Sardinia, also known as Piedmont-Sardinia or Sardinia-Piedmont, was the name given to the possessions of the House of Savoy in 1720 when the The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae or Sicilie Regno di Sicilia, commonly abbreviated Regno) was a state that existed in the south of Italy The Duchy of Neopatria or Neopatras was one of the Crusader States set up in Greece after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire during the Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands of 1952, page 60: "El Reino de Aragon, el Principado de Cataluña, el Reino de Valencia y el Reino de Mallorca, constituyen una confederación de Estados".
  3. ^ (1986) "II. The age of the Early Count-Kings (1137-1213) (The Principate of Ramon Berenguer IV 1137-1162)", in Clarendon Press - Oxford: The medieval Crown of Aragon. A short story (in english), 31.  
  4. ^ [http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne5.htm Chapter Five The Rise of Aragón-Catalonia]. A History of Spain and Portugal. Retrieved on 2008-05-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João
  5. ^ (1986) "II. The age of the Early Count-Kings (1137-1213) (Dynastic Policy 1162-1213)", in Clarendon Press - Oxford: The medieval Crown of Aragon. A short story (in english), 36.  
  6. ^ a b c H. J. Chaytor. Chapter 6, James the Conqueror. A History of Aragon and Catalonia. Retrieved on 2008-04-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
  7. ^ (1986) "II. The age of the Early Count-Kings (1213-1276) (Conquests and the Conqueror 1228-1276)", in Clarendon Press - Oxford: The medieval Crown of Aragon. A short story (in english), 67.  
  8. ^ a b (1986) "IV. Mediterranean Expansion (1276-1336) (Pere III, II in Catalonia, 1276-1285)", in Clarendon Press - Oxford: The medieval Crown of Aragon. A short story (in english), 87-88.  
  9. ^ "7, Pedro III", A History of Aragon and Catalonia (in english). Retrieved on 2008-05-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João  
  10. ^ Stanley G. Payne. Chapter Nine, The United Spanish Monarchy. A History of Spain and Portugal. Retrieved on 2008-04-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
  11. ^ H. J. Chaytor. Juan II. Union of Aragon with Castile. A History of Aragon and Catalonia. Retrieved on 2008-04-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
  12. ^ Richard Herr. Chapter 3, The Making of Spain. An historical essay on modern Spain. Retrieved on 2008-04-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
  13. ^ " Léon Jéquier. Actes du II Colloque international d'héraldique". Breassone. 1981. Académie internationale d'héraldique. Les Origines des armoiries. Paris. ISBN 2-86377-030-6. (French)
  14. ^ La bandera de Aragón. Autonomical Government of Aragon (1997-03-06). Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Page on the official flag of Aragon and the origin of the "palos de gules" or "barras de Aragón" (Spanish)
  15. ^ A team of investigators of the UIB directed by Doctor Josep Juan Vidal. The University of the Balearic Islands (Universitat de les Illes Balears Spanish: Universidad de las Islas Baleares) or UIB for short is a Spanish Felipe II, the King that defended Majorca but didn't want to recognize all its privileges. Servei de Comunicacions de la UIB. Retrieved on 2008-04-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. (Spanish)
  16. ^ a b Domingo J. Buesa Conde, en El rey de Aragón (Zaragoza, CAI, 2000, págs. 57-59. ISBN 84-95306-44-1 ) postula la capitalidad política (que no económica, ni administrativa —puesto que las cortes eran itinerantes en el siglo XIV—) de Zaragoza para la Corona de Aragón a partir de los mandados de Pedro IV de Aragón establecidos para su propia coronación: "Pedro IV parte (. . . ) de la aceptación de la capital del Ebro como "cabeza del Reino". [. . . ] por eso hizo saber a sus súbditos que Mandamos que este sacrosanto sacramento de la unción sea recibido de manos del metropolitano en la ciudad de Zaragoza al tiempo que recordaba: ". . . y como quiera que los reyes de Aragón están obligados a recibir la unción en la ciudad de Zaragoza, que es la cabeza del Reino de Aragón, el cual reino es nuestra principal designación —esto es, apellido— y título, consideramos conveniente y razonable que, del mismo modo, en ella reciban los reyes de Aragón el honor de la coronación y las demás insignias reales, igual que vimos a los emperadores recibir la corona en la ciudad de Roma, cabeza de su imperio. " Zaragoza, antigua capital del reino de Aragón, se ha convertido en la capital política de la Corona(. . . ).
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