Cretan Turks (Girit Türkleri)
Total population
est. 200,000-300,000[2]
Regions with significant populations
Turkey
Languages
Turkish, Cretan Greek
Religions
Sunni Islam, Bektashism
Related ethnic groups
Turks, Greeks

Cretan Turks (Turkish: Giritli or Girit Türkleri or Türk Giritliler) came about as a consequence of the Ottoman rule in Crete starting 1648 in an equation between Turkish colonization and a high rate of local conversions which makes the island a unique case in Ottoman history ^[1] Some sources prefer to use the term Cretan Muslims to also account for a median population that converted to Christianity in the course of the 19th century. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Cretan Greek ( Cretan dialect &mdash in Greek, Kritikí diálektos &ndash Κρητική διάλεκτος or Kritiká Κρητικά Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Bektashism (Bektaşilik is an Islamic Sufi order ( Tariqat) considered to be a distinct branch of Shi'a Islam The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language Colonisation (also known as Colonization) occurs whenever any one or more species populates a new area Cretan Turks ( Turkish: Giritli or Girit Türkleri or Türk Giritliler) came about as a consequence of the Ottoman rule in Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

They were forced to leave Crete and migrate, in their majority to Turkey, in successive waves in the course of the 19th century, during or after the events of 1897 ^[2], at the start of the Greek rule in 1908^[3] and especially in the framework of the 1923 agreement for the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey is the first large-scale population exchange, or agreed mutual expulsion in the 20th century Many Cretan Turks had attained prominent positions within the Ottoman Empire and later in Turkey and they had forged a high level Turkish language culture. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. In the multilingual environment of Ottoman Crete, many were also fluent in the Cretan Greek dialect (κρητικά kritika). Cretan Greek ( Cretan dialect &mdash in Greek, Kritikí diálektos &ndash Κρητική διάλεκτος or Kritiká Κρητικά

They have settled along Turkey's coastline stretching from the Çanakkale to İskenderun in Turkey; while other waves of refugees settled in Syrian cities like Damascus, Aleppo and Al Hamidiyah; in Tripoli, Lebanon; Haifa, Palestine, and even as far south as Alexandria and Tanta in Egypt. Çanakkale (ʧɑˈnɑkːɑle is a town and seaport in Turkey, in Çanakkale Province, on the southern (Asian coast of the Dardanelles (or İskenderun, also Iskenderon (formerly in Greek Ἀλεξανδρέττα Alexandretta; in Arabic الإسكندرون al-ʼIskandarūn Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. For other meanings see Aleppo (disambiguation. Halab redirects here for other meanings see Halab (disambiguation. Al Hamidiyah ( Arabic: الحميدية) is a town on the coastal Syrian line about 3km from the Lebanese border Tripolis ( Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus - also طرابلس الغرب Ṭarā-bu-lus al-Gharb Libyan vernacular: Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Haifa (חֵיפָה; حَيْفَا) is the largest City in Northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country with Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια Tanta ( Arabic: طنطا) is an Egyptian town with an estimated 429000 inhabitants (2008 This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. While some of these peoples have integrated themselves with the hospitable populations around them over the course of the 20th century, the majority of them still live in a tightly knit communities preserving their unique culture, traditions, Turkish language and Cretan Greek dialect. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Cretan Greek ( Cretan dialect &mdash in Greek, Kritikí diálektos &ndash Κρητική διάλεκτος or Kritiká Κρητικά In fact many of them made reunion visits to distant relatives in Lebanon, in Crete and even other parts of Greece where some of the cousins may still share the family name but follow a different religion. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

Mustafa Ertuğrul, the first commanding officer in history to have sunk an aircraft carrier (Ben-my-Chree) was a Cretan Turk (b. Mustafa Ertuğrul (full name after the 1934 Law on Family Names in Turkey Mustafa Ertuğrul Aker) was a Turkish officer during the World War An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with 1892 in Hanya)

The tekke of Horasanlı Baba in Kandiye (Heraklion), demolished in the 1920s [1]. Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Chaniá ( Greek: Χανιά xaˈɲa also transliterated Hania and Khania, older form Chanea and Venetian: Canea Heraklion or Iraklion (Ηράκλειο Irákleio, iˈɾaklio̞ Candia is the largest city and capital of Crete. Heraklion or Iraklion (Ηράκλειο Irákleio, iˈɾaklio̞ Candia is the largest city and capital of Crete. The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada

An ethnic map of Crete, around 1861. Turks are in red, Greeks in blue

History

Main article: History of Crete#Venetian and Ottoman Crete

Bektashi tradition

Although most Cretan Turks are Sunni Muslims, Islam in Crete during the Ottoman rule was deeply influenced by the Bektashi Sufi order, as it has been the case in other parts of the Balkans. The History of Crete encompasses the ancient Minoan civilization, which used its own system of script Linear A and B Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Bektashism (Bektaşilik is an Islamic Sufi order ( Tariqat) considered to be a distinct branch of Shi'a Islam Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف This influence went far beyond the actual numbers of Bektashis present in Crete and it contributed to the shaping of the literary output, folk Islam and a tradition of inter-religious tolerance.

Literature

Turks in Crete produced an unusually rich and varied literary output, leading one researcher to define a "Cretan School" which counts twenty-one poets who evolved within Ottoman Divan poetry or Turkish folk literature traditions, especially in the 18th century ^[4] Personal, mystical, fantastic themes abound in the works of these men of letters, reflecting the dynamism of the cultural life in the island. This article deals with the Ottoman Divan poetry tradition For the tradition of folk poetry in the Ottoman Empire see Turkish folk literature. Turkish folk literature is an Oral tradition deeply rooted in its form in Central Asian nomadic traditions The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system

A taste and echo of this tradition can be perceived in the verses below by Giritli Sırrı Pasha (1844 - 1895);

Fidânsın nev-nihâl-i hüsn ü ânsın âfet-i cânsın
Gül âşık bülbül âşıkdır sana, bir özge cânânsın^[5]

which were certainly addressed to his wife, the poetess-composer Leyla Saz, herself a notable figure for being one of the first Turkish women to have stepped into the modern traditions of the Turkish literature and her "Hymn to the Mediterranean" (Akdeniz Marşı), in praise of Mustafa Kemal Pasha remains highly popular and, since constantly sung in our day in Turkey's schools and caserns, instantly recognizable. Giritli Sırrı Pasha ( Sırrı Pasha the Cretan) was a 19th century Ottoman administrator and man of letters of Turkish Cretan origin Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Leyla Saz, also called Leyla Hanimefendi or Leyla Saz Hanimefendi in her time (the title "Hanımefendi" denoting a meaning similar to that of the Turkish literature (Türk edebiyatı or Türk yazını is the collection of written and oral texts composed in the Turkish language, either in its Ottoman A hymn is a type of Song, usually religious specifically written for the purpose of praise adoration or Prayer, and typically addressed to a deity/deities Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman In Fortification, caserns, also spelled cazern or caserne, are little rooms lodgments or apartments erected between the Ramparts and the houses ^[6]

Music

A study by one Greek researcher counts six Muslim Cretans who engaged themselves into music in Cretan Greek dialect ^[7]. The Cretans brought the musical tradition they shared with the Cretan Christians to Turkey with them:

One of the significant aspects of Giritli culture is that this Islamic--often Bektashi--sensibility is expressed through the Greek language. [There has been] some confusion about their cultural identity, and an assumption is often made that their music was somehow more "Turkish" than "Cretan". In my view this assumption is quite wrong. . . . ^[8]

Cretan Turkish Culture in Turkey

The freighter Giresun which carried thousands of exchanged "Turkish Cretans" from the ports of Crete to Turkey in the summer of 1923. Giresun ( Greek: Κερασούντα, Pharnacia, Choerades) is the provincial capital of Giresun Province in the

Nuances may be observed among the waves of immigrations from Crete and the respective behavioral patterns. At the end of the 19th century Turks often fled massacres to take refuge in the present-day territory of Turkey or beyond (see Al Hamidiyah). Al Hamidiyah ( Arabic: الحميدية) is a town on the coastal Syrian line about 3km from the Lebanese border During the 1910s, with the termination of the Republic of Crete which had recognized the Muslim community of the island a proper status, many others left. The 1910s decade ran from January 1 1910 through December 31 1919 The Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)^[9] and the ensuing population exchange is the final chapter among the root causes that shaped these nuances. The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey is the first large-scale population exchange, or agreed mutual expulsion in the 20th century

