Автономна Республіка Крим Автономная Республика Крым Qırım Muhtar Cumhuriyeti Autonomous Republic of Crimea
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Процветание в единстве  (Russian) Protsvetanie v edinstve  (transliteration) "Prosperity in unity"
Anthem: Нивы и горы твои волшебны, Родина  (Russian) Nivy i gory tvoi volshebny, Rodina  (transliteration) Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland
Location of Crimea (red) with respect to Ukraine (light blue). The flag of Crimea (Флаг Крыма Crimean Tatar: Qırım bayrağı, Прапор АР Крим is the official flag of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, The Coat of arms of Crimea (Герб Крыма Герб АР Крим is the official Coat of arms of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Ukraine A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Hymn of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Гімн Автономної Республіки Крим Гимн Автономной Республики Крым Qırım Muhtar Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's Hymn of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Гімн Автономної Республіки Крим Гимн Автономной Республики Крым Qırım Muhtar Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.
Location of Crimea (dark green) with respect to Ukraine (light green) on a map of Europe.
Capital (and largest city)		Simferopol 44°56′N, 34°6′E
Official languages		Ukrainian1
Recognised regional languages		Russian, Crimean Tatar
Ethnic groups		58. Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым Simferopol (English pronunciation ˌsɪmfəˈroʊpəl (Сімферополь Симферополь Aqmescit literally The white mosque) is the Capital of the An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. A regional language is a Language spoken in an area of a Nation state, whether it be a small area a federal State or Province, or Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Crimean Tatar language (Qırımtatar tili Qırımtatarca also known as Crimean (Qırım tili Qırımca and Crimean Turkish (Qırım Türkçesi is the language 32% Russians 24. The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries 32% Ukrainians 12. Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens 10% Crimean Tatars
Government		Autonomous republic within Ukraine
-	Head of State	Viktor Yushchenko2
-	Prime Minister	Viktor Plakida
-	Speaker of the Parliament	Anatoliy P. Crimean Tatars (sg Qırımtatar, pl Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. An autonomous republic is a type of Administrative division similar to a Province. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The President of Ukraine (Президент України is the head of the state of Ukraine and acts in its name Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko ( Ukrainian: Viktor Andrijovyč Juščenko) (born February 23 1954) is the third and current President of The Prime Minister of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Прем'єр-міністр Автономної республіки Крим Премьер-министр Автономной The term speaker is a title often given to the presiding officer of a legislative body Hrytsenko
Autonomy from the Russian Empire / Soviet Union
-	Established3	October 18, 1921
-	Abolished4	June 30, 1945
-	Restored5	February 12, 1992
Area
-	Total	26,100 km² (148) 10,038 sq mi
Population
-	2007 estimate	1,973,185 (148)
-	2001 census	2,033,700
-	Density	75. An autonomous republic is a type of Administrative division similar to a Province. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. M^2 redirects here For other uses see M². CM2 redirects here This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. The first Ukrainian Census was carried out by State Statistics Committee of Ukraine on December 5, 2001, twelve years after the last Soviet Union census Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 6/km² (116) 29. List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² 3/sq mi
Currency		Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)
Time zone		EET (UTC+2)
-	Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Internet TLD		crimea. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The hryvnia, sometimes hryvnya or (incorrectly hryvna or hrivna (гривня ˈɦrɪu̯nʲɑ sign: ₴, code: ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established Eastern European Time ( EET) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. Daylight saving time ( DST Eastern European Summer Time ( EEST) is one of the names of UTC+3 Time zone, 3 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. A country ua
Calling code		380 65/6926
1	Because Ukrainian is the only state language in Ukraine, no other language may be official. This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. But according the Constitution of Autonomous Republic of Crimea Russian is language of interethnic communication. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages However, government duties are fulfilled mainly in Russian, hence it is a de facto official language. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Crimean Tatar is also used. The Crimean Tatar language (Qırımtatar tili Qırımtatarca also known as Crimean (Qırım tili Qırımca and Crimean Turkish (Qırım Türkçesi is the language
2	The Head of State of Crimea is the President of Ukraine (currently Viktor Yushchenko). Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko ( Ukrainian: Viktor Andrijovyč Juščenko) (born February 23 1954) is the third and current President of
3	The Crimean ASSR was created as part of the Russian SFSR. Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Modern Qırım Muhtar Sotsialist Sovet Cumhuriyeti Official Crimean Tatar name ( Uniform Turkic Alphabet) Qrьm Avonomjalь
4	The Crimean ASSR's autonomy was removed and transformed into the Crimean Oblast of the RSFSR. The Crimean Oblast (Кримська область translit: Kryms’ka oblast’; Крымская область translit: Krymskaya oblast’
5	The Crimean Oblast was transformed into the Autonomous Republic of Crimea as part of independent Ukraine. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.
6	380 65 for Autonomous Republic of Crimea, 380 692 for Sevastopol City

Crimea (IPA: /kraɪˈmiːə/) or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukrainian: Крим, Автономна Республіка Крим, Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Russian: Крым, Автономная Республика Крым, Avtonomnaya Respublika Krym; Crimean Tatar: Qırım, Qırım Muhtar Cumhuriyeti) is an autonomous republic of Ukraine on the northern coast of the Black Sea occupying a peninsula of the same name. Sevastopol ( see pronunciation below) is a port city in Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea Peninsula Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Crimean Tatar language (Qırımtatar tili Qırımtatarca also known as Crimean (Qırım tili Qırımca and Crimean Turkish (Qırım Türkçesi is the language An autonomous republic is a type of Administrative division similar to a Province. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey A peninsula is a piece of land that is nearly surrounded by Water but connected to Mainland via an Isthmus.

The territory of Crimea was conquered and controlled many times throughout its history. The Cimmerians, Greeks, Iranians, Goths, Huns, Bulgars, Khazars, the state of Kievan Rus', Byzantine Greeks, Kipchaks, and the Mongols all controlled Crimea in its early history. See Cimmeria (Conan or Cimmeria (Poem for the fiction of Robert E The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Ancient Iranian peoples who settled Greater Iran in the 2nd millennium BC first appear in Assyrian records in the 9th century BC. Crimean Goths were those Gothic tribes who remained in the lands around the Black Sea, especially in Crimea. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy The Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) were a seminomadic people probably of Turkic descent originally from Central Asia, "Kazar" redirects here for the Marvel Comics character see Ka-Zar; for the village in Azerbaijan see Xəzər. Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan In the 13th century it was partly controlled by the Venetians and by the Genoese; these were followed by the Crimean Khanate and Ottoman Empire in the 15th–18th centuries, the Russian Empire in the 18th–20th centuries, the Russian SFSR and later Ukrainian SSR within Soviet Union in the rest of 20th century, Germany in World War II, and now, the independent Ukrainian state. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or the Ukrainian SSR was one of the 15 constituent republics that made up the Former Soviet Union from its The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.

