Also known as the Latin cross or crux ordinaria. The Christian cross is the best-known Religious symbol of Christianity. It is the most common symbol of Christianity, intended to represent the death of Jesus when he was crucified on the True Cross and his resurrection in the New Testament. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Crucifixion (from Latin crucifixio, noun of process crucifixio, from perfect passive participle crucifixus, fixed to a cross from The True Cross is the name for physical remnants which by a Christian tradition are believed to be from the actual cross upon which Jesus was crucified

Also known as the Key of the Nile, the Looped Tau Cross, and the Ansated Cross. Ankylosis progressive homolog (mouse, also known as ANKH, is a human Gene. It was an Ancient Egyptian symbol of life and fertility. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Life is a state that distinguishes Organisms from non-living objects such as non-life and dead organisms being manifested by growth through Metabolism Sometimes given a Latin name if it appears in specifically Christian contexts, such as the crux ansata ("handled cross").

The Coptic ankh is the Ankh related pre Original Coptic cross of the early Gnostic Christians in Egypt. The Coptic Ankh Cross, also known as the Gnostic cross has its origin in the Egyptian Ankh and is the pre Coptic cross The original Coptic Cross has its origin in the Coptic ankh symbol and was adopted by early Christian Gnostics such as the well known Valentinus Gnosticism (γνώσις gnōsis, Knowledge) refers to a diverse Syncretistic Religious movement consisting of various Belief systems

The original Coptic cross used by early Gnostic Christians in Egypt. The original Coptic Cross has its origin in the Coptic ankh symbol and was adopted by early Christian Gnostics such as the well known Valentinus

A small circle from which emanate four arms of equal length, with angled T shapes in the corner, cross-pieces outward, representing the nails used in Jesus' crucifixion. This cross receives its name from Coptic Christianity, which centered around Alexandria, Egypt. History of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Apostolic foundation Egypt is identified in the Bible as the place of refuge that the

Used in the Anglican Churches. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs It has four arms of equal length, each widening at the outer end in a hammer shape so that their rims form a near circle. Each arm bears a triangular panel incised with a triquetra symbolizing the Trinity. Triquetra (tɹaɪ'kw&epsilontɹə is a word derived from the Latin tri- ("three" and quetrus ("cornered" SSC RF "Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Termonuclear Research" or TRINITY for shprt Троицкий Институт инновационных и термоядерных In the center of the cross is a small square. The Anglo-Saxon original, as a brooch, dates from c. A brooch (also known in ancient times as a fibula, and not to be confused with broach) is a Decorative jewelry item designed to be attached to 850 A. D. and was excavated in 1867 in Canterbury, England. Canterbury ( ˈkæntəbɹ̩i is a City in eastern Kent in the South East region of England. A stone replica can be found in Canterbury Cathedral and in many other Anglican cathedrals around the world. [1]

Used especially by Eastern Orthodoxy and Early Christianity Also known as the crux immissa quadrata. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Early Christianity is commonly defined as the Christianity of the three centuries between the Crucifixion of Jesus ( c Has all arms of equal length. Often the arms curve wider as they go out.

Used in the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Patriarchal cross is a variant of the Christian cross, the universal Religious symbol of Christianity. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world The top line is said to represent the headboard, and the bottom, slanted line represents the footrest, wrenched loose by Jesus' writhing in intense agony. It is raised to the left side, because that was the side of the righteous criminal who said to Jesus: "remember me when you come into your kingdom". This symbolises the victory of good over evil. The letters IC XC found at the end of the main arm of most Eastern Orthodox Crosses are a Christogram, representing the name of Jesus Christ.

Free-standing Celtic crosses commonly found in Ireland and to a lesser extent in Great Britain, very common in churches and graveyards. High Cross is the name of a number of locations in the United Kingdom England High Cross Cambridgeshire High Cross A Celtic cross is a symbol that combines a Cross with a ring surrounding the intersection Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands

This cross is found throughout Ireland. Brigid's cross, Brighid's cross, or Brigit's cross, or (in the Irish language) Cros Bríde, Crosóg Bríde or Bogha Bríde It is told that the cross was made by Brigid, daughter of a Pagan King from reeds to be used as an instrument of conversion. However, Brigid's name is derived from Brigit (also spelled Brigid, Brìghde, Brìde, and Bríde), a Celtic Goddess of fire, poetry, and smithcraft, and today the cross is used to protect houses from fire. This is an example of the integration of religious traditions. The cross itself derives from the Indo-European Swastika, or Solar Wheel

Constantine I's Labarum is also known as a Chrismon, Chi-Rho (from the two Greek letters that make it up) or monogram of the first two letters of the name Christ. The swastika (from Sanskrit: svástika sa स्वस्तिक Hindu IS CORRECT if 'ि' is positioned incorrectly see -->) is The sun cross, a Cross inside a Circle, is one of the oldest and most widespread of symbols The Labarum (☧ was a military standard that displayed the first two Greek letters of the word " Christ " ( Greek: ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ or Χριστός Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early Several other forms of Chrismons exist.

Used in heraldry. This article is about a symbol For the film see The Cross of Lorraine. Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. It is similar to a patriarchal cross, but usually has one bar near the bottom and one near the top, rather than having both near the top. The Patriarchal cross is a variant of the Christian cross, the universal Religious symbol of Christianity. Is part of the heraldic arms of Lorraine in eastern France. It was originally held to be a symbol of Joan of Arc, renowned for her perseverance against foreign invaders of France. Joan of Arc (c 1412 Joan asserted that she had visions from God that told her to recover her homeland from English domination late in the Hundred Years'

Etched on the casket of Pope John Paul II, the Marian Cross is a Catholic adaptation of the traditional Latin cross to emphasize Catholic devotion to Mary. The Marian Cross is an informal name applied to a Roman Catholic Cross design Pope Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete".

Used in flags descended from the Dannebrog. Nordic Cross Flag Nordic Cross Scandinavian Cross is a pattern of flags usually associated with the Flags of the Scandinavian countries of which it originated Vexillology is the scholarly study of Flags The word is a synthesis of the Latin word Vexillum and the suffix –''ology'', meaning "study The national flag of Denmark, Dannebrog, is red with a white Scandinavian cross that extends to the edges of the flag the vertical part of the

Based on the counts of Toulouse's traditional coat of arms, it soon became the symbol of Occitania as a whole. The Occitan cross — also cross of Occitania, cross of Languedoc, cross of Forcalquier and Toulouse cross,— is the symbol of Occitania Toulouse ( pronounced in standard French, and in the local accent ( Occitan: Tolosa, pronounced) is a city in southwest Occitania ( Occitan: Occitània) refers to the lands where Occitan is the traditional language in use though more recently viewed as a minority language

The three cross-bars represent the Pope's triple role as Bishop of Rome, Patriarch of the West, and successor of St. The papal cross or ferula is an emblem of the papal office As a material cross it was carried before the Roman pontiff in processions or was used by him as Peter, Chief of the Apostles.

Similar to a traditional Christian cross, but with an additional, smaller crossbar above the main one meant to represent all the Orthodox Christian Archbishops and Patriarchs. The Patriarchal cross is a variant of the Christian cross, the universal Religious symbol of Christianity. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, this cross is sometimes seen with an additional, slanted bar near the foot of the cross (see Byzantine Cross). This cross is similar to the Lorraine Cross and the Caravaca Cross.

Used as a symbol for medical care in most of the world, the Red Crescent being used in Islamic countries and the Magen David Adom in Israel. The emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, under the Geneva Conventions, are to be placed on Humanitarian and medical vehicles The emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, under the Geneva Conventions, are to be placed on Humanitarian and medical vehicles The Magen David Adom (מגן דוד אדום abbr MDA or Mada) is Israel 's national emergency medical, disaster, Ambulance For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.

A Latin cross with a superimposed sword, blade down. The Cross of Sacrifice or War Cross was designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield for the Commonwealth War Graves Commission and is the focal point of the numerous It is a symbol used by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission at the site of many war memorials. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC) is a joint governmental organisation responsible for marking and maintaining the graves of members of the Commonwealth

Used in Georgia as national flag, first used by Georgian King Vakhtang Gorgasali in the 5th century and later adopted by Queen Tamar of Georgia in the 13th century. List of flags of Georgia (country The official Flag of Georgia is the " five-cross flag " restored to official use on January 14 Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Saint King Vakhtang I Gorgasali (440 &ndash 502 ვახტანგ I გორგასალი) was the Georgian king ( mepe) of Kartli ( The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. Tamar (თამარი also transliterated as T'amar Thamar or Tamara ( c The flag depicts a Jerusalem cross, adopted during the reign of George V of Georgia who drove out the Mongols from Georgia in 1334. George V, the “Brilliant” (გიორგი V ბრწყინვალე Giorgi V Brtskinvale; also translated as the Illustrious, or Magnificent

Also known as a "Grapevine cross" and traditionally ascribed to Saint Nino, the 4th-century female baptizer of the Georgians, it is used as a symbol of the Georgian Orthodox Church. The Grapevine Cross ( Georgian: ჯვარი ვაზისა Jvari Vazisa) also known as the Georgian cross or Saint Nino The Grapevine Cross ( Georgian: ჯვარი ვაზისა Jvari Vazisa) also known as the Georgian cross or Saint Nino Saint Nino (წმინდა ნინო Αγία Νίνω (sometimes St Christianity in ancient and feudal Georgia According to tradition when the Apostles were sent out to preach the Gospel to the nations of the world the Apostle

Also known as a "Mar Thoma Cross" and traditionally ascribed to Saint Thomas,the Apostole of India, it is used as a symbol of the Syro Malabar Catholic Church and venerated by all Saint Thomas Christians denominations. Kerala has many churches of antiquity It is recorded that before the arrival of Portuguese there were more than 150 ancient churches in Kerala. The Syrian Malabar Nasrani people are an Ethnoreligious group from Kerala, India. The Syro-Malabar Catholic Church is a Chaldean Rite Major Archiepiscopal Church in Full communion with the Roman Catholic Church. This article addresses the Saint Thomas Christians and the various churches and denominations that form the Nasrani people.

Used in Scotland's national flag and the naval ensign of the Russian Navy, it is also called the Saltire, the Boundary Cross (because it was used by the Romans as a barrier) and the crux decussata. St Andrew's Cross redirects here For the item of BDSM furniture see Saint Andrew's Cross (BDSM A saltire, Saint Andrew's Cross Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Russian Navy or VMF ( Russian: Военно-Морской Флот (ВМФ России- Voyenno-Morskoy Flot Rossii (VMF or literally Military Maritime St Andrew's Cross redirects here For the item of BDSM furniture see Saint Andrew's Cross (BDSM A saltire, Saint Andrew's Cross Saint Andrew is believed to have suffered a martyr's death on such a cross, hence its name. The cross does not have to be at this particular angle to qualify as a saltire; the symbol X can also be considered a St. X is the twenty-fourth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ex or occasionally ecks (ɛks plural exes Andrew's Cross.

Used in England's national flag. The St George's Cross (or the Cross of St George is a centred red cross on a white background England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

A flag of Ireland which features in the flag of the United Kingdom. Saint Patrick's Flag (Cros Phádraig is a flag of Ireland that features in the Flag of the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland uses as its national flag the royal banner locally known as the Union Flag or popularly Union Jack

An upside-down Latin cross, based on a tradition that holds that Saint Peter was martyred by being crucified upside-down. "Peter cross" redirects here For other uses see Peter Cross (disambiguation The Cross of St Today it is often associated with anti-Christian or Satanic groups. For other uses of the word see Satanism (disambiguation. Satanism can refer to a number of belief systems depending on the user and context

Not a cross as such, but a saltire made of bones, with an overlaid skull. A skull and crossbones is a Symbol consisting of a human Skull and two bones crossed together under the skull While traditionally associated with pirates, it was actually relatively rarely used by them, each ship having its own design, often involving an hourglass. Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering An hourglass, also known as a sandglass, sand timer or sand clock, is a device for the measurement of Time.

Also known as the Sunwheel, solar cross or Odin's cross, because Odin's symbol in Norse mythology was a cross in a circle. The sun cross, a Cross inside a Circle, is one of the oldest and most widespread of symbols Odin (ˈoʊdɪn from Old Norse Óðinn) is considered the chief god in Norse paganism. Norse mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and Legends of the Scandinavian peoples including those who settled on Iceland Used throughout Native American culture to represent the great Medicine Wheel of life. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Medicine wheels, or sacred hoops were constructed by laying stones in a particular pattern on the ground

Also known as Saint Anthony's Cross, the Egyptian Cross and the crux commissa. The Cross of Tau; also called the Tau Cross, St Anthony's Cross, the Old Testament Cross, the Anticipatory Cross, the Cross Commissee Saint Anthony the Great (c 251–356 also known as Anthony the Abbot, Anthony of Egypt, Anthony of the Desert, Anthony the Anchorite, It is shaped like the letter T. T is the twentieth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled tee or occasionally te (tiː Francis of Assisi used it as his signature. For the opera by Olivier Messiaen see Saint-François d'Assise.

Also known as the Furka Cross. The fork, shaped like the letter Y. As a piece of Cutlery or Kitchenware, a fork is a tool consisting of a handle with several narrow tines (usually two three or four on one end The letter Y is the twenty-fifth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. [2]

The Mariner's Cross is a stylized cross in the shape of an anchor. An anchor is an object often made out of metal that is used to attach a ship to the bottom of a body of water at a specific point The Mariner's Cross is also referred to as St. Clement's Cross in reference to the way he was martyred. The Anchored Cross, or Mariner's Cross, is a stylized cross in the shape of an anchor Saint

Cross originally used by the Portuguese Order of Christ. The Order of Christ Cross is the emblem of the historical Order of Christ, (also called Christ's Knights Order) of Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Since then it has become a symbol of Portugal, used on the sails of the carracks during the Discoveries Era, and currently by the Portuguese Air Force. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. A carrack or nau was a three- or four- masted Sailing ship developed in the Atlantic Ocean in the 15th century by the Portuguese For additional context see History of Portugal and Portuguese Empire. An era is a commonly used word for long period of time When used in science for example geology eras denote clearly defined periods of time of arbitrary but well defined The Portuguese Air Force ( PoAF) (Força Aérea Portuguesa FAP) is the Air force of Portugal.

Some white nationalist and neo-fascist groups adopted this variation of the Celtic cross, made up of simple lines, without any of the ornamental complexity of traditional Celtic crosses. A Celtic cross is a symbol that combines a Cross with a ring surrounding the intersection White nationalism is a political Ideology which advocates a racial definition (or redefinition of national identity for White people, in opposition to This page specifically pertains to fascism after World War II A Celtic cross is a symbol that combines a Cross with a ring surrounding the intersection It is thought that this basic variation's minor resemblance to the swastika is the reason it has become popular in such circles. The swastika (from Sanskrit: svástika sa स्वस्तिक Hindu IS CORRECT if 'ि' is positioned incorrectly see -->) is

A simple heraldic cross (the default if there are no additional specifying words) has arms of roughly equal length, artistically proportioned to the particular shape of the shield, which extend to the edges of the shield. Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. Illustrated is the blazon "Azure, a cross Or" (i. In Heraldry and heraldic Vexillology, a blazon is a formal description of most often a Coat of arms or Flag, which enables a person to e. a gold cross on a blue shield).

A cross which does not extend to the edges of the shield is humetty, in heraldic terminology.

A stylized cross in the shape of an anchor. The Anchored Cross, or Mariner's Cross, is a stylized cross in the shape of an anchor Also known as the anchored cross or mariner's cross.

Also known as the cross barby or arrow cross, this symbol consists of two double-ended arrows in a cross configuration. In the traditional terminology of Heraldry, this symbol was called a "cross barby" or "cross barbee" Best known today for its use by the fascist Arrow Cross Party in the 1930s, the symbol actually dates to ancient times and was used by Hungarian tribes in the Middle Ages. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology The Arrow Cross Party ( Hungarian: Nyilaskeresztes Párt – Hungarista Mozgalom, literally "Arrow Cross Party-Hungarist Movement" was a Far-right The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic In Christian use, the ends of this cross resemble the barbs of fish hooks, or fish spears. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth This alludes to the Ichthys symbol of Christ, and is suggestive of the "fishers of men" theme in the Gospel. Ichthys or Ichthus Greek: grc ἰχθύς capitalized grc ΙΧΘΥΣ also transliterated and Latinized as ichthys, Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament

A cross with the ends of the arms bottony (or botonny), i. In Heraldry, bottony refers to a symbol having a bud or button or a kind of Trefoil, at the end furnished with knobs or buttons e. shaped like an architectural trefoil. Trefoil (from Latin trifolium, "three-leaved plant" French trèfle, German Dreiblatt and Dreiblattbogen) is a graphic form composed It occurs counterchanged on the flag of Maryland. The flag of Maryland consists of the heraldic banners of the family of George Calvert 1st Baron Baltimore.

A cross which, opening at the ends, turns round both ways, like a ram's horns. Cercelée, or Sarcelly, is a term in Heraldry. Somewhat like the Anchored cross, the cross cercelée is a Cross which has its ends

A cross with the ends of each arm crossed.

Also known as the Jerusalem cross. This cross was the symbol of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, which existed for almost two hundred years after the First Crusade. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents This article is about the Christian kingdom For the history of the city see History of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian The four smaller crosses are said to symbolize either the four books of the Gospel or the four directions in which the Word of Christ spread from Jerusalem. Alternately, all five crosses can symbolize the five wounds of Christ during the Passion. This symbol is also used in the flag of Georgia. List of flags of Georgia (country The official Flag of Georgia is the " five-cross flag " restored to official use on January 14

A cross with the ends of the arms fleury (or flory), having a shape like a fleur-de-lys. In Heraldry, a Cross fleury is a cross adorned at the ends with flowers generally with Fleur-de-lis, Trefoils etc The fleur-de-lys (or fleur-de-lis, plural fleurs-de-lis ˌfləː(rdəˈliː (ˌfləː(rdəˈlɪs in Quebec) translated from French as "lily

One form of the heraldic cross fourchee (fourchée, fourchy) or cross fourche (meaning "forked").

Upright cross with truncated bent arms

A variant of the Crusaders' cross with cross potent. Fylfot or fylfot cross is a Synonym for Swastika, sometimes used in Britain. The Jerusalem cross, also known as Crusaders' cross, is a heraldic cross or Christian Symbol consisting of a large Greek cross It is also the logo for the Knights and Dames of the Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem as well as the Franciscan order's Custody of the Holy Land. The Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem is a Catholic Chivalric order of Knighthood that traces its roots to Godfrey of Bouillon The Kairos retreat bestows this cross on its participants. Kairos, adapted to mean "God's time" is a Christian, Ignatian, retreat program for High school and college students that began in Jesuit

With arms which narrow towards the center, and are indented at the ends. The Maltese cross or Amalfi cross is identified as the symbol of an order of Christian warriors known as the Knights Hospitaller or Knights of Malta The "eight-pointed cross" (with no curved lines).

In a cross moline, the ends of the arms are split and curved back. The cross moline is a difference or mark of cadency in English Heraldry.

A cross patonce is more or less intermediate between a cross pattée and a cross flory (or fleury).

A cross pattee (pattée, patty) has arms narrowing towards the centre, but with non-indented ends. A cross pattée (also known as a "cross pattee" "cross patty" or "cross formy" or in German "Tatzenkreuz" is a type of See also Iron Cross. For other meanings please see Iron Cross (disambiguation The Iron Cross ( was a Military decoration of the Kingdom of Prussia

A cross pommee (pommée, pommy) has a circular knob at the end of each arm.

This cross has a crossbar at the end of each of its arms. In Heraldry, vair is a "fur" a tincture which is simultaneously a two-coloured field treatment "Potent" is an old word for a crutch, and is used in heraldic terminology to describe a T shape. This cross was used as a crest by Konishi Yukinaga, a Christian daimyo under Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Konishi Yukinaga (小西 行長 Konishi Yukinaga, born 1555 and died November 6, 1600) was a Japanese Christian Daimyo under

A cross with a square at the intersection point.

In heraldry, a "cross triple parted and fretted" (or "treble parted and fretted") is interlaced. Here, a version which is "Or on an Azure field" (gold on blue) is shown.

A "cross voided throughout", also known as the Gammadia, can be seen as a Greek cross with its centre lines removed, or as composed of four angles (L shapes) separated by a thin space. So the name "gammadia" refers to its being made up of four shapes similar to a capital Greek letter gamma; the word gammadion can also refer to a swastika. Gamma (uppercase &Gamma, lowercase γ Γάμμα is the third letter of the Greek alphabet. The swastika (from Sanskrit: svástika sa स्वस्तिक Hindu IS CORRECT if 'ि' is positioned incorrectly see -->) is

The Cross of St. The Cross of St James, similar to a Cross Flory Fitch or Cross Fitchy is formed by a Cross Flory, where the lower part is fashioned as a sword blade (similar James, similar to a Cross Flory Fitch, is formed by a Cross Flory, where the lower part is fashioned as a sword blade (fitched)—making this a cross of a warrior. A cross is a geometrical figure consisting of two lines or bars perpendicular to each other dividing one or two of the lines in half It is most frequently depicted in red. (The version depicted here is the one used by the order of Santiago. This article deals with the Spanish Order of knighthood For the Portuguese Order see Order of St )