| Criollo Criollos in Latin America |
|---|
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| Notable Criollos: José Martí · Juan Ponce de León II |
| Total population |
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Criollo |
| Regions with significant populations |
| Throughout Hispanic America |
| Languages |
| Spanish |
| Religion |
| Predominantly Roman Catholic · Protestant · Christian Latinos · Jewish minority |
| Related ethnic groups |
| Spaniards · Italian · Portuguese · French · White Cuban · White Brazilian · White Argentine · White Mexican · White Latin American |
Criollo is a term that dates back to the Spanish colonial casta system (caste system) of Latin America. José Julián Martí Pérez ( January 28, 1853 &ndash May 19, 1895) Born in Havana from Spanish parents his short life was dedicated to gaining Juan Ponce de León II was born in Puerto Rico in the early part of the 16th century and was the first Puerto Rican to assume the temporary governorship of Puerto Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Latinos and Hispanics are predominantly Christian in the United States PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( Cubans (Cubanos are people inhabiting or originating from Cuba. According to the 2006 census White Brazilians make up 497% of Brazil's population or around 93 million people White Argentines make up 864% to 97% of Argentina 's population A White Mexican ( Mexicano Blanco) is any citizen of Mexico who is primarily or solely a descendant of European and/or Middle Eastern White Latin Americans are the white population of Latin America. The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spain 's conquest settlement and rule over much of the Western hemisphere. Casta is a 17th century term used in Spanish America, which refers to the institutionalized system of social stratification based on a person's racial heritage Castes are Hereditary systems of occupation, Endogamy, social culture, Social class, and Political power. It referred to a person born in the Spanish colonies deemed to have limpieza de sangre (literally, "cleanliness of blood") in respect of an individual's purity of European (Iberian) ancestry. Limpieza de sangre is also a novel in the Captain Alatriste series by Arturo Pérez-Reverte.
The term criollo is often translated into English as Creole, but this word has a much broader meaning. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States See Creole peoples. For the languages see Creole language. For other meanings see Creole (disambiguation.
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Origin of the term
Limpieza de sangre or cleanliness of blood was a legal conception derived from the Spanish Reconquista, and later introduced to the Spanish colonies in the Americas. Limpieza de sangre is also a novel in the Captain Alatriste series by Arturo Pérez-Reverte. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period In Spain, the concept was used to distinguish old Christians of "pure" unmixed Iberian Christian ancestry (either Southern Spanish Mozarabs or Christians from the Northern Kingdoms of Spain) from new Christians descending from baptized Moriscos (Iberian Muslims) and Sephardim (Iberian Jews), together known as conversos (converts), whose real faith was institutionally suspected. For other uses see New Christian (Swedenborgian. New Christian ( Spanish: cristianos nuevos; Portuguese, The Mozarabs (in Spanish: mozárabes; in moçárabes in Catalan: mossàrabs; from musta'rib "مستعرب" “arabicized” For other uses see New Christian (Swedenborgian. New Christian ( Spanish: cristianos nuevos; Portuguese, A morisco (Spanish " Moor -like" or mourisco (Portuguese was any Muslim of Spain or Portugal Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Conversos ( Spanish and Portuguese for "a convert" from Latin conversus, "converted turned around" and its feminine form The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain
In the Americas the concept was adapted into a context of racial hierarchy based on racial "purity", in an environment which had become largely repopulated by persons of mixed race as a result of the arrival of Europeans and their miscegenation with indigenous Amerindians as well as with imported African slaves. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Miscegenation (Latin miscere "to mix" + genus "kind" is the mixing of different racial groups, that is marrying, cohabiting For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. A "pure" person able to be deemed a criollo would be one of proven unmixed Spanish ancestry, that is, the Americas-born child of two Spanish-born Spaniards, of two criollos, or a Spaniard and a criollo.
Cleanliness of blood, and thus the classification as criollo, could also be legally and automatically attained by people of mixed origin with 1/8th or less of Amerindian ancestry, that is, the offspring of one castizo parent and one Spaniard or criollo parent. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Castizo ( or kas•'ti•so is a Spanish word with a general meaning of "pure" or "genuine" The same 1/8th or less reclassification did not legally or automatically exist for those with any African admixture, although it was often subversively purchased with relevant probanzas de sangre (bloodline records) altered.
Criollos in the casta system
While the castas system was in force, the local-born criollos ranked strictly lower than the governing peninsulares, that is, Spaniards born on the Iberian Peninsula, despite both being of legally pure Spanish blood. "Peninsular" redirects here For the geographical formation see Peninsula. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Peninsulares held the top ecclesiastical, military and administrative positions and favoured the Cádiz monopoly, while the criollo land-owning elite preferred free trade or smuggling with the British Americas. Cádiz ( Spanish:) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of the same name, a province which is one of eight
By the 19th century, this perceived discrimination and the examples of the American Revolution and the anti-white Haitian Revolution eventually led the criollo to rebel against peninsulare rule. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The Revolution (1791–1804 was the most successful of African Slave rebellions in the Western Hemisphere Eventually earning the support of other castes— castizos, mestizos, cholos, mulatos, indios, zambos, among many others, and ultimately blacks, they engaged Spain in the Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821) and the South American Wars of Independence (1810–1826), which ended with the break-up of the former Spanish Empire in America into a number of independent republics. Castizo ( or kas•'ti•so is a Spanish word with a general meaning of "pure" or "genuine" Mestizo is a Spanish term that was coined during the Spanish Empire to refer to people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry in Latin Cholo was applied to individuals of mixed American Indian and Mestizo ancestry Mulatto is a term used to describe a person with one white parent and one black parent or a person whose Ancestry is a mixture of black and white For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Zambo is a Spanish term (the Portuguese language term is Cafuso) that was used in the Spanish Empire and continues to be used today The Mexican War of Independence (1810 - 1821 was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities which started on September 16 1810 Because Spain was virtually cut off from its colonies during the Peninsular War of 1808–1814 Latin America was in these years ruled by independent juntas Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year For the game see 1826 (board game. Year 1826 ( MDCCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display
Criollo ethnic flag
The traditional ethnic flag of the Criollos of Hispanic America is identical with the flag of Bolivia, and therefore there have been proposals to create a new flag for Bolivia which combines the traditional red, yellow, and green banner with the ethnic flag of the Aymara Amerindians. An ethnic flag is a Flag that Symbolizes a certain Ethnic group. An ethnic flag is a Flag that Symbolizes a certain Ethnic group. The current flag of Bolivia was originally adopted by Bolivia in 1851. The Aymara are a native Ethnic group in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America; about 1 For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. A 2008 constitutional referendum in Bolivia will be held to make the Aymara flag a coequal national flag for Bolivia along with the traditional Bolivian flag. [1]
Insulares of the Philippines
During the Spanish colonial era of the Philippines, the Spanish term criollo was used with the same sense as in Latin America, namely, a person born in the Philippines with wholly Spanish ancestry. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP However, the term was not widely used, and instead insulares ("from the islands") was more commonly applied to contrast them with the higher-ranking peninsulares. However, the most common term for those people was Filipinos ("from the Philippines"), distinct from the modern definition of that word.
The meaning of Filipino changed drastically during the Philippine Revolution. This article is about a late 19th-century revolution For a late 20th-century event also referred to as Philippine Revolution see People Power Revolution. It was adopted by nationalist movements and transformed into a national designation that encompassed the entire population of the Philippines, especially the descendants of the indigenous Malay peoples, replacing the native word Katagalugan or Tagalog, which should properly pertain to the indigenous Malay peoples, according to Philippine heroes José Rizal and Andres Bonifacio (who himself was a Spanish mestizo). In fact, the meaning of Filipino today is the opposite of its colonial meaning, since it tends to exclude Filipinos of pure or mixed Spanish descent, who are seen and regarded by many Filipinos of mainly pure Malay descent, especially from the lower socio-economic classes, as not being "true" Filipinos but "foreigners". Filipinos or the Filipino people are the citizens of the Philippines. The same principle invariably applies to other non-indigenous Filipino criollos of other European descent.
Modern colloquial uses
- The word criollo retains its original meaning in most Spanish-speaking countries in the Americas. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America In some countries, however, the word criollo has over time come to have additional meanings, such as "local" or "home grown". For instance, comida criolla in Spanish-speaking countries refers to "local cuisine", not "cuisine of the criollos".
- In some Latin American countries, the term is also used to describe people from the countryside or mountain areas. In Puerto Rico, natives of the town of Caguas are usually referred to as criollos; professional sports teams from that town are also usually nicknamed criollos de Caguas ("Caguas Creoles"). Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Caguas ( (founded in 1775) is a City and municipality of Puerto Rico located in the Central Mountain Range of Puerto Rico, south of San Caguas is located near Puerto Rico's part of the Cordillera Central mountain area. La Cordillera Central (The Central Mountain rangesis the main mountain range in Puerto Rico.
- In Argentina, locals of Argentina's interior northern and northwestern provinces are called criollos by their porteño counterparts from Buenos Aires. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Porteño is used to refer to a person who lives in a port city but it can also be used as an adjective for anything related to these port cities Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern They are typically seen as more traditionally Hispanic in culture and ancestry than the hotpot of non-Hispanic European influences that define the people and culture of Buenos Aires. Hispanic (hispano hispánico hispânico Hispānus adjective from ''Hispānia'', the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically
References
See also
- White Argentine
- White Brazilian
- White Cuban
- Latin America population
- Peninsulares
- White Hispanic
- White Latin American
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Miscegenation in Spanish colonies
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