The total area of the republic is 26,200 km². As of 2007, Crimea has a population of 1,973,185 inhabitants. The capital of Crimea is the city of Simferopol. Simferopol (English pronunciation ˌsɪmfəˈroʊpəl (Сімферополь Симферополь Aqmescit literally The white mosque) is the Capital of the

Crimea is the homeland for the Crimean Tatars, an ethnic minority who now make up about 13% of the population. Crimean Tatars (sg Qırımtatar, pl Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg The Crimean Tatars were forcibly expelled to Central Asia by Joseph Stalin's government, but have begun returning to their homeland in recent years. Population transfer in the Soviet Union may be classified into the following broad categories deportations of " Anti-Soviet " categories of population often classified Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party ^[1]

Etymology of the name

The name Crimea takes its origin in the name of a city of Qırım (today's Stary Krym) which served as a capital of the Crimean province of the Golden Horde. Staryi Krym (Старий Крим Старый Крым Eski Qırım is a small historical town in the Eastern Crimea, approximately 25 km (15 mi This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. Qırım is Crimean Tatar for "my hill" (qır – hill, -ım – my). The Crimean Tatar language (Qırımtatar tili Qırımtatarca also known as Crimean (Qırım tili Qırımca and Crimean Turkish (Qırım Türkçesi is the language However, there are other versions of the etymology of Qırım. Russian Krym is a Russified form of Qırım. The ancient Greeks called Crimea Tauris (later Taurica), after its inhabitants, the Tauri. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Tauri ( also Scythotauri, Tauri Scythae, Tauroscythae ( Pliny, H The Greek historian Herodotus mentions that Hercules plowed that land using a huge ox ("Taurus"), hence the name of the land. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Hercules is the Roman name for the Mythical Greek hero Heracles, son of Zeus and the mortal Alcmena.

In English, Crimea is sometimes referred to with the definite article, the Crimea, as in the Netherlands, the Gambia, etc. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands However, usage without the article has become more frequent in journalism since the years of the Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

History

Early history

Main article: Taurica

The earliest inhabitants of whom we have any authentic traces were the Cimmerians, who were expelled by the Scythians (Iraniags) during the 7th century BC. See Cimmeria (Conan or Cimmeria (Poem for the fiction of Robert E The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic The 7th century BC started the first day of 700 BC and ended the last day of 601 BC. The remaining Cimmerians that togok refuge in the mountains later became known as the Tauri. The Tauri ( also Scythotauri, Tauri Scythae, Tauroscythae ( Pliny, H According to other historians, the Tauri were known for their savage rituals and piracy, and were also the earliest, indigenous of the peninsula. In 5th century BC, Greek colonists began to settle along the Black Sea coast, among those were the Dorians from Heraclea who founded a sea port of Chersonesos outside Sevastopol, and the Ionians from Miletus who landed at Feodosiya and Panticapaeum (also called Bosporus). The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Heraclea Pontica ( Greek: Ηράκλεια Ποντική modern day Karadeniz Ereğli, in the Zonguldak Province of Turkey, on the Black Chersonesos (Χερσόνησος Chersonesus Old East Slavic: Корсунь Korsun; Херсонес Khersones; also transliterated as Chersonese Sevastopol ( see pronunciation below) is a port city in Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea Peninsula Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient Feodosiya ( Ukrainian Феодосія Crimean Tatar Kefe Russian Феодосия is a Port and Resort city in Crimea Panticapaeum ( Greek: Παντικάπαιον Pantikápaion) present-day Kerch: an important Greek city and port in Taurica (Tauric Cimmerian Bosporus redirects here For the ancient state see Bosporan Kingdom; for its rulers see Kings of Cimmerian Bosporus.

The Greek colony of Chersonesos, Sevastopol. Chersonesos (Χερσόνησος Chersonesus Old East Slavic: Корсунь Korsun; Херсонес Khersones; also transliterated as Chersonese Sevastopol ( see pronunciation below) is a port city in Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea Peninsula

Two centuries later (438 BC), the Archon (ruler) of the latter settlers assumed the title of the Kings of Cimmerian Bosporus, a state that maintained close relations with Athens, supplying the city with wheat, honey and other commodities. Here is a list of Rulers of the Cimmerian Bosporus - Eponymous ancestor-king Gomer ca Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's The last of that line of kings, Paerisades V, being hard-pressed by the Scythians, put himself under the protection of Mithridates VI, the king of Pontus, in 114 BC. See Mithridates for people and concepts with the same name Mithridates VI (Μιθριδάτης 132&ndash63 BC also known as Mithridates Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges After the death of this sovereign, his son, Pharnaces II, was invested by Pompey with the kingdom of Bosporus in 63 BC as a reward for the assistance rendered to the Romans in their war against his father. Pharnaces II (in Greek Φαρνάκης, died 47 BC was the son of the great Mithridates VI of Pontus, a famed enemy of the Roman Republic. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation Cimmerian Bosporus redirects here For the ancient state see Bosporan Kingdom; for its rulers see Kings of Cimmerian Bosporus. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the In 15 BC, it was once again restored to the king of Pontus, but since ranked as a tributary state of Rome. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2

Throughout the later centuries, Crimea was invaded or occupied successively by the Goths (AD 250), the Huns (376), the Bulgars 4th-8th century), the Khazars (8th century), the state of Kievan Rus' (10th–11th centuries), the Byzantine Empire (1016), the Kipchaks (the Kumans) (1050), and the Mongols (1237). Crimean Goths were those Gothic tribes who remained in the lands around the Black Sea, especially in Crimea. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy The Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) were a seminomadic people probably of Turkic descent originally from Central Asia, "Kazar" redirects here for the Marvel Comics character see Ka-Zar; for the village in Azerbaijan see Xəzər. Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan

In the mid-10th century, the eastern area of Crimea was conquered by Prince Sviatoslav I of Kiev and became part of the Kievan Rus' principality of Tmutarakan. Sviatoslav I of Kiev ( Old East Slavic: С~тославъ (Свąтославъ Игорєвичь ( Sventoslavŭ Igorevichǐ) Russian: ru Святослав Tmutarakan (Тмутаракань is an ancient city that controlled the Cimmerian Bosporus, the passage from the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov. In 988, Prince Vladimir I of Kiev also captured the Byzantine town of Chersones (presently part of Sevastopol) where he later converted to Christianity. Saint Vladimir Svyatoslavich the Great ( Old Russian: Володимеръ Святославичь, c Chersonesos (Χερσόνησος Chersonesus Old East Slavic: Корсунь Korsun; Херсонес Khersones; also transliterated as Chersonese Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings An impressive Russian Orthodox cathedral marks the location of this historic event. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure

In the 13th century, the Republic of Genoa seized the settlements which their rivals, the Venetians, had built along the Crimean coast and established themselves at Cembalo, Soldaia, Cherco and Caffa, gaining control of the Crimean economy and the Black Sea commerce for two centuries. The Most Serene Republic of Genoa (Repubblica di Genova was an independent state in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast from the 11th century Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the For the article about the South Australian town see Balaklava South Australia. Sudak or Sudaq (Sudaq Судак is a small historic town located in Crimea, Ukraine situated to the west of Feodosiya (the nearest railway Kerch (Керч Керчь Keriç Old East Slavic: Кърчевъ Ancient Greek: Pantikapaion) is a city (2001 pop 157000 on the Kerch Peninsula Feodosiya ( Ukrainian Феодосія Crimean Tatar Kefe Russian Феодосия is a Port and Resort city in Crimea

Crimean Khanate: 1441-1783

Main article: Crimean Khanate

The Hansaray, succession home of the Crimean Khans, in Bakhchisaray. The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; The Khan's Palace or Hansaray is located in the town of Bakhchisaray, Crimea, Ukraine. The following is the chronological table of reigns of khans of Crimean Khanate from the Giray dynasty: Bakhchisaray (Бахчисарай Бахчисарай Bağçasaray Bahçesaray is a town in Central Crimea, centre of the Bakhchisaray raion (district best

A number of Turkic peoples, now collectively known as the Crimean Tatars, have been inhabiting the peninsula since the early Middle Ages. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Crimean Tatars (sg Qırımtatar, pl Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg The ethnicity of the Crimean Tatars is quite complex as it absorbed both nomadic Turkic and European components (in the first place, the Goths and the Genoese) which is still reflected in their appearance and language differences. Crimean Goths were those Gothic tribes who remained in the lands around the Black Sea, especially in Crimea. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English A small enclave of the Karaims, possibly of Khazar (i. The Crimean Karaites (Crimean Karaim: sg къарай - qaray, pl e. Turkic) descent but members of a Jewish sect, was founded in the 8th century. It existed among the Muslim Crimean Tatars, primarily in the mountainous Çufut Qale area. Çufut Qale ( qaˈlæ}} Чуфут-Кале Чуфут-Кале Çufut Qale Çıfıt Kale Karaim: Джуфт Къале Juft Qale) sometimes spelled as

After the destruction of the Golden Horde by Timur in 1441, the Crimean Tatars founded an independent Crimean Khanate under Hacı I Giray, a descendant of Genghis Khan. This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; Hacı I Giray Angel (Melek (I Hacı Geray|۱حاجى گراى Melek Hacı Geray|ملک حاجى گراى (died 1466 was the founder and the first ruler of the Crimean Khanate Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder He and his successors reigned first at Qırq Yer, and from the beginning of the 15th century, at Bakhchisaray. Çufut Qale ( qaˈlæ}} Чуфут-Кале Чуфут-Кале Çufut Qale Çıfıt Kale Karaim: Джуфт Къале Juft Qale) sometimes spelled as Bakhchisaray (Бахчисарай Бахчисарай Bağçasaray Bahçesaray is a town in Central Crimea, centre of the Bakhchisaray raion (district best ^[2]

The Crimean Tatars controlled the steppes that stretched from the Kuban and to the Dniester River, however, they were unable to take control over commercial Genoese towns. Kuban ( Кубáнь) is a geographic region of Southern Russia surrounding the Kuban River, on the Black Sea between the Don Steppe The Dniester (Дністер translit Dnister; Nistru is a river in Eastern Europe. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English After the Crimean Tatars asked for help from the Ottomans, an Ottoman invasion of the Genoese towns led by Gedik Ahmed Pasha in 1475 brought Kaffa and the other trading towns under their control. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Gedik Ahmet Pasha was a distinguished Ottoman grand vizier as well as an army and navy commander during the reigns of sultans Mehmed the Conqueror and Beyazid Feodosiya ( Ukrainian Феодосія Crimean Tatar Kefe Russian Феодосия is a Port and Resort city in Crimea ^[3]

After the capture of Genoese towns, the Ottoman Sultan held Meñli I Giray captive,^[4] later releasing him in return for accepting Ottoman sovereignty above the Crimean Khans and allowing them rule as tributary princes of the Ottoman Empire. Meñli I Giray (I Meñli Geray|۱مڭلى گراى (1445&ndash1515 also spelled as Mengli I Giray, was a khan of the Crimean Khanate (1466 1469&ndash1475 ^[3][5] However, the Crimean Khans still had a large amount of autonomy from the Ottoman Empire, particularly, followed the rules they thought were best for them: Crimean Tatars introduced raids into Ukrainian lands, which were used to get slaves to be sold on markets. ^[3]

In 1553–1554, Cossack Hetman Dmytro Vyshnevetsky gathered together groups of Cossacks, and constructed a fort designed to obstruct Tatar raids into Ukraine. The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern Hetman was the title of the second highest military commander (after the Monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland, Ukraine and Grand Dmytro Ivanovych Vyshnevetsky (Дмитро Іванович Вишневе́цький Dymitr Wiśniowiecki was a Hetman of the Ukrainian Cossacks. With this action, he founded the Zaporozhian Sich, with which he would launch a series of attacks on the Crimea peninsula and the Ottoman Turks. Zaporizhian Sich (Запорізька Січ Zaporiz'ka Sich) original Slavonic name "Zaporizhska Sich'" was the center of the Dnieper Cossacks The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. ^[6] In 1774, The Crimean Khans fell under Russian influence with the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (also spelled Kuchuk Kainarji) was signed on July 21, 1774, in Küçük Kaynarca Dobruja (today Kaynardzha ^[7] In 1783, the entire Crimea was annexed by the Russian Empire. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya ^[8]

Russian Empire and Civil War: 1783-1922

Swallow's Nest, a symbol of Crimea, one of the best-known, romantic castles near Yalta. Swallow's Nest (Ластівчине гніздо translit Lastivchyne hnizdo; Ласточкино гнездо translit Yalta (Ялта Yalta is a city in Crimea, southern Ukraine, on the north coast of the Black Sea. It was built in 1912 in the Neo-Gothic style by the order of the German Baron Stengel. The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement which began It was designed by Russian architect A. Sherwood.

The Crimean War (1853–1856) devastated much of the economic and social infrastructure of Crimea. The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought The Crimean Tatars had to flee from their homeland en masse, forced by the conditions created by the war, persecution and land expropriations. Crimean Tatars (sg Qırımtatar, pl Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg Those who survived the trip, famine and disease, resettled in Dobruja, Anatolia, and other parts of the Ottoman Empire. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish For the first time in their history, Crimean Tatars became a minority in their own land, with the majority spread out as a diaspora. The Crimean Tatar diaspora dates back to the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 1783 after which Crimean Tatars were forced to emigrate Finally, the Russian government decided to stop the process, as the agriculture began to suffer due to the unattended fertile farmland.

During the Russian Civil War, Crimea was a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik White Army. The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed The White movement (Beloie Dvijenie Белое движение whose military arm is known as the White Army (Belaia Armia Белая Армия or White Guard It was in Crimea that the White Russians led by General Wrangel made their last stand against Nestor Makhno and the Red Army in 1920. Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel (Пётр Николаевич Врангель (Peter von Wrangel ( August 15, 1878, Zarasai, Lithuania (then Nestor Ivanovich Makhno (Нестор Іванович Махно October 26, 1888 – July 6, 1934) was an anarcho-communist The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya After the resistance was crushed, many of the anti-Communist fighters and civilians had to board the ships and escape to Istanbul. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey

Soviet Union: 1922-1991

On October 18, 1921, the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as part of the Russian SFSR. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Modern Qırım Muhtar Sotsialist Sovet Cumhuriyeti Official Crimean Tatar name ( Uniform Turkic Alphabet) Qrьm Avonomjalь ^[5] However, the establishment of the Crimean ASSR did not fully protect the Crimean Tatars from Joseph Stalin's repressions of the 1930s. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party ^[5] The Tatars constituted about 25% of the Crimean population. ^[9]

The Greeks were another cultural group that suffered. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Their lands were lost during the process of collectivisation, in which farmers were not compensated with wages. Collective farming is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise Schools which taught Greek were closed and Greek literature was destroyed, because the Soviets considered the Greeks as "counter-revolutionary" with their links to capitalist state Greece, and their independent culture. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Greek literature refers to those writings autochthonic to the areas of Greek influence typically though not necessarily in one of the Greek dialects throughout the Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ^[5]

Crimea experienced two severe famines in the 20th century, the Famine of 1921-1922 and the Holodomor of 1932-1933. A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any Faunal species which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional Malnutrition, Starvation The Russian famine of 1921, better known as Povolzhye famine, which began in the early spring of that year and lasted through 1922, was a severe Famine The Holodomor (Голодомор is the famine that took place in Soviet Ukraine during the 1932-1933 agricultural season ^[10]

During World War II, Crimea was a scene of some of the bloodiest battles. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The leaders of the Third Reich were anxious to conquer and colonize the fertile and beautiful peninsula as part of their policy of resettling the Germans in Eastern Europe at the expense of the Slavs. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Germans suffered heavy casualties in the summer of 1941 as they tried to advance through the narrow Isthmus of Perekop linking Crimea to the Ukrainian mainland. The Isthmus of Perekop (Перекопський перешийок translit Once the German army broke through (Operation Trappenjagd), they occupied most of Crimea, with the exception of the city of Sevastopol, which was later awarded the honorary title of Hero City after the war. Battle of the Kerch Peninsula (Unternehmen Trappenjagd was a World War II offensive by German and Romanian armies against the Soviet Crimean Front forces defending Sevastopol ( see pronunciation below) is a port city in Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea Peninsula Hero City ( Russian: город-герой gorod-geroy, Ukrainian: Місто-герой Misto-heroy) is a Soviet Honorary

The "Big Three" at the Yalta Conference, Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and Codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from 4 February Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party

Sevastopol held out from October 1941 until July 4, 1942 when the Germans finally captured the city. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. From September 1, 1942, the peninsula was administered as the Generalbezirk Krim (general district of Crimea) und Teilbezirk (and sub-district) Taurien by the Nazi Generalkommissar Alfred Eduard Frauenfeld (1898–1977), under the authority of the three consecutive Reichskommissare for the entire Ukraine. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Reichskommissar (rendered as Commissionary of the Empire or as Reich - or Imperial Commissioner) in German history, was an official gubernatorial In spite of heavy-handed tactics by the Nazis and the assistance of the Romanian and Italian troops, the Crimean mountains remained an unconquered stronghold of the native resistance (the partisans) until the day when the peninsula was freed from the occupying force. See also Kings of Romania The Kingdom of Roumania (or ' Romania ' in post-1969 and also current spelling was the old Romanian state based on a form of The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom

In 1944, Sevastopol came under the control of troops from the Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The so-called "City of Russian Glory" once known for its beautiful architecture was entirely destroyed and had to be rebuilt stone by stone. Due to its enormous historical and symbolic meaning for the Russians, it became a priority for Stalin and the Soviet government to have it restored to its former glory within the shortest time possible.

On May 18, 1944, the entire population of the Crimean Tatars were forcibly deported in the Sürgün (Crimean Tatar for exile) to Central Asia by Stalin's Soviet government as a form of collective punishment on the grounds that they had collaborated with the Nazi occupation forces. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Crimean Tatars (sg Qırımtatar, pl Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg Forced settlements in the Soviet Union took several forms Though the most notorious was the Gulag Labor camp system of Penal labor, resettling of entire Sürgün ( Crimean Tatar and Turkish for " Exile " refers to the deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944 Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Collective punishment is the Punishment of a group of people as a result of the behaviour of one or more other individuals or groups Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German ^[11] An estimated 46% of the deportees died from hunger and disease. On June 26 of the same year Armenian, Bulgar and Greek population was also deported to Central Asia. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large The Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) were a seminomadic people probably of Turkic descent originally from Central Asia, The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions By the end of summer 1944, the ethnic cleansing of Crimea was complete. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity In 1967, the Crimean Tatars were rehabilitated, but they were banned from legally returning to their homeland until the last days of the Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

The Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished in June 30, 1945 and transformed into the Crimean Oblast (province) of the Russian SFSR. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Crimean Oblast (Кримська область translit: Kryms’ka oblast’; Крымская область translit: Krymskaya oblast’ Oblast (во́бласць oblast о́бласт oblast о́бласть област/ oblast; oblasť област о́бласть is a type of Administrative division On February 19, 1954, the oblast was transferred from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or the Ukrainian SSR was one of the 15 constituent republics that made up the Former Soviet Union from its As it stated in the Supreme Soviet Decree, the transfer was caused by close (1) geographic, (2) economic, and (3) cultural ties to the Ukrainian SSR. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Верхо́вный Сове́т СССР Verkhóvnyj Sovét SSSR) was the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union in ^[12]

In post-war years, Crimea thrived as a prime tourist destination, built with new attractions and sanatoriums for tourists. Tourists came from all around the Soviet Union and neighbouring countries, particularly from the German Democratic Republic. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state ^[5] Also, Crimea's infrastructure and manufacturing also developed, particularly around the sea ports at Kerch and Sevastopol and in the oblast's landlocked capital, Simferopol. Kerch (Керч Керчь Keriç Old East Slavic: Кърчевъ Ancient Greek: Pantikapaion) is a city (2001 pop 157000 on the Kerch Peninsula Sevastopol ( see pronunciation below) is a port city in Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea Peninsula Simferopol (English pronunciation ˌsɪmfəˈroʊpəl (Сімферополь Симферополь Aqmescit literally The white mosque) is the Capital of the Populations of Ukrainians and Russians alike doubled, with more than 1. Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries 6 million Russians and 626,000 Ukrainians living on the peninsula by 1989. ^[5]

Autonomy within independent Ukraine

The Russian Navy's Cape Sarych on the northern shore of the Black Sea

Flag of the Crimean Tatars, sporting the traditional damğa

With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Crimea became part of the newly independent Ukraine, a situation largely unexpected by its population that was ethnically and culturally Russian for the most part. The Russian Navy or VMF ( Russian: Военно-Морской Флот (ВМФ России- Voyenno-Morskoy Flot Rossii (VMF or literally Military Maritime Sarych (Са́рич Са́рыч Sarıç is a headland (Мыс translit: mys) located on shore of the Black Sea on the Crimean The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Crimean Tatars (sg Qırımtatar, pl Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg A tamga, or tamgha (Modern Turkish: damga stamp mark stigma brand) is an abstract seal or device used by Eurasian nomadic peoples and by The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985 This led to tensions between Russia and Ukraine. With the Black Sea Fleet based on the peninsula, worries of armed skirmishes were occasionally raised. The Black Sea Fleet (Черноморский Флот is a large sub-unit of the Russian (and formerly Soviet) Navy, operating in the Black Sea

After the All-Crimean Referendum was conducted on January 20, 1991, the Crimean Oblast was transformed into the Crimean ASSR as part of the Ukrainian SSR and the city of Sevastopol was granted special government status in the UkSSR. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Crimean Oblast (Кримська область translit: Kryms’ka oblast’; Крымская область translit: Krymskaya oblast’ Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Modern Qırım Muhtar Sotsialist Sovet Cumhuriyeti Official Crimean Tatar name ( Uniform Turkic Alphabet) Qrьm Avonomjalь The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or the Ukrainian SSR was one of the 15 constituent republics that made up the Former Soviet Union from its ^[13] When the results came in on the Ukrainian referendum on independence on December 1, 1991, it showed that 54. The Referendum took place in Ukraine on December 1, 1991. The only question of the Referendum was "Do you support the Act of Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. 19% of residents from Crimea and 57. 07% from Sevastopol city voted in favor of Ukrainian independence. ^[14][15] Based on the resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea on February 26, 1992, the Crimean ASSR was renamed into the Republic of Crimea. The Verkhovna Rada of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Верховна Рада Автономної Республіки Крим Верховная Рада Автономной Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Crimea later proclaimed self-government on May 5, 1992. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) ^[16][17] On the next day, the first Crimean constitution was put into effect. On May 19, Crimea agreed to remain as part of Ukraine and its Verkhovna Rada of Crimea annulled their proclamation of self-government. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and On June 30, Crimean Communists had forced the Kiev government to expand on the already extensive autonomous status of Crimea. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the ^[18] In the same period, Russian president Boris Yeltsin and Ukraine's Leonid Kravchuk agreed to divide the former Soviet Black Sea Fleet between Russia and the newly-formed Ukrainian Navy. Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin () (1 February 1931 23 April 2007 was the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999 For hockey player see Igor Kravchuk Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk (Леонід Макарович Кравчук born 10 January 1934) is a The Black Sea Fleet (Черноморский Флот is a large sub-unit of the Russian (and formerly Soviet) Navy, operating in the Black Sea The Ukrainian Naval Force (Військово-Морські Сили України ВМСУ Viys’kovo-Mors’ki Syly Ukrayiny, VMSU) is the Navy of ^[19]

On October 14, 1993, the Crimean Government introduced the post of the President of Crimea, a short-lived post that was later removed. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The President of the Republic of Crimea (Президент Республіки Крим Президент Республики Крым was the head of the state of the During the second round of voting in the Crimean presidential election held on January 30, 1994, the pro-Russian Yuriy Meshkov was announced the winner of the election. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending After a long conflict between the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea and the rada's chairmen, the rights of the President of Crimea were annulled on September 7 of the same year. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. On September 11, President Meshkov disbands the Crimean Parliament and announces his control over Crimea. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul After amendments to the Constitution of Crimea, the conflict slowly eased off.

On March 17, 1995, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine scraps the Crimean Constitution and removes the post of President of Crimea. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (Верховна Рада України English: Supreme Council of Ukraine) is Ukraine 's Parliament ^[20] With the removal of the post, Yuriy Meshkov became the first and only President of Crimea. On April 4, 1996, a new constitution was put into effect. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) On December 23, 1998, the currently existing constitution was put into effect along with the name change from the Republic of Crimea to the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)

Following the ratification of the May 1997 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Partnership on friendship and division of the Black Sea Fleet, international tensions have slowly eased off. The Black Sea Fleet (Черноморский Флот is a large sub-unit of the Russian (and formerly Soviet) Navy, operating in the Black Sea With the treaty, Moscow recognized Ukraine's borders and territorial integrity, and accepted Ukraine's sovereignty over Crimea and Sevastopol. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of ^[21] In a separate agreement, Russia was to receive 80% of the Black Sea Fleet and use of the military facilities in Sevastopol on a 20-year lease. See also Leasing, Renting A lease is a Legal document, but can be an oral arrangement which confers a right on one person (called ^[21]

However, other controversies between Ukraine and Russia still remain, including the ownership of a lighthouse on Cape Sarych. A lighthouse is a Tower, building or framework designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses or in older times from a fire and used as an Sarych (Са́рич Са́рыч Sarıç is a headland (Мыс translit: mys) located on shore of the Black Sea on the Crimean Because the Russian Navy controlled 77 geographical objects on the south Crimean Shore, the Sevastopol Government Court ordered the vacation of the objects, which the Russian military did not carry out. The Russian Navy or VMF ( Russian: Военно-Морской Флот (ВМФ России- Voyenno-Morskoy Flot Rossii (VMF or literally Military Maritime Sevastopol ( see pronunciation below) is a port city in Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea Peninsula ^[22] Since August 3, 2005, the lighthouse is controlled by the Russian Army. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Russian Ground Forces (Сухопутные войска Российской Федерации tr ^[23] Through the years, there have been various attempts of returning Cape Sarych to Ukrainian territory, all of which were unsuccessful.

In 2006, protests broke out on the peninsula after U.S. Marines^[24] arrived to the Crimean city of Feodosiya to take part in the Sea Breeze 2006 Ukraine-NATO military exercise. The Crimean anti-NATO protests of 2006 were series of political demonstrations in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Ukraine, against United States Feodosiya ( Ukrainian Феодосія Crimean Tatar Kefe Russian Феодосия is a Port and Resort city in Crimea Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The North Atlantic Treaty A military exercise (also called war game in American English) is the employment of military resources in training for Military operations either exploring Protesters greeted the marines with barricades and slogans bearing "Occupiers go home!", and a couple days later, the Crimean parliament declared Crimea a "NATO-free territory". The Verkhovna Rada of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Верховна Рада Автономної Республіки Крим Верховная Рада Автономной After several days of protest, the U. S. Marines withdrew from the peninsula. ^[25]

Return of Crimean Tatars

Associated main article: Crimean Tatars

See also: Racism and discrimination in Ukraine#Discrimination against Tatars

Another center of conflict on the peninsula is regarding land ownership. Crimean Tatars (sg Qırımtatar, pl Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg Ukraine is a multiethnic and multicultural nation where racism and ethnic discrimination are arguably largely a fringe issue Human Rights Watch reported that "Racism and Since the Crimean Tatars were forcibly deported from their homeland in May of 1944, other people, particularly Russians, settled the peninsula and took control of the lands formerly belonging to the Crimean Tatars. The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries After the fall of the Soviet Union, Crimean Tatars were allowed to return to Crimea, but conflict arose when they demanded the return of land seized after their deportation. ^[26]

Government and politics

The Massandra Palace near Yalta is one of the official residences of Ukraine. Massandra (Масандра Массандра Massandra is a Townlet in the Yalta region of Crimea. Yalta (Ялта Yalta is a city in Crimea, southern Ukraine, on the north coast of the Black Sea. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.

Crimea is a parliamentary republic that has no president. A parliamentary republic or parliamentary constitutional republic is a form of a Republic which operates under a Parliamentary system of government President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. The legislative body is a 100-seat parliament, the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea. The Verkhovna Rada of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Верховна Рада Автономної Республіки Крим Верховная Рада Автономной ^[27]

The executive power is represented by the Council of Ministers, headed by a Prime Minister who is appointed and dismissed by the Verkhovna Rada, with the consent of the President of Ukraine. The Prime Minister of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Прем'єр-міністр Автономної республіки Крим Премьер-министр Автономной The President of Ukraine (Президент України is the head of the state of Ukraine and acts in its name ^[28] The authority and operation of the Verkhovna Rada and the Council of Ministers of Crimea are determined by the Constitution of Ukraine and other the laws of Ukraine, as well as by regular decisions carried out by the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea. The Constitution of Ukraine (Конституція України was adopted at the 5th session of the Verkhovna Rada ( parliament) of ^[28]

Justice is administered by courts that belong to the Judicial system of Ukraine. The judicial system of Ukraine consists of four levels of courts of general jurisdiction as follows Local courts of general jurisdiction (combining ^[28]

Elections and parties

While not an official body controlling Crimea, the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People is a representative body of the Crimean Tatars, which could address grievances to the Ukrainian central government, the Crimean government, and international bodies. The Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People or Parliament (Qırımtatar Milliy Meclisi Меджлiс Кримськотатарського Народу is a representative The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (Верховна Рада України English: Supreme Council of Ukraine) is Ukraine 's Parliament The Verkhovna Rada of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Верховна Рада Автономної Республіки Крим Верховная Рада Автономной ^[29]

During the 2004 presidential elections, Crimea largely voted for the presidential candidate Viktor Yanukovych and during both the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary elections and the 2007 Ukrainian parliamentary elections the Yanukovych-led Party of Regions also won most of the votes from the region. The presidential election held in November and December 2004 in Ukraine was mostly a political battle between Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych ( Ukrainian: Viktor Fedorovyč Janukovyč; Виктор Фёдорович Янукович (born on July 9, 1950 The Ukrainian parliamentary election took place on March 26, 2006. Early parliamentary elections in Ukraine took place on September 30, 2007. The Party of Regions (Партія регіонів rɛɦi'ɔniu̯ Партия регионов is a Ukrainian Political party created in March 2001

Following the Crimean parliamentary election, 2006, the following political parties are represented in the Verkhovna Rada bloc: "Za Yanukovycha!" (Party of Regions and the Russian Bloc): 32. The Party of Regions (Партія регіонів rɛɦi'ɔniu̯ Партия регионов is a Ukrainian Political party created in March 2001 55% (44 mandates); party "Soiuz": 7. In Politics, a mandate is the Authority granted by an Electorate to act as its representative. 63% (10 mandates); Kunytsyna Electoral Bloc: 7. 63% (10 mandates); Communist Party of Ukraine: 6. The Communist Party of Ukraine (Комуністична партія України Komunistychna Partiya Ukrayiny) is a Political party in Ukraine 55% (9 mandates); People's Movement of Ukraine: 6. The People's Movement of Ukraine ( Ukrainian: Народний Рух України Narodnyi Rukh Ukrajiny) is a nationalistic Political party in 26% (8 mandates); Yulia Tymoshenko Electoral Bloc: 6. The Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc, (Блок Юлії Тимошенко БЮТ Blok Yuliyi Tymoshenko, BYuT is the name of the bloc of political parties in Ukraine led 03% (8 mandates); People's Opposition Bloc of Natalia Vitrenko: 4. The People's Opposition Bloc of Natalia Vitrenko, (Blok Natalii Vitrenko Narodna Opoziciya was a political alliance in Ukraine led by Natalia Vitrenko. 97% (7 mandates); Opposition Bloc "Ne Tak": 3. The Opposition Bloc "Ne Tak", (Опозиційний Блон "Не Так" ("NOT SO!" is a political alliance in Ukraine. 09% (4 mandates). ^[30]

Administrative divisions

Crimea is subdivided into 25 regions: 14 raions (districts) and 11 city municipalities, officially known as "territories governed by city councils". For the manufactured regenerated fiber see Rayon A raion (or rayon) (райо́н ra'jon rayon раён რაიონი Districts are a type of Administrative division, in some countries managed by a Local government. ^[31] Each region consists of city, urban-type settlement and village communities. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Urban-type settlement (посёлок городско́го ти́па posyolok gorodskogo tipa; селище міського типу selyshche mis'koho typu; A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet, but smaller than a Town or City. Note that Sevastopol Municipality, the uncolored region immediately to the west of Bakhchisarayskyi Raion (#1) is one of two special municipalities within Ukraine and is not part of Autonomous Republic of Crimea itself. Sevastopol ( see pronunciation below) is a port city in Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea Peninsula

Raions

City municipalities

Major cities

Geography

Map of Crimea with major cities. Yalta city municipality (Ялтинська міськрада Ялтинский горсовет Yalta şeer şurası officially "the territory governed by the Yalta city council" Simferopol (English pronunciation ˌsɪmfəˈroʊpəl (Сімферополь Симферополь Aqmescit literally The white mosque) is the Capital of the Sevastopol ( see pronunciation below) is a port city in Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea Peninsula Hero City ( Russian: город-герой gorod-geroy, Ukrainian: Місто-герой Misto-heroy) is a Soviet Honorary The Black Sea Fleet (Черноморский Флот is a large sub-unit of the Russian (and formerly Soviet) Navy, operating in the Black Sea Kerch (Керч Керчь Keriç Old East Slavic: Кърчевъ Ancient Greek: Pantikapaion) is a city (2001 pop 157000 on the Kerch Peninsula Hero City ( Russian: город-герой gorod-geroy, Ukrainian: Місто-герой Misto-heroy) is a Soviet Honorary For the lake Kerkinitis see Kerkini Eupatoria or Yevpatoria (Євпаторія Евпатория Kezlev Eupatoria Kerkinitis is a city in Crimea Feodosiya ( Ukrainian Феодосія Crimean Tatar Kefe Russian Феодосия is a Port and Resort city in Crimea Yalta (Ялта Yalta is a city in Crimea, southern Ukraine, on the north coast of the Black Sea. Dzhankoy ( Ukrainian and Russian: Джанкой Canköy is a City in the north of Crimea, Ukraine, and the capital of Dzhankoy Bakhchisaray (Бахчисарай Бахчисарай Bağçasaray Bahçesaray is a town in Central Crimea, centre of the Bakhchisaray raion (district best The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; Krasnoperekopsk (Красноперекопськ Красноперекопск Krasnoperekopsk is a city in Crimea, Ukraine which is located on the southern part Alushta (Алушта Aluşta Alouston is a resort town in Crimea, Ukraine, founded in the 6th century CE by Emperor Justinian

Koktebel

Crimea is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea and on the western coast of the Sea of Azov, bordering Kherson Oblast from the North. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The Sea of Azov (Азо́вское мо́ре - Azovskoye more; Азо́вське мо́ре - Azovs'ke more, Azaq deñizi is the world's shallowest sea linked Kherson Oblast (Херсонська область translit Khersons’ka oblast’; also referred to as Khersonshchyna - Херсонщина Although located in southwestern part of the Crimean peninsula, the city of Sevastopol has a special but separate municipality status within Ukraine. Sevastopol ( see pronunciation below) is a port city in Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea Peninsula Ukraine is subdivided into 24 Oblasts (provinces, one Autonomous republic, and two " cities with special status' " Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Crimea's total land area is 26,100 km² (10,038 sq mi). The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile.

Crimea is connected to the mainland by the 5–7 kilometre (3–4 mile) wide Isthmus of Perekop. The Isthmus of Perekop (Перекопський перешийок translit At the eastern tip is the Kerch Peninsula, which is directly opposite the Taman Peninsula on the Russian mainland. Cimmerian Bosporus redirects here For the ancient state see Bosporan Kingdom; for its rulers see Kings of Cimmerian Bosporus. Taman links here For other uses see Taman (disambiguation The Taman Peninsula is a Peninsula in the present-day Between the Kerch and Taman peninsulas, lies the 3–13 km (2–9 mi) wide Strait of Kerch, which connects the waters of the Black Sea with the Sea of Azov. Cimmerian Bosporus redirects here For the ancient state see Bosporan Kingdom; for its rulers see Kings of Cimmerian Bosporus.

The Crimean coastline is broken by several bays and harbors. These harbors lie west of the Isthmus of Perekop by the Bay of Karkinit; on the southwest by the open Bay of Kalamita, with the ports of Eupatoria and Sevastopol; on the north by the Bay of Arabat of the Isthmus of Yenikale or Kerch; and on the south by the Bay of Caffa or Feodosiya, with the port of Feodosiya. The Isthmus of Perekop (Перекопський перешийок translit For the lake Kerkinitis see Kerkini Eupatoria or Yevpatoria (Євпаторія Евпатория Kezlev Eupatoria Kerkinitis is a city in Crimea Sevastopol ( see pronunciation below) is a port city in Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea Peninsula The Bay of Arabat (Арабатська затока Арабатский залив Arabat körfezi is on Crimea 's eastern coast on the Azov Sea. Kerch (Керч Керчь Keriç Old East Slavic: Кърчевъ Ancient Greek: Pantikapaion) is a city (2001 pop 157000 on the Kerch Peninsula Feodosiya ( Ukrainian Феодосія Crimean Tatar Kefe Russian Феодосия is a Port and Resort city in Crimea

Green mountains abruptly fall into the Black Sea near Balaklava. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey For the article about the South Australian town see Balaklava South Australia.

The southeast coast is flanked at a distance of 8–12 km (5–8 mi) from the sea by a parallel range of mountains, the Crimean Mountains. The Crimean Mountains (Qırım dağları Кримскі Гори translit ^[32] These mountains are backed by secondary parallel ranges. Seventy-five percent of the remaining area of Crimea consists of semiarid prairie lands, a southward continuation of the Pontic steppes, which slope gently to the northwest from the foot of the Crimean Mountains. Prairie, from the French prairie ("meadow" "grassland" "pasture" refers to an area of land of low topographic relief that historically The term Pontic-Caspian steppe summarizes the vast Steppelands stretching from north of the Black Sea as far as the east of the Caspian Sea, from central The main range of these mountains shoots up with extraordinary abruptness from the deep floor of the Black Sea to an altitude of 600–750 metres (2,000–2,500 feet), beginning at the southwest point of the peninsula, called Cape Fiolente. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey A peninsula is a piece of land that is nearly surrounded by Water but connected to Mainland via an Isthmus. It was believed that this cape was supposedly crowned with the temple of Artemis, where Iphigeneia is said to have officiated as priestess. In Greek mythology, Artemis language|Greek] ( Nominative), ( Genitive))] was the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister 112 Iphigenia is an Asteroid. Iphigeneia (Eng /ɪfədʒə'naɪə/, also Iphigenia ^[33]

The Crimean Mountains near the city of Alushta. The Crimean Mountains (Qırım dağları Кримскі Гори translit Alushta (Алушта Aluşta Alouston is a resort town in Crimea, Ukraine, founded in the 6th century CE by Emperor Justinian

Numerous kurgans, or burial mounds, of the ancient Scythians are scattered across the Crimean steppes. Kurgan (курга́н is the Russian word (of Turkic origin for a Tumulus, a type of Burial mound or barrow heaped over a A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a Mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves In Classical Antiquity, Scythia ( Greek Skuthia) was the area in Eurasia inhabited by the Scythians, from the 8th

The terrain that lies beyond the sheltering Crimean Mountain range is of an altogether different character. Here, the narrow strip of coast and the slopes of the mountains are smothered with greenery. This "riviera" stretches along the southeast coast from Cape Sarych, in the extreme south, to Feodosiya, and is studded with summer sea-bathing resorts such as Alupka, Yalta, Gurzuf, Alushta, Sudak, and Feodosiya. Sarych (Са́рич Са́рыч Sarıç is a headland (Мыс translit: mys) located on shore of the Black Sea on the Crimean Alupka (Алупка Алупка Alupka Alepou is a resort City located in Crimea, Ukraine, situated to the west of Yalta. Yalta (Ялта Yalta is a city in Crimea, southern Ukraine, on the north coast of the Black Sea. Gurzuf (Гурзуф Гурзуф Gurzuf is a resort in Crimea, Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea. Alushta (Алушта Aluşta Alouston is a resort town in Crimea, Ukraine, founded in the 6th century CE by Emperor Justinian Sudak or Sudaq (Sudaq Судак is a small historic town located in Crimea, Ukraine situated to the west of Feodosiya (the nearest railway Feodosiya ( Ukrainian Феодосія Crimean Tatar Kefe Russian Феодосия is a Port and Resort city in Crimea During the years of Soviet rule, the resorts and dachas of this coast served as the prime perquisites of the politically loyal. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Dacha ( is a Russian word for seasonal or year-round second homes located in the Exurbs of Soviet and Russian cities In addition, vineyards and fruit orchards are located in the region. Fishing, mining, and the production of essential oils are also important. Numerous Crimean Tatar villages, mosques, monasteries, and palaces of the Russian imperial family and nobles are found here, as well as picturesque ancient Greek and medieval castles. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. A palace is a grand residence especially the home of a Head of state or some other high-ranking Public figure.

Economy

The main branches of the Crimean economy are tourism and agriculture. Industrial plants are situated for the most part in the northern regions of the republic. Important industrial cities include Dzhankoy, housing a major railway connection, and Krasnoperekopsk, among others. Dzhankoy ( Ukrainian and Russian: Джанкой Canköy is a City in the north of Crimea, Ukraine, and the capital of Dzhankoy Krasnoperekopsk (Красноперекопськ Красноперекопск Krasnoperekopsk is a city in Crimea, Ukraine which is located on the southern part

The most important industries in Crimea include, food production, chemical fields, mechanical engineering and metal working, and fuel production industries. ^[28] Sixty percent of the industry market belongs to food production. There are a total of 291 large industrial enterprises and 1002 small business enterprises. ^[28]

The main branches of vegetation production in the region include cereals, vegetable-growing, gardening, and wine-making, particularly in the Yalta and Massandra regions. The wine industry of Ukraine is well-established with long traditions Yalta (Ялта Yalta is a city in Crimea, southern Ukraine, on the north coast of the Black Sea. Massandra (Масандра Массандра Massandra is a Townlet in the Yalta region of Crimea. Other agricultural forms include cattle breeding, poultry keeping, and sheep breeding. ^[28] Other products produced on the Crimea Peninsula include salt, porphyry, limestone, and ironstone (found around Kerch). Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Porphyry is a variety of Igneous rock consisting of large-grained Crystals such as Feldspar or Quartz, dispersed in a fine-grained Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 Ironstone is a fine-grained heavy and compact Sedimentary rock. Kerch (Керч Керчь Keriç Old East Slavic: Кърчевъ Ancient Greek: Pantikapaion) is a city (2001 pop 157000 on the Kerch Peninsula ^[34]

Transport

The Škoda-9Tr no. For the car manufacturer see Škoda Auto Škoda Works ( Czech: Škodovy závody; today Škoda Holding a 7702 trolleybus from the Crimean Trolleybus line. Crimean Trolleybus Line (Кримський тролейбус translit

Almost every settlement in Crimea is connected with another settlement with bus lines. Crimea contains the longest (96 km or 59 mi) trolleybus route in the world, stretching from Simferopol to Yalta. Crimean Trolleybus Line (Кримський тролейбус translit ^[35] The trolleybus line starts in near Simferopol's Railway Station through the mountains to Alushta and on to Yalta. Simferopol (English pronunciation ˌsɪmfəˈroʊpəl (Сімферополь Симферополь Aqmescit literally The white mosque) is the Capital of the Alushta (Алушта Aluşta Alouston is a resort town in Crimea, Ukraine, founded in the 6th century CE by Emperor Justinian Yalta (Ялта Yalta is a city in Crimea, southern Ukraine, on the north coast of the Black Sea.

The cities of Yalta, Feodosiya, Kerch, Sevastopol, Chornomorske, and Eupatoria are connected to one another by sea routes. Feodosiya ( Ukrainian Феодосія Crimean Tatar Kefe Russian Феодосия is a Port and Resort city in Crimea Kerch (Керч Керчь Keriç Old East Slavic: Кърчевъ Ancient Greek: Pantikapaion) is a city (2001 pop 157000 on the Kerch Peninsula Sevastopol ( see pronunciation below) is a port city in Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea Peninsula For the lake Kerkinitis see Kerkini Eupatoria or Yevpatoria (Євпаторія Евпатория Kezlev Eupatoria Kerkinitis is a city in Crimea In the cities of Eupatoria and nearby townlet Molochnoye are tram systems. Urban-type settlement (посёлок городско́го ти́па posyolok gorodskogo tipa; селище міського типу selyshche mis'koho typu; A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train Railroad lines running through Crimea include Armyansk—Kerch (with a link to Feodosiya), and Melitopol—Sevastopol (with a link to Eupatoria), connecting Crimea to the Ukrainian mainland. Armyansk (Армянськ Армянск Ermeni Bazar is a city in northern Crimea, Ukraine. Melitopol (Мелітополь translit Melitopol’, Мелитополь Μελιτόπολις is a City in the Zaporizhia Oblast of

Demographics

Part of a series of articles on Crimean Tatars By region or country Bulgaria · Romania · Turkey · United States · Uzbekistan Religion Sunni Islam Languages and dialects Crimean Tatar · Turkish · Karaim · Krymchak States and subdivisions Khanate (1441-1783) Taurida Oblast (1783-1802) Taurida Governorate (1802-1917) People's Republic (1917-1918) Crimean ASSR (1921-1945) Autonomous Republic (from 1992) Topics History · Sürgün · Crimean Tatars · Khans · Mejlis · Milliy Firqa This box: view • talk • edit

As of 2005, the total population of Crimea is 1,994,300. Crimean Tatars (sg Qırımtatar, pl Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg The Crimean Tatar diaspora dates back to the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 1783 after which Crimean Tatars were forced to emigrate After 1241, the year of the earliest recorded Tatar invasion of Bulgaria, the Second Bulgarian Empire maintained constant political contacts with the Tatars The roots of the Crimean Tatar diaspora community in Romania began with the Cuman migration in the 10th century Traditionally Ukraine was inhabited by Pagan tribes but by the turn of the first millennium AD Byzantine-rite Christianity was introduced Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Crimean Tatars (sg Qırımtatar, pl Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg The Crimean Tatar language (Qırımtatar tili Qırımtatarca also known as Crimean (Qırım tili Qırımca and Crimean Turkish (Qırım Türkçesi is the language Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The Karaim language (Crimean dialect къарай тили Trakai dialect karaj tili is a Turkic language with Hebrew influences in a similar manner to The Krymchak language (кърымчах тыльы Turkic Languages is the language spoken in Crimea by the Krymchak people. The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; The Taurida Governorate (Таврическая губернiя modern spelling Таврическая губерния Таврiйська губернiя Tavrida guberniyası or The Taurida Governorate (Таврическая губернiя modern spelling Таврическая губерния Таврiйська губернiя Tavrida guberniyası or The Crimean People's Republic (Qırım Halq Cumhuriyeti existed during December 1917-January 1918 on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula, now located in modern-day Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Modern Qırım Muhtar Sotsialist Sovet Cumhuriyeti Official Crimean Tatar name ( Uniform Turkic Alphabet) Qrьm Avonomjalь The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; Sürgün ( Crimean Tatar and Turkish for " Exile " refers to the deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944 Crimean Tatars in alphabetical order Toğay bey Deniz Agah Çetin Altan Refat Appazov The following is the chronological table of reigns of khans of Crimean Khanate from the Giray dynasty: The Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People or Parliament (Qırımtatar Milliy Meclisi Меджлiс Кримськотатарського Народу is a representative Milliy Firqa (Milliy Fırqa ملی فرقا - National Party, Милли фирка was a Muslim political group in Crimea which transferred en masse

From 1989 to 2001, Crimea's population declined by 396,795 people, representing 16. 33% of the 1989 population, despite the return of displaced groups such as Crimean Tatars. Crimean Tatars (sg Qırımtatar, pl Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg From 2001-2005 the population declined by another 39,400 people, representing a decline from 2001 of another 2%.

According to 2001 Ukrainian Census, the population of Crimea was 2,033,700. The first Ukrainian Census was carried out by State Statistics Committee of Ukraine on December 5, 2001, twelve years after the last Soviet Union census ^[36] The nationality structure was comprised the following self-reported ethnic groups: Russians: 58. The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries 32%; Ukrainians: 24. Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens 32%; Crimean Tatars: 12. Crimean Tatars (sg Qırımtatar, pl Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg 1%; Belarusians: 1. Belarusians or Belorussians (Беларусы Biełarusy previously also spelled Belarussians, Byelorussians and Belorusians, also 44%; Tatars: 0. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups 54%; Armenians: 0. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large 43%; and Jews: 0. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ 22%. ^[37]

Other minorities are Black Sea Germans, Roma people, Bulgarians, Poles, Azerbaijanis, Koreans and Greeks. The Black Sea Germans (Schwarzmeerdeutsche are Ethnic Germans who left their homeland in the 18th and 19th centuries and settled in territories of the north coast of the The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins The Bulgarians (българи balgari) are a South Slavic people generally associated with the Republic of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian language The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. The Azerbaijanis are an Ethnic group mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. The Korean people are an East Asian Ethnic group. Most Koreans speak the Korean language. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions

Ukrainian language is the single official state language countrywide, and is the sole language of government in Ukraine. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory In Crimea government business is still carried out mainly in Russian. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Attempts to expand the usage of Ukrainian in education and government affairs has been less successful in Crimea than in other areas of the nation. Ukrainization (also spelled Ukrainisation or Ukrainianization) is a policy of increasing the usage and facilitating the development of the Ukrainian language ^[38] Another language widely spoken is Crimean Tatar. The Crimean Tatar language (Qırımtatar tili Qırımtatarca also known as Crimean (Qırım tili Qırımca and Crimean Turkish (Qırım Türkçesi is the language According to the census mentioned, 77% of Crimean inhabitants named Russian as their mother tongue; 11. 4% – Crimean Tatar; and 10. 1% – Ukrainian. ^[39]

Currently 2/3 of the migrants into Crimea are from Ukraine, every 5th is from the former Soviet Union and every 40th from outside of the former Soviet Union. 3/4 of those leaving Crimea move to other areas in Ukraine. Every 20th migrates to the West^[40].    

Predictions

The population of the Crimean peninsula has been consistеntly falling at a rate of 0. 4% per year^[41]. This is particularly apparent in both the Russian and Ukrainian ethnic populations, whose growth rate has been falling at the rate of 0. 6% and 0. 12% annually respectively. In comparison, the overall growth rate of the ethnic Crimean Tatar population has been growing at the rate of 0. 9% per annum^[42].

The growing trend in the Crimean Tatar population has been explained by the continual Crimean Tatar repatriation (mainly Uzbekistan), the high birth rate amongst the resettlers, and the low death rate as few senior citizens have resettled back into their ancestral home. Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly

See also

• Black Sea Fleet
• Artek

Footnotes and references

External links