Cro-Magnon (IPA: [kʀomaɲɔ̃] or anglicised IPA: /kɹəʊˈmægnən/) is one of the main types of Homo sapiens of the European Upper Paleolithic. Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English The term Archaic Homo sapiens refers generally to the earliest members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo erectus and Neanderthals settled in Paleolithic Europe long before the emergence of modern humans Homo sapiens. The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe Africa It is named after the cave of Crô-Magnon in southwest France, where the first specimen was found. Prehistoric France is the period in the human occupation (including early hominins) of the geographical area covered by present-day France which extended through
The term falls outside the usual naming conventions for early humans and is used in a general sense to describe the oldest modern people in Europe, though also a specific (but very frequent) subtype among their fossil remains. Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological Evolution concerning the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct Species
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Excavations
The geologist Louis Lartet discovered the first five skeletons in March 1868 in the Cro-Magnon rock shelter at Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France. Louis Lartet (1840 &ndash 1899 was a French Geologist and Paleontologist. In Biology, the skeleton is a strong and often a rigid framework that supports the body of an animal holding it upright and giving it shape and strength (Also skeletal Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil is a commune in the Dordogne department in Aquitaine in southwestern France. Dordogne (Dordonha is a department in central France named after the Dordogne River. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The rock shelter contained a large cavity which protected the fossils. The type specimen from this find is Cro-Magnon 1. See also Cro Magnon List of fossil sites (with link directory List of hominina (hominid fossils The skeletons showed the same high forehead, upright posture and slender (gracile) skeleton as modern humans. Other specimens have since come to light in other parts of Europe and in the Middle East. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The European individuals probably descended from an East African origin via South Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East and even North Africa from a genetic perspective [4] [1] (cromagnoid populations of Mechta El Arbi and Afalou bou Rummel). East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan
The condition and placement of the remains along with pieces of shell and animal tooth in what appears to have been pendants or necklaces raises the question whether or not they were buried intentionally. If Cro-Magnons buried their dead intentionally it suggests they had a knowledge of ritual, by burying their dead with necklaces and tools, or an idea of disease and that the bodies needed to be contained. [2]
Analysis of the pathology of the skeletons shows that the humans of this time period led a physically difficult life. In addition to infection, several of the individuals found at the shelter had fused vertebrae in their necks indicating traumatic injury, and the adult female found at the shelter had survived for some time with a skull fracture. As these injuries would be life threatening even today, this may show that Cro-Magnons believed in community support and took care of each others' injuries. [2]
Cro-Magnon life
Cro-Magnons lived from about 45,000 to 10,000 years ago in the Upper Paleolithic period of the Pleistocene epoch. The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe Africa The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period Cro-Magnon were anatomically modern, only differing from their modern day descendants in Europe by their more robust physiology and slightly larger cranial capacity. Cranial capacity is a measure of the volume of the interior of the Cranium (also called the braincase or brainpan of those Vertebrates who have both a cranium and [3] Of modern nationalities, Finns are closest to Cro-Magnons in terms of anthropological measurements. The terms Finns and Finnish people ( Finnish: suomalaiset, Swedish: finländare) are used in English to Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of [4]
They had a balanced diet of meat, grain, wild carrot, beetroot, onion, turnip and other foods.
Surviving Cro-Magnon artifacts include huts, cave paintings, carvings and antler-tipped spears. Cave paintings are Paintings on Cave walls and ceilings and the term is used especially for those dating to Prehistoric times The remains of tools suggest that they knew how to make woven clothing. They had huts, constructed of rocks, clay, bones, branches, and animal hide/fur. These early humans used manganese and iron oxides to paint pictures and may have created the first calendar around 15,000 years ago[5]. Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element The word Calendar consist of two words 1 Cal ( in Pashto means Year in Hindi and Persian is Sal- also means Year
The flint tools found in association with the remains at Crô-Magnon have associations with the Aurignacian culture that Lartet had identified a few years before he found the skeletons. Aurignacian is the name of a culture of the Upper Palaeolithic located in Europe and southwest Asia.
The Cro-Magnons must have come into contact with the Neanderthals, and are often credited with causing the latter's extinction, although morphologically modern humans seem to have coexisted with Neanderthals for up to 60,000 years in the Levant[6] and for more than 15,000 years in France[7]. The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the
Etymology
The "Cro-Magnon" rock shelter, located at Les Eyzies in the Dordogne in France, probably owes its name to a compound of two elements:
- Cro is presumably a dialectal form of creux, meaning "cavity" or "hollow"; such forms as crau, cro, crouè are found in French dialects, and all probably derive, through Vulgar Latin *crosus (not attested), from a Celtic root. Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil is a commune in the Dordogne department in Aquitaine in southwestern France. Dordogne (Dordonha is a department in central France named after the Dordogne River. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin [5]
- Magnon is almost certainly the augmentative form of the Old French adjective magne, from Latin magnus, meaning "large" or "great" and ultimately deriving from the Proto-Indo-European root *meĝh2- (related to English much). An augmentative is a suffix or prefix added to a Noun in order to convey the sense of greater intensity often though not primarily indicating a larger Old French was the Romance Dialect continuum spoken in territories which span roughly the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.
Thus, the probable original meaning is "great cavity". [8]
According to information on display in Les Eyzies-de-Tayac, however, Magnon was simply the name of the proprietor who owned the land on which the cave is located when Lartet made his discovery in 1868.
Genetics
A 2003 study on Cro-Magnon and Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA, published by an Italo-Spanish research team led by David Caramelli, concluded that Neanderthals were far outside the modern human range, while Cro-Magnons were well in the average of modern Europeans. The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) is the DNA located in Organelles called mitochondria. mtDNA retrieved from two Cro-Magnon specimens was identified as Haplogroup N. In Biology, a specimen is an individual Animal, part of an animal Plant, part of a plant or Microorganism used as a representative to In Human genetics, Haplogroup N is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. [6] Haplogroup N is found among modern populations of the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia, and its descendant haplogroups is found among modern Eurasian and Native American populations. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan In the study of Molecular evolution, a haplogroup, from "ἁπλο-" (Greek haplo-: simple or single + "group" is a group of similar Haplotypes For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. [7] [8]
See also
- List of fossil sites (with link directory)
- List of primate and hominin fossils (with images)
- Neanderthal interaction with Cro-Magnons
- Earth's Children, a series of historical fiction novels written by Jean M. Auel, taking place in ancient Europe
References
- ^ [1]Oppenheimer piece
- ^ a b Museum of Natural History
- ^ Cro-Magnon. This is a worldwide list of important and/or well-known localities where Fossils have been found The following charts give a brief overview of several notable Primate Fossil finds relating to Human evolution. Around 28000 years ago typhological Neanderthal traits cease to exist Earth's Children is a series of Historical fiction novels written by Jean M Historical fiction is a sub-genre of Fiction that often portrays alternate accounts or dramatization of historical figures or events A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Jean Marie Auel (dʒiːn mɘˈɹiː aʊl née Untinen (born February 18, 1936 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American and (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 9, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: [2]
- ^ Microsoft Word - MQ XLIII 2 cov
- ^ according to a claim by Michael Rappenglueck, of the University of Munich (2000) [3]
- ^ Ofer Bar-Yosef & Bernard Vandermeersch, Scientific American, April 1993, 94-100
- ^ Brad Gravina et al, Nature, 438, 51-56 (2005)
- ^ Possible etymologies of Cro-Magnon.
Dictionary
Cro-Magnon
-noun
- The earliest known form of modern humans, Homo sapiens, to be found in Europe, dating from the late Paleolithic.
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