Among contributions made by Cretan Turks to the Turkish culture in general, the first to be mentioned should be their particular culinary traditions based on consumption at high-levels of olive oil and of a surprisingly wide array of herbs and other plant-based raw materials. While they have certainly not introduced olive oil and herbs to their compatriots, Cretan Turks have greatly extended the knowledge and paved the way for a more varied use of these products. Their predilection for herbs, some of which could be considered as unusual ones, has also been the source of some jokes. The Giritli chain of restaurants in İstanbul, Ankara and Bodrum, and Ayşe Ün's "Girit Mutfağı" (Cretan Cuisine) eateries in İzmir are indicative references in this regard. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. Bodrum (from Petronium; formerly Halicarnassus (Halikarnas Ancient Greek: Ἁλικαρνασσός) is a Turkish İzmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the country's largest port after İstanbul. Occasional although intrinsically inadequate care has also been demonstrated by the authorities in the first years of the Turkish Republic for settling Cretan Turks in localities where vineyards left by the departed Greeks were found, since this capital was bound to be lost in the hands of cultivators with no prior knowledge of viniculture. A vineyard is a Plantation of Grape -bearing Vines grown mainly for Winemaking, but also Raisins Table grapes and non-alcoholic Viticulture (from the Latin word for Vine) is the Science, production and study of Grapes which deals with the series of In the field of maritime industries, the pioneer of gulet boats construction that became a vast industry in Bodrum in our day, Ziya Güvendiren was a Cretan Turk, as are many of his former apprentices who themselves have become master shipbuilders and who are based in Bodrum or Güllük today. A Gulet is a traditional design of a two-masted wooden sailing vessel from the south-west coast of Turkey, although frequently found all around the eastern Mediterranean For the village in Azerbaijan see Güllük Azerbaijan. Güllük, is a small harbor town with own municipality within the district of

An overall pattern of investing in expertise and success remains remarkable among Cretan Turks, as attested by the notable names below. With sex roles and social change starting out from different grounds for Turkish Cretans ^[10], the adaptation to the "fatherland" ^[11] did not always take place without pain, including that of being subjected to slurs as in other cases involving immigration of people. The following is a list of ethnic slurs that are or have been used as insinuations or allegations about members of a given Ethnicity or to refer to them in a derogatory (critical ^[12]. According to Peter Loizos, they were often were relegated to the poorest land:

They were briefly feted on arrival, as 'Turks' 'returning' to the Turkish heartland. . . like the Asia Minor Christians seeking to settle on former Muslim land in northern Greece, the Muslim refugees found that local people, sometimes government officials, had already occupied the best land and housing^[13]

The same author depicts a picture where they did not share the "Ottoman perceptions of certain crafts and trades as being of low status",^[14] so more entrepreneurial opportunities were open to them. Like others who did not speak Turkish, they suffered during the "Citizens Speak Turkish" campaign which started in 1928. "Arabs, Circassians, Cretan Muslims, and Kurds in the country were being targeted for not speaking Turkish. In Mersin, for instance, ‘Kurds, Cretans, Arabs and Syrians’ were being fined for speaking languages other than Turkish. "^[15]. In the summary translation of a book on Bodrum made by Loizos, it is stated that, even as late as 1967, the Cretans and the 'local Turks' did not mix in some towns; they continued to speak Greek and mostly married other Cretans. Bodrum (from Petronium; formerly Halicarnassus (Halikarnas Ancient Greek: Ἁλικαρνασσός) is a Turkish ^[16]

Greek perception of Cretan Turks

The Greek perception of Muslims in Crete used the terms "Turk" and "Greek" in a religious rather than ethnic or racial meaning (Turks themselves would have more readily used the term "Muslim" at the time). A Greek observer remarks that we are acquainted with extremely few cases of Muslim Cretan lyra-players as against Cretan Greeks (the very name for that instrument in Turkish language being Rum kemençesi - Greek kemenche). The lyre is a stringed musical instrument well known for its use in Classical Antiquity and later Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. A kemenche ( Turkish: kemençe Laz: Ç'ilili(ჭილილი Greek: κεμεντζές is a bottle-shaped 3-stringed type of Rebec or ^[17]. In the later novels by Nikos Kazantzakis, Cretan Turks also had to assume unflattering roles attributing, although in his earlier masterpiece, "a wise old Cretan Turk" forever affectionately recalled, Recep Efendi, teaches Zorba how to play the santuri. Nikos Kazantzakis ( Νίκος Καζαντζάκης) ( February 18, 1883, Heraklion, Crete, Ottoman Empire - For other uses see Zorba. Zorba the Greek is a novel written by Nikos Kazantzakis, first published in 1946 The Santoor is an Indian hammered dulcimer similar to the Persian santur.

Notable Cretan Turks

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(in chronological order)

• Ali Baba Giritli: May refer to two different persons who are also called under other names. The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language The culture of Turkey is diverse combining elements derived from Ottoman, European and Middle Eastern traditions Ottoman architecture is the Architecture of the Ottoman Empire which emerged in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries Turkish art refers to all works of Art originating from the geographical area of what is present day Turkey. Turkish carpets come in distinct styles from different regions of Turkey Turkish cinema is an important part of Turkish culture, and has flourished over the years delivering entertainment to audiences in Turkey, expatriates across Turkish cuisine is largely the heritage of Ottoman cuisine, which can be described as a fusion and refinement of Central Asian, Middle Eastern and Hora (dance region Trakya. Zeybek dance region Aegean,Southern MarmaraMiddle-eastern Anatolia More than 100 Festivals are held in Turkey every year Along with festivals of local scale held in almost every city of the country cultural events and other festivals of international The tradition of Folklore —folktales jokes legends and the like—in the Turkish language is very rich and is incorporated into every day life and events The official Holidays in Turkey are established by the Act 2429 of March 191981 that replaced the Act 2739 of May 27 1935 Turkish literature (Türk edebiyatı or Türk yazını is the collection of written and oral texts composed in the Turkish language, either in its Ottoman Ottoman Miniature was an art form in the Ottoman Empire, which can be linked but can not be reduced to the Arab - Persian miniature tradition as well as The music of Turkey includes diverse elements ranging from Central Asian folk music and music from Ottoman Empire dominions such as Persian music, The evil eye is a belief that the Envy elicited by the good Luck of fortunate people may result in their misfortune Karagöz (meaning blackeye in Turkish) and Hacivat (also written Hacivad) are the lead characters of the traditional Turkish The National Sport of Turkey is Yağlı güreş also known as Oiled Wrestling The Turkish Theatre encompasses the traditional theatre practice of the Ottoman period and the modern Turkish theatre Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Turkish Cypriots ( Turkish: Kıbrıs Türkleri or Kıbrıslı Türkler Greek: Τουρκοκύπριοι are the ethnically Turkish inhabitants of the 2001 Distribution of Turks in Bulgaria by Districtjpg|thumb|100px|Distribution of Turks in Bulgaria by District in 2001]] Turks in Bulgaria The Muslim minority of Greece ( Greek: μουσουλμανική μειονότητα Ελλάδας mousoulmaniki meionotita Elladas; Turkish: Yunanistan The Turks of the Dodecanese form a 5000-strong community of ethnic Turks inhabiting the Dodecanese islands of Rhodes and Kos ( İstanköy Turks (Batı Trakya Türkleri form an officially unrecognized minority group in Greece, traditionally settled in the northeastern region of Thrace The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) ( Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic Turks in Kosovo are an ethnic minority group History The Ottomans brought Islamisation with them particularly in towns and later There are 77959 Turks in the Republic of Macedonia, who live in the municipalities of Centar Župa and Plasnica (in which they form the majority of population Meskhetian Turks or Meskhetians are the former Muslim inhabitants of Meskheti (Georgia along the border with Turkey. History As the entire Balkan Peninsula become an integral part of the emerging Ottoman Empire (a process which concluded with the Fall of Constantinople Syrian Turkmen or Syrian Turks (Suriye Türkleri are Syrian citizens of Oghuz Turkish descent who had been living in the Syrian province of the Ottoman Turkish people in Australia are either Turkish people who live in Australia but were born outside the country or are Australian-born but have Turkish roots (Turkish-Australian Turkish people in Austria are either Turkish people who live in Austria even though having been born outside Austria or are Austrian-born but have Turkish Turks in Azerbaijan are Turkish people who live in Azerbaijan Turkish people in Belgium are either Turkish people who live in Belgium even though having been born outside Belgium or are Belