| Croatian Hrvatski |
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|---|---|---|
| Pronunciation: | ['xr̩ʋaːtskiː] | |
| Spoken in: | Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vojvodina (Serbia), Montenegro and others | |
| Region: | Central Europe, Southern Europe | |
| Total speakers: | 6,214,643 (1995) | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Slavic South Slavic Western South Slavic Croatian |
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| Official status | ||
| Official language in: |  Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina Burgenland (Austria) Caraşova in Caraş-Severin County (Romania) Molise (Italy) Vojvodina (Serbia) |
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| Regulated by: | Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics (Council for Standard Croatian Language Norm) | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | hr | |
| ISO 639-2: | hrv (B) | hrv (T) |
| ISO 639-3: | hrv | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and The term Southern Europe can have four definitions geographical political climatic phytogeographic List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages South Slavic languages comprise one of the three geographical groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic) Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Burgenland ( Croatian Gradišće, Slovenian Gradiščansko, Hungarian Várvidék, Őrvidék or Felsőőrvidék Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Caraşova (Caraşova Croatian and Serbian: Krašova / Крашова or Karaševo / Карашево Krassóvár is a commune Caraş-Severin ('karaʃ seve'rin Serbian: Караш Северин Karaš Severin, Croatian: Karaš-Severin; Hungarian: Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Molise is a region of Southern Italy, the second smallest of the regions Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language The Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics is an official institute in Croatia whose purpose is to preserve and foster the Croatian language. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's | ||
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Croatian language (hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in neighbouring countries where Croats are autochtonous communities, and parts of the Croatian diaspora. South Slavic languages comprise one of the three geographical groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic) Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries It is one of languages that are part of the Central-South Slavic diasystem. In Linguistics, in the field of structural Dialectology, a diasystem is a single genetic Language which has two or more standard forms
Croatian is based on the Ijekavian pronunciation of Štokavian dialect (with some influence from Čakavian and Kajkavian) and written with the Croatian alphabet. Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages Chakavian dialect ( Čakavian; Croatian: čakavski, proper name čakavica or čakavština) is a dialect of the Croatian language Croatian Kajkavian dialect ( Croatian: kajkavski, proper name kajkavica or kajkavština) is one of the three main dialects of the Croatian
The modern Croatian standard language is a continuous outgrowth of more than nine hundred years of literature written in a mixture of Croatian Church Slavonic and the vernacular language. A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality Croatian Church Slavonic was abandoned by the mid-1400s, and Croatian as embodied in a purely vernacular literature Croatian literature has existed for more than five centuries. Vernacular literature is Literature written in the Vernacular - the speech of the "common people"
Contents |
History
Early development
The beginning of the Croatian written language can be traced to the 9th century, when Old Church Slavonic was adopted as the language of the liturgy. The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions This language was gradually adapted to non-liturgical purposes and became known as the Croatian version of Old Slavonic. The two variants of the language, liturgical and non-liturgical, continued to be a part of the Glagolitic service as late as the mid-9th century. The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet.
Until the end of the 11th century, Croatian medieval texts were written in three scripts: Latin, Glagolitic, and Croatian Cyrillic (arvatica, poljičica, bosančica), and also in three languages: Croatian, Latin and Old Slavic. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by Bosnian Cyrillic is an extinct Cyrillic script that originated in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The latter developed into what is referred to as the Croatian variant of Church Slavonic between the 12th and 16th centuries. Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox
The most important early monument of Croatian literacy is the Baška tablet from the late 11th century. Baška tablet (Bašćanska ploča is one of the first monuments of Croatian language, dating from the year 1100 It is a large stone tablet found in the small church of St. Lucy on the Croatian island of Krk, containing text written mostly in čakavian, today a dialect of Croatian, and in Croatian Glagolitic script. Krk ( Italian Veglia, German: Vegl; Latin Curicta) is a Croatian island in the northern Adriatic Sea The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. It is also important in the history of the nation as it mentions Zvonimir, the king of Croatia at the time. Dmitar Zvonimir or Demetrius (died 20 April 1089) was the King of Croatia of the Svetoslavić branch of the House of Trpimirović. However, the luxurious and ornate representative texts of Croatian Church Slavonic belong to the later era, when they coexisted with the Croatian vernacular literature. The most notable are the "Missal of Duke Novak" from the Lika region in northwestern Croatia (1368), "Evangel from Reims" (1395, named after the town of its final destination), "Missal of Duke Hrvoje" from Bosnia and Split in Dalmatia (1404) and the first printed book in Croatian language (1483).
Also, during the 13th century Croatian vernacular texts began to appear, the most important among them being "Istrian land survey", 1275 and "The Vinodol Codex", 1288. , both in the Čakavian dialect.
The Štokavian dialect literature, based almost exclusively on Čakavian original texts of religious provenance (missals, breviaries, prayer books) appeared almost a century later. Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages A missal is a Liturgical book containing all instructions and texts necessary for the celebration of Mass throughout the year A breviary (from Latin brevis, 'short' or 'concise' is a Liturgical book of the Latin liturgical rites of the Catholic Church The most important purely Štokavian vernacular text is Vatican Croatian Prayer Book (ca. Vatican Croatian Prayer Book is the oldest Croatian vernacular prayer book and the finest example of early štokavian vernacular literary idiom 1400).
Both the language used in legal texts and that used in Glagolitic literature gradually came under the influence of the vernacular, which considerably affected its phonological, morphological and lexical systems. Phonology ( Greek φωνή (phōnē voice sound + λόγος (lógos word speech subject of discussion is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words Not to be mistaken with Lexicography. From the 14th and the 15th centuries, both secular and religious songs at church festivals were composed in the vernacular.
Writers of early Croatian religious poetry (začinjavci), translators and editors gradually introduced the vernacular into their works. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos These začinjavci were the forerunners of the rich literary production of the 15th and 16th centuries. The language of religious poems, translations, miracle and morality plays contributed to the popular character of medieval Croatian literature. Mystery plays and Miracle plays are among the earliest formally developed plays in Medieval Europe. Morality Play is a detective story by Barry Unsworth, a Man Booker Prize -winning author for his book Sacred Hunger Published in 1996 by
 Istrian land survey, 1275 |
 The Vinodol Codex, 1288 |
 Glagolitic Missal of Duke Novak, 1368 |
Modern language and standardisation
Although the first purely vernacular texts in a Croatian distinctly different from Church Slavonic date back to the 13th century, it was in the 14th and 15th centuries that the modern Croatian language emerged (recorded in texts as Vatican Croatian prayer book from 1400. Vatican Croatian Prayer Book is the oldest Croatian vernacular prayer book and the finest example of early štokavian vernacular literary idiom Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox ) in the form (morphology, phonology and syntax) that only slightly differs from contemporary Croatian standard language. Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words Phonology ( Greek φωνή (phōnē voice sound + λόγος (lógos word speech subject of discussion is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning In Linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek grc συν- syn-, "together" and grc τάξις táxis, "arrangement" is the A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that
The standardization of Croatian language can be traced back to the first Croatian dictionary (Faust Vrančić: Dictionarium quinque nobilissimarum Europae linguarum—Latinae, Italicae, Germanicae, Dalmatiae et Ungaricae, Venice 1595) and first Croatian grammar (Bartul Kašić: Institutionum linguae illyricae libri duo, Rome 1604). This is a list of Croatian dictionaries published before the 20th century Faust Vrančić (1551 Šibenik – January 17 1617) was a Croatian humanist Philosopher, Historian, Diplomat This article lists books relevant to the study of Croatian grammar Bartol Kašić (also Bartul Kašić, Bartholomaeus Cassius, Bartolomeo Cassio, sometimes signing as Bogdančić and/or Pažanin;
The language of Jesuit Kašić's translation of the Bible (Old and New Testament, 1622–1636; unpublished until 2000) in the Croatian štokavian-ijekavian dialect (the ornate style of the Dubrovnik Renaissance literature) is as close to the contemporary standard Croatian language (problems of orthography apart) as are French of Montaigne's "Essays" or King James Bible English to their respective successors—modern standard languages. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin ||-||-||-||-||-||-||} Dubrovnik (ˈdǔbro̞ːʋniːk Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia; The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific Writing system to write the language Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (French miʃɛl ekɛm də mɔ̃tɛɲ ( February 28 1533 &ndash September 13 1592) was one of the most influential writers
This period, sometimes called "Baroque Slavism" was crucial in formation of literary idiom that was to become Croatian standard language—the 17th century witnessed flowering in three fields that shaped modern Croatian:
- One was the linguistic works of Jesuit philologists Kašić and Mikalja;
- the other energetic literary activity of Bosnian Franciscan Matija Divković, whose Counter-Reformation writings (popular tales from the Bible, sermons and polemics) were widespread among Croats both in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia;
- and, last but not least, in aesthetically refined poetry of Ivan Gundulić from Dubrovnik. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Bartol Kašić (also Bartul Kašić, Bartholomaeus Cassius, Bartolomeo Cassio, sometimes signing as Bogdančić and/or Pažanin; Jakov Mikalja ( Italian Giacomo Micaglia, Latin: Jacobus Micalia) ( Peschici, March 31, 1601 - Loreto The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic Matija Divković ( 1563 - August 21, 1631) was a Croatian writer the founder of the Croatian literature in Bosnia. The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Ivan (Dživo Franov Gundulić ( Italian: Giovanni Francesco Gondola; January 9, 1589 &ndash December 8, 1638) is the most
This "triple achievement" of Baroque Slavism in first half of the 17th century laid the firm foundation upon which later Illyrian movement completed the work of language standardisation. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Illyrian movement (Ilirski pokret also Croatian national revival ( Hrvatski narodni preporod) was a cultural and political campaign initiated by a group of
- See also: Croatian-language grammar books and Croatian dictionaries
First standard attempt
In late medieval times up to 17th century, the major part of semi-autonomous Croatia was ruled by two domestic dynasties of princes (bani), the Zrinski and the Frangipani, who were linked by inter-marriage. This article lists books relevant to the study of Croatian grammar This is a list of Croatian dictionaries published before the 20th century Toward 17th cent. both of them attempted to unify Croatia also on the cultural and lingual level, and with great foresight they selected as their official language the transitional Ikavish-Kaykavian dialect, this being an acceptable mean intermediate between all the principal Croatian dialects (Chakavian, Kaykavian and Ikavish-Šćakavian); it is used till now in northern Istra, and in the valleys of the Kupa, Mrežnica and Sutla rivers, and sporadically elsewhere in central Croatia also.
This standardised form then became the cultivated elite language of administration and intellectuals from the Istra peninsula along the Croatian coast, across central Croatia up into the northern valleys of the Drava and the Mura. The cultural apogee of this unified standard in 17th cent. is represented by the editions of "Adrianskog mora sirena" (Syren of Adriatic Sea) and "Putni tovaruš" (Travelling escort), these being on the highest cultural plane in contemporary Europe. However, this first linguistic renaissance in Croatia was halted by the political execution of both dynasties by the Holy Roman Emperor in Vienna in 1671. Then, the Croatian elite in 18th cent. gradually abandoned this combined Croatian standard, and after an Austrian initiative (Wien 1850), replaced them with the uniform Neo-Shtokavian.
Illyrian period
But, due to the unique Croat linguistic situation, formal shaping of Croatian standard language was a process that took almost four centuries to complete: Croatian is a three dialects tongue (a somewhat simplistic way to distinguish between dialects is to refer to the pronoun what, which is ča, kaj, što in, respectively, čakavian, kajkavian and štokavian dialects) and three scripts language (Glagolitic, Croatian/Western/Bosnian Cyrillic and Latin script, with Latin script as the ultimate winner). Chakavian dialect ( Čakavian; Croatian: čakavski, proper name čakavica or čakavština) is a dialect of the Croatian language Croatian Kajkavian dialect ( Croatian: kajkavski, proper name kajkavica or kajkavština) is one of the three main dialects of the Croatian Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The final obstacle to the unified Croatian literary language (based on celebrated vernacular Croatian Troubadour, Renaissance and Baroque -- acronym TRB) literature (ca. A literary language is a register of a Language that is used in Literary Writing. 1490 to ca. 1670) from Dalmatia, Dubrovnik and Boka Kotorska was surmounted by Croatian national awakener Ljudevit Gaj's standardization of Latin scriptory norm in 1830–1850s. Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern History The nearby hamlet of Risan was a thriving Illyrian city called Rhizon as early as 229 BC and gave its name to the bay then known as Rhizonicus Ljudevit Gaj ( August 8, 1809, Krapina &ndash April 20, 1872, Zagreb) was a Croatian linguist politician journalist
Gaj and his Illyrian movement (centred in kajkavian-speaking Croatia's capital Zagreb) were, however, important more politically than linguistically. Illyrian movement (Ilirski pokret also Croatian national revival ( Hrvatski narodni preporod) was a cultural and political campaign initiated by a group of Zagreb (ˈzɑːgrɛb is the Capital and the largest city of Croatia. They "chose" štokavian dialect because they didn't have any other realistic option—štokavian, or, more precisely, neoštokavian (a version of štokavian which emerged in the 15th/16th century) was the major Croatian literary tongue from 1700s on. The 19th century linguists and lexicographers' main concern was to achieve a more consistent and unified scriptory norm and orthography; an effort followed by peculiar Croatian linguistic characteristics which may be humorously described as "passion for neologisms" or vigorous word coinage, originating from the purist nature of Croatian literary language. A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word" is a word that although devised relatively recently in a specific time period has been A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word" is a word that although devised relatively recently in a specific time period has been One of the features of the Croatian language, common to many Central- European languages ( Czech, German, Polish) is Word coinage. One of the peculiarities of the "developmental trajectory" of the Croatian language is that there is no single towering figure among the Croatian linguists/philologists, because the vernacular osmotically percolated into the "high culture" via literary works so there was no need for revolutionary linguistic upheavals—only reforms sufficed.
- See also: Croatian linguistic purism
Serbian connection
The 19th century language development overlapped with the upheavals that befell Serbian language. One of the features of the Croatian language, common to many Central- European languages ( Czech, German, Polish) is Word coinage. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, It was Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, an energetic and resourceful Serbian language and culture reformer, whose scriptory and orthographic stylisation of Serbian linguistic folk idiom made a radical break with the past; until his activity in the first half of the 19th century, Serbs had been using the Serbian variant of Church Slavonic and a hybrid Russian-Slavonic language. Vuk Stefanović Karadžić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Вук Стефановић Караџић ( November 7, 1787 - February 7, 1864 His "Serbian Dictionary", published in Vienna 1818 (along with the appended grammar), was the single most significant work of Serbian literary culture that shaped the profile of Serbian language (and, the first Serbian dictionary and grammar thus far). Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
Following the incentive of Austrian bureaucracy which preferred some kind of unified Croatian and Serbian languages for practical administrative reasons, in 1850, Slovene philologist Franc Miklošič initiated a meeting of two Serbian philologists and writers, Vuk Karadžić and Đuro Daničić together with five Croatian "men of letters": Ivan Mažuranić, Dimitrija Demetar, Stjepan Pejaković, Ivan Kukuljević and Vinko Pacel. Bureaucracy is the structure and set of regulations in place to control activity usually in large organizations and government Slovenes or Slovenians ( Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki Fran Miklošič (also known in German as Franz von Miklosich) ( November 29, 1813 – March 7, 1891) was a Slovene Vuk Stefanović Karadžić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Вук Стефановић Караџић ( November 7, 1787 - February 7, 1864 Đuro Daničić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Ђуро Даничић ( April 4 1825 in Novi Sad – November 17 1882 in Ivan Mažuranić (1814-1890 was a Croatian poet linguist and politician&mdashprobably the most important figure in Croatia's cultural life in the mid-19th century Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski ( May 29, 1816 - August 1, 1889) was a Croatian Historian, Politician and Writer The Vienna Agreement on the basic features of a unified "Croatian or Serbian" or "Serbo-Croatian" language was signed by all eight participants (including Miklošič). Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria.
Karadžić's influence on Croatian standard idiom was only one of the reforms for Croats, mostly in some aspects of grammar and orthography; many other changes he made to Serbian were already present in Croatian. Both languages shared the common basis of South Slavic neoštokavian dialect, but the Vienna agreement didn't have any effect in reality until a more unified standard appeared at the end of 19th century when Croatian sympathisers of Vuk Karadžić, known as the Croatian Vukovites, wrote the first modern (from the vantage point of dominating neogrammarian linguistic school) grammars, orthographies and dictionaries of the language which they called "Croatian or Serbian" (Serbs preferred Serbo-Croatian). The Neogrammarians (also Young Grammarians, German Junggrammatiker) were a German school of linguists, originally at the University of Leipzig The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem Monumental grammar authored by pre-eminent fin de siècle Croatian linguist Tomislav Maretić (Grammar and stylistics of Croatian or Serbian language) and dictionary by Broz and Iveković (Croatian dictionary) temporarily fixed the elastic (grammatically, syntactically, lexically) standard of this hybrid language. Fin de siècle (fɑ̃ dɛ si'ɛːkl French for ‛end of the century‘ was a cultural movement between 1880 and the beginning of World War I.
Relation to Bosnian, Montenegrin, and Serbian
The establishment of the Yugoslav state was an important event in the history of Croatian. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian
The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918-1929) lasted till January 1929, after that the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929-1941) was pronounced, which tried to use a joint language in the spirit of supra-national Yugoslav ideology. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija This meant that Croatian and Serbian were no longer developed individually side by side, but were attempted to be forged into one language under political pressure. As Serbs were by far the largest single ethnic group in the kingdom, this forging was resultant in a Serbian-based language, which meant a certain Serbianization of the language.
In the 1920s and 1930s, the lexical, syntactical, orthographical and morphological characteristics of Serbian were officially prescribed for Croatian textbooks and general communication. In Linguistics, prescription can refer both to the codification and the enforcement of rules governing how a language is to be used
This process of "unification" into one Serbo-Croatian language was preferred by neo-grammarian Croatian linguists, the most notable example being the influential philologist and translator Tomislav Maretić. The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem However, this school was virtually extinct by the late 1920s and since then leading Croatian linguists (such as Petar Skok, Stjepan Ivšić and Petar Guberina) were unanimous in the re-affirmation of the Croatian purist tradition. One of the features of the Croatian language, common to many Central- European languages ( Czech, German, Polish) is Word coinage.
The situation somewhat eased in the run-up to World War II (cf. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including the establishment of Banovina of Croatia within Yugoslavia in 1939), but with the capitulation of Yugoslavia and the creation of the Nazi puppet regime (the "Independent State of Croatia", 1941-1945) came another, this time hardly predictable and grotesque attack on standard Croatian: the totalitarian dictatorship of Ante Pavelić pushed natural Croatian purist tendencies to ludicrous extremes and tried to reimpose older morphonological orthography preceding Ivan Broz's orthographical prescriptions from 1892. The Banovina of Croatia or Banate of Croatia ( Croatian, Bosnian, and Serbian: Banovina Hrvatska) was a province ( Banovina The Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH was a Puppet state of the Axis powers. Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private For the vice president of the National assembly of the State of Slovenes Croats and Serbs see Ante Pavelić (1869 Ante Pavelić ( July An official order signed by Pavelić and co-signed by Mile Budak and Milovan Žanić in August 1941 deprecated all imported words and forbade the use of any foreign words that could be replaced with Croatian neologisms. Mile Budak (1889 - 1945 was a Croatian politician and writer best known as one of the chief ideologists of the Croatian nationalist Ustaše movement which ruled
However, Croatian linguists and writers were strongly opposed to this travesty of "language planning" in the same way that they rejected pro-Serbian forced unification in monarchist Yugoslavia. Not surprisingly, no Croatian dictionaries or Croatian grammars were published in this period.
In the Communist period (1945 to 1990), it was the by-product of Communist centralism and "internationalism". Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Centralization (or centralisation) is the process by which the activities of an organization particularly those regarding decision-making become concentrated within Whatever the intentions, the result was the same: the suppression of the basic features that differentiate Croatian from Serbian, both in terms of orthography and vocabulary. No Croatian dictionaries (apart from historical "Croatian or Serbian", conceived in the 19th century) appeared until 1985, when centralism was well in the process of decay.
In Communist Yugoslavia, Serbian language and terminology were "official" in a few areas: the military, diplomacy, Federal Yugoslav institutions (various institutes and research centres), state media, and jurisprudence at the federal level. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states An institute is a permanent Organizational body created for a certain purpose Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" Jurisprudence is the Theory and Philosophy of Law. Scholars of jurisprudence or legal philosophers hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature As well, language in Bosnia and Herzegovina was gradually Serbianized in all levels of the educational system and the republic's administration. Virtually the only institution of any importance where the Croatian language was dominant had been the Lexicographic Institute in Zagreb, headed by Croatian writer Miroslav Krleža. Miroslav Krleža (mîroslaʋ křleʒa July 7, 1893 - December 29, 1981) was a leading Croatian writer and a figure in cultural life This unitary linguistic policy was encouraged by the state. Communist state is a term used by many Political scientists to describe a Form of government in which the State operates under a one-party system
Notwithstanding the declaration of intent of AVNOJ (The Antifascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia) in 1944, which proclaimed the equality of all languages of Yugoslavia (Slovene, Croatian, Serbian and Macedonian) — everything had, in practice, been geared towards the supremacy of the Serbian language. AVNOJ ( Antifašističko V(ijeće Narodnog Oslobođenja Jugoslavije) standing for " Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia " Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. This was done under the pretext of "mutual enrichment" and "togetherness", hoping that the transient phase of relatively peaceful life among peoples in Yugoslavia would eventually give way to one of fusion into the supra-national Yugoslav nation and, arguably, provide a firmer basis for Serbianization. Yugoslavs ( Bosnian: Jugosloveni/Jugoslaveni; Macedonian and Serbian: Југословени Jugosloveni; Croatian However, this "supra-national engineering" was arguably doomed from the outset. The nations that formed the Yugoslav state were formed long before its incipience and all unification pressures only poisoned and exacerbated inter-ethnic/national relations, causing the state to become merely ephemeral.
The single most important effort by ruling Yugoslav Communist elites to erase the "differences" between Croatian and Serbian — and in practice impose Serbian Ekavian language, written in Latin script, as the "official" language of Yugoslavia — was the so-called "Novi Sad Agreement". Twenty five Serbian, Croatian, and Montenegrin philologists came together in 1954 to sign the Agreement (named after the site of the signing, Novi Sad). Novi Sad ( Cyrillic: Нови Сад 'nɔviː 'saːd; Hungarian: Újvidék Slovak A common Serbo-Croatian or "Croato-Serbian" orthography was compiled in an atmosphere of state repression and fear. There were 18 Serbs and 7 Croats in Novi Sad. The "Agreement" was seen by the Croats as a defeat for the Croatian cultural heritage. According to the eminent Croatian linguist Ljudevit Jonke, it was imposed on the Croats. The conclusions were formulated according to goals which had been set in advance, and discussion had no role whatsoever. In the more than a decade that followed, the principles of the Novi Sad Agreement were put into practice.
A collective Croatian reaction against such de facto Serbian imposition erupted on March 15, 1967. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. On that day, nineteen Croatian scholarly institutions and cultural organizations dealing with language and literature (Croatian Universities and Academies), including foremost Croatian writers and linguists (Miroslav Krleža, Radoslav Katičić, Dalibor Brozović and Tomislav Ladan among them) issued the "Declaration Concerning the Name and the Status of the Croatian Literary Language". Miroslav Krleža (mîroslaʋ křleʒa July 7, 1893 - December 29, 1981) was a leading Croatian writer and a figure in cultural life Radoslav Katičić (born in Zagreb in 1930 is a Croatian linguist, Historian, and culturologist. Dalibor Brozović ( July 28, 1927) is a Croatian linguist. He has worked in the areas of general Linguistics, Slavic studies Tomislav Ladan (25 June 1932 &ndash September 12 2008 Zagreb, Croatia) was a Croatian essayist critic and novelist In the Declaration, they asked for amendment to the Constitution expressing two claims:
- the equality not of three but of four literary languages, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, and Macedonian, and consequently, the publication of all federal laws and other federal acts in four instead of three languages.
- the use of the Croatian standard language in schools and all mass communication media pertaining to the Republic of Croatia. The Declaration accused the federal authorities in Belgrade of imposing Serbian as the official state language and downgrading Croatian to the level of a local dialect.
Notwithstanding the fact that "Declaration" was vociferously condemned by Yugoslav Communist authorities as an outburst of "Croatian nationalism", Serbo-Croatian forced unification was essentially halted and an uneasy status quo remained until the end of Communism.
In the decade between the death of Marshall Tito (1980) and the final collapse of communism and the Yugoslavian state (1990/1991), major works that manifested the irrepressibility of Croatian linguistic culture had appeared. The studies of Brozović, Katičić and Babić that had been circulating among specialists or printed in the obscure philological publications in the 60s and 70s (frequently condemned and suppressed by the authorities) have finally, in the climate of dissolving authoritarianism, been published. This was a formal "divorce" of Croatian from Serbian (and, strictly linguistically speaking, the death of Serbo-Croatian). These works, based on modern fields and theories (structuralist linguistics and phonology, comparative-historical linguistics and lexicology, transformational grammar and areal linguistics) revised or discarded older "language histories", and restored the continuity of the Croatian language by definitely reintegrating and asserting specific Croatian characteristics (phonetic, morphological, syntactic, lexical, etc. ) that had been constantly suppressed in both Yugoslavian states and finally gave modern linguistic description and prescription to the Croatian language. In Linguistics, prescription can refer both to the codification and the enforcement of rules governing how a language is to be used Among many monographs and serious studies, one could point to works issued by the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, particularly Katičić's Syntax and Babić's Word-formation.
After the collapse of Communism and the birth of Croatian independence (1991), the situation with regard to the Croatian language has become stabilized. No longer under negative political pressures and de-Croatization impositions, Croatian linguists expanded the work on various ambitious programs and intensified their studies on current dominant areas of linguistics: mathematical and corpus linguistics, textology, psycholinguistics, language acquisition and historical lexicography. From 1991 on, numerous representative Croatian linguistic works were published, among them four voluminous monolingual dictionaries of contemporary Croatian, various specialized dictionaries and normative manuals (the most representative being the issue of the Institute for Croatian Language and Linguistics). For a curious bystander, probably the most noticeable language feature in Croatian society was the re-Croatization of Croatian in all areas, from phonetics to semantics and (most evidently) in everyday vocabulary.
Political ambitions played a key role in the creation of the Serbo-Croatian language. The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem Likewise, politics again were a crucial agent in dissolving the unified language. With the collapse of Yugoslavia, the Serbo-Croatian language officially followed suit.
Sounds
Vowels
The Standard Croatian vowel system is simple, with five vowels (all monophthongs). In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract A monophthong ( Greek μονόφθογγος "monophthongos" = single note) is a "pure" Vowel sound one whose articulation at Although meaningful, the difference between long and short vowels is not represented in Croatian orthography. The five vowel qualities are as follows. (A schwa /ə/ also occurs marginally, but has no phonemic weight. In Linguistics, specifically Phonetics and Phonology, schwa can mean the following An unstressed and toneless neutral )
There is an ongoing debate among linguists whether the long jat reflex ije presents a separate phoneme[1] and whether a spelling reform is called for. italics. IPA is used to make sure that old Cyrillic is displayed properly The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU While it is pronounced as a diphthong /ie/ with the vast majority of Croatian speakers, spelling ije has been mostly accepted after Vienna agreement in 1850, and canonized in the official Croatian Orthography of Ivan Broz (1892), under the influence of the native eastern Herzegovina dialect of Vuk Karadžić (the reformer of Serbian language), where it is bisyllabic. In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with Herzegovina ( Bosnian, Croatian: Hercegovina, Serbian: Херцеговина) is a traditionally Vuk Stefanović Karadžić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Вук Стефановић Караџић ( November 7, 1787 - February 7, 1864
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | u /u/ | |
| Mid | e /e/ | o /o/ | |
| Open | a /a/ |
When greater precision is desired, /e/ and /o/ can be transcribed as [ɛ̝] and [ɔ̝] respectively. A front vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward A central vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between A back vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as A close vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as A mid vowel is a Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned mid-way between an An open vowel is a Vowel sound of a type used in most spoken Languages The defining characteristic of an open vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far as
The syllabic trill can also be either long or short, and can carry the rising or falling pitch accent (see next paragraph).
Syllables before the pitch accent always have short vowels. Those after the pitch accent may have either long or short vowels.
Pitch accent
Croatian has a two-way pitch accent. Pitch accent is a linguistic term of convenience for a variety of restricted tone systems that use variations in pitch to give prominence to a Syllable When a syllable is stressed, it may have either a rising or a falling tone. Tone is the use of pitch in Language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is to distinguish or inflect words Although the distinction is meaningful, it is not represented in Croatian orthography. In the descriptive literature, five diacritics are used that are specific to Croatian. They are:
| Slavicist symbol |
IPA symbol |
Description |
|---|---|---|
| e | [e] | non-tonic short vowel |
| ē | [eː] | non-tonic long vowel |
| è | [ě] | short vowel with rising tone |
| é | [ěː] | long vowel with rising tone |
| ȅ | [ê] | short vowel with falling tone |
| ȇ | [êː] | long vowel with falling tone |
Lexical words (such as nouns) of one syllable always have falling tone. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic Words with two or more syllables may also have a falling tone, but (with the exception of foreign borrowings and interjections) only on the first syllable. An interjection is a Part of speech that usually has no connection with the rest of the sentence and simply expresses Emotion on the part of the speaker Words of more than one syllable may instead have a rising tone, on any syllable but the last.
Enclitics (little grammatical words which latch on to a preceding lexical word) never have tone. In Linguistics, a clitic is a grammatically independent and phonologically dependent Word. Proclitics (clitics which latch on to a following word), on the other hand, may "steal" a falling tone (but not a rising tone or the vowel length) from the following word. In Linguistics, a clitic is a grammatically independent and phonologically dependent Word. The stolen accent may end up being either falling or rising on the proclitic:
- oko /ôko/ (eye) - u oko /û oko/ (in(to) the eye);
- grad /ɡrâːd/ (town) - u grad /û ɡraːd/ (in(to) the town);
- šuma /ʃûma/ (forest) - but u šumi /ǔ ʃumi/ (in the forest).
Proclitic system rules are rather omitted in western and northern parts of Croatia, particularly around Zagreb and other centres, and practically no one who claims to speak "Standard Croatian" pronounces the proclitics as they should be (and mostly are) pronounced in Shtokavian areas. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Zagreb (ˈzɑːgrɛb is the Capital and the largest city of Croatia. Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages They simply act as enclitics. Thus, u oko [u ȍko], u šumi [u ʃȕmi], etc. will always be heard.
Pronounciation
Consonants
Some letters are pronounced almost like in English
B like b in but ,
D like d in dock
F like f in fire
H like h in hatch
K like k in key
L like l in lazy
M like m in mouse
N like N in nature
P like p in power
S like s in silence
T like t in top
V like v in vast
Z like z in zebra
Other consonants
C like ts in Mitsubishi
G like g in gate
J like y in yellow
Š like sh in shop
Ž like s in measure
LJ like l in lure
NJ like n in new
=Č vs. Ć
These two sounds usually are hard to distinguish for foreigners.
=DŽ vs. Đ
These two sounds usually are hard to distinguish for foreigners.
Consonants
The consonant system is more complicated, and its characteristic features are series of affricate and palatal consonants. In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth As in English, voicedness is phonemic, but aspiration is not. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU Description Voiceless consonants are produced with the Vocal cords open and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed
| Bilabial | Labio- Dental |
Alveolar | Post- Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | /p/ p |
/b/ b |
/t/ t |
/d/ d |
/k/ k |
/g/ g |
||||||
| Nasal | /m/ m |
/n/ n |
/ɲ/ nj |
|||||||||
| Fricative | /f/ f |
/s/ s |
/z/ z |
/ʃ/ š |
/ʒ/ ž |
/x/ h |
||||||
| Affricate | /ʦ/ c |
/tʃ/ č |
/dʒ/ dž |
/ʨ/ ć |
/ʥ/ đ |
|||||||
| Approximant | /ʋ/ v |
/j/ j |
||||||||||
| Trill | /r/ r |
|||||||||||
| Laterals | /l/ l |
/ʎ/ lj |
||||||||||
In consonant clusters all consonants are either voiced or voiceless. In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants In Phonetics, a trill is a Consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the articulator and the Place of articulation. Laterals are "L"-like Consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both In Linguistics, a consonant cluster (or consonant blend) is a group of Consonants which have no intervening Vowel. All the consonants are voiced (if the last consonant is normally voiced) or voiceless (if the last consonant is normally voiceless). This rule does not apply to approximants: a consonant cluster may contain voiced approximants and voiceless consonants; as well as to foreign words (Washington would be pronounced as Vašington), personal names and when consonants are not inside of one syllable. Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants
/r/ can be syllabic, playing the role of the syllable nucleus in certain words (occasionally, it can even have a long accent). For example, the tongue-twister na vrh brda vrba mrda involves four words with syllabic r. A tongue-twister is a phrase that is designed to be difficult to articulate properly A similar feature exists in Czech, Slovak, Macedonian and Serbian. Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Very rarely, /l/ can be syllabic as well as /ʎ/, /m/, /n/ and /ɲ/ in jargon. For Wikipedia jargon see WikipediaGlossary. For hacker slang see Jargon File.
It may be added, as a point of historical interest, that notable Croatian philologist Tomislav Maretić had proposed, at the end of the 19th century in the Croatian (then, Yugoslav) Academy of Sciences and Arts editions a digrammic and unambiguous notation for "historically troublesome" phonemes. Had it been accepted, numerous classification- and computer-related problems could have been avoided. Maretić's proposal goes as follows:
dž would be written as dx
đ would be written as dy
lj would be written as ly
nj would be written as ny
Since this proposal had not aroused much interest, Maretić did not proceed with logical extension for other phonemes such as č, ć, š and ž.
Grammar
Morphology
Croatian, like most other Slavic languages has a rich system of inflection. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages In Grammar, inflection or inflexion is the way language handles grammatical relations and relational categories such as tense, mood, voice Pronouns, nouns, adjectives and some numerals decline (change the word ending to reflect case, i. In Linguistics, declension (or declination) is the occurrence of Inflection in Nouns Pronouns and Adjectives indicating e. grammatical category and function), while verbs conjugate for person and tense. In Linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a Verb, Noun or Adjective from its Principal parts by Inflection As with most Slavic languages, the basic word order is SVO; however, due to the use of declension to show sentence structure, word order is not as important as in languages that tend toward analyticity such as English or Chinese. In Linguistic typology, subject-verb-object ( SVO) is a sentence structure where the subject comes first the Verb second and the object English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States
Nouns have three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine and neuter) that correspond to a certain extent with the word ending, so that most nouns ending in -a are feminine, -o and -e neutral and the rest mostly masculine with a small but important class of feminines. In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong Grammatical gender of a noun affects the morphology of other parts of speech (adjectives, pronouns and verbs) attached to it. Nouns are declined into 7 cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, Locative and Instrumental. The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another The dative case is a Grammatical case generally used to indicate the Noun to whom something is given The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive The vocative case is the case used for a Noun identifying the person (animal object etc Locative (also called the seventh case) is a Grammatical case which indicates a location The instrumental case (also called the eighth case) is a Grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the
Verbs are divided into two broad classes according to their aspect, which can be either perfective (signifying a completed action) or imperfective (action is incomplete or repetitive). In Linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a Verb defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof in the described event or state There are seven tenses, four of which (present, perfect, future I and II) are used in contemporary standard Croatian, with the other three (aorist, imperfect and plusquamperfect) considered stylistically marked and archaic.
Language examples
Notturno (A. G. Matoš)
- Mlačna noć; u selu lavež; kasan
- Ćuk il' netopir;
- ljubav cvijeća - miris jak i strasan
- Slavi tajni pir.
- Sitni cvrčak sjetno cvrči, jasan
- Kao srebren vir;
- Teške oči sklapaju se na san,
- S neba rosi mir.
- S mrkog tornja bat
- Broji pospan sat,
- Blaga svjetlost sipi sa visina;
- Kroz samoću, muk,
- Sve je tiši huk:
- Željeznicu guta već daljina.
Lord's Prayer
- Oče naš, koji jesi na nebesima,
- sveti se ime Tvoje.
- Dođi kraljevstvo Tvoje,
- budi volja Tvoja,
- kako na Nebu, tako i na Zemlji.
- Kruh naš svagdašnji daj nam danas,
- i otpusti nam duge naše,
- kako i mi otpuštamo dužnicima našim.
- I ne uvedi nas u napast,
- nego izbavi nas od zla.
Month names
| Croatian | English |
|---|---|
| Siječanj | January |
| Veljača | February |
| Ožujak | March |
| Travanj | April |
| Svibanj | May |
| Lipanj | June |
| Srpanj | July |
| Kolovoz | August |
| Rujan | September |
| Listopad | October |
| Studeni | November |
| Prosinac | December |
Current events
Croatian language is today the official language of the Republic of Croatia and, along with Bosnian and Serbian, one of three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Croatian months used with the Gregorian calendar by Croats differ from the original Latin month names See also Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan It is also official in the regions of Burgenland (Austria), Molise (Italy)[2] and Vojvodina (Serbia). Burgenland ( Croatian Gradišće, Slovenian Gradiščansko, Hungarian Várvidék, Őrvidék or Felsőőrvidék Molise is a region of Southern Italy, the second smallest of the regions The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság Additionally, it has co-official status alongside Romanian in the communes of Caraşova and Lupac, Romania. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Caraşova (Caraşova Croatian and Serbian: Krašova / Крашова or Karaševo / Карашево Krassóvár is a commune Lupac ( Romanian: Lupac, Serbocroatian: Lupak or Лупак is a commune in Caraş-Severin County, Romania Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania In these localities, Croats or Krashovani make up the majority of the population, and education, signage and access to public administration and the justice system are provided in Croatian, alongside Romanian. The Croats ( Hrvati in Croatian, croaţi in Romanian) are an ethnic minority in Romania, numbering 6786 people The Krashovani ( Croatian and Serbian: Krašovani (Крашовани Karašovani or Krašovanje, Karaševci and There are seven Croatian language universities in the world: the universities of Zagreb, Split, Rijeka, Osijek, Zadar, Dubrovnik, Pula, and Mostar. The University of Zagreb (Sveučilište u Zagrebu Universitas Studiorum Zagrabiensis is the oldest Croatian University in continuous operation and also the oldest The University of Split ( Croatian Sveučilište u Splitu) is a university located in Split, Croatia. The University of Rijeka ( Croatian Sveučilište u Rijeci) is situated in the city of Rijeka with faculties also located in cities throughout the regions The Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek ( Croatian Sveučilište J The University of Zadar ( Croatian Sveučilište u Zadru, Latin Universitas Studiorum Jadertina) is a university located in Zadar The University of Dubrovnik ( Croatian Sveučilište u Dubrovniku, Latin Universitas Studiorum Ragusina) is a university located in The Juraj Dobrila University of Pula ( Croatian Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli, Latin Universitas studiorum Polensis Georgii Dobrila The University of Mostar (Sveučilište u Mostaru Latin: Universitas Studiorum Mostariensis) is the only Croatian language University
There is at present no sole regulatory body which determines correct usage of the Croatian language. There is however an Institute for the Croatian language and linguistics with a prescription department. In Linguistics, prescription can refer both to the codification and the enforcement of rules governing how a language is to be used Judging by the patterns of the neighbouring South Slavic languages, it is most likely that Croatian will remain a language of academy and not a demotic language (eg. English, Greek).
The current language standard is generally laid out in the grammar books and dictionaries used in education facilities, such as the school curriculum prescribed by the Ministry of Education and the university programmes of the Faculty of Philosophy at the four main universities. The Culture of Croatia has roots in a long history: the Croatian people have been inhabiting the area for fourteen centuries but there are important The most prominent recent editions describing the Croatian standard language are:
- Hrvatski pravopis by Babić, Finka, Moguš, [1]
- Rječnik hrvatskoga jezika by Anić, [2]
- Rječnik hrvatskoga jezika by Šonje et al. Vladimir Anić ( 21 November 1930 — 30 November 2000) was a Croatian linguist and lexicographer best known as the author of , [3]
- Hrvatski enciklopedijski rječnik, by a group of authors,[4]
- Hrvatska gramatika by Barić et al, [5]
Also notable are the recommendations of Matica hrvatska, the national publisher and promoter of Croatian heritage, the Lexicographical institute "Miroslav Krleža", as well as the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Academia Scientiarum et Artium Croatica Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti abbrev
See also
- Baška tablet
- Differences in official languages in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia
- Swadesh list of Slavic languages
- Croatian National Corpus
References
- Branko Franolić, Mateo Zagar: A Historical Outline of Literary Croatian & The Glagolitic Heritage of Croatian Culture, Erasmus & CSYPN, London & Zagreb 2008 ISBN 978-953-6132-80-5
- Ivo Banac: Main Trends in the Croatian Language Question, YUP 1984
- Branko Franolić: A Historical Survey of Literary Croatian, Nouvelles Editions Latines, 1984
- Branko Franolić: A Bibliography of Croatian Dictionaries, Paris, Nouvelles Editions Latines, 1985 139p
- Branko Franolić: Language Policy in Yugoslavia with special reference to Croatian, Paris, Nouvelles Editions Latines 1988
- Milan Moguš: A History of the Croatian Language, NZ Globus, 1995
- Miro Kačić: Croatian and Serbian: Delusions and Distortions, Novi Most, Zagreb 1997
- "Hrvatski naš (ne)zaboravljeni" (Croatian, our (un)forgotten language), Stjepko Težak, 301 p. Baška tablet (Bašćanska ploča is one of the first monuments of Croatian language, dating from the year 1100 See also Proto-Slavic language Once it split off from Proto-Indo-European, the proto-Slavic period probably encompassed a period of stability lasting 2000 years Croatian National Corpus (HNK is the biggest and the most important corpus of the Croatian language. , knjižnica Hrvatski naš svagdašnji (knj. 1), Tipex, Zagreb, 1999, ISBN 953-6022-35-4 (Croatian)
Notes
- ^ "Ije je je", Ivo Škarić, Vijenac, Matica Hrvatska
- ^ From Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International
External links
Language history
- Croatian Glagolitic Script
- Croatian Cyrillic Script
- Croatian Glagolitic Manuscripts held outside of Croatia
- FOLIA CROATICA-CANADIANA: A study on various aspects of Croatian language history. A 243 pages long document in PDF format
- The Croatian Language Today, a lecture given by dr. Branko Franolić
- Croatian language chronology
- Mario Grčević: Lexical changes in contemporary Croatian
- Croatian Old Dictionary Portal
General links
- Croatian language - basic phrases and general expressions
- Online Croatian-English-Croatian Dictionary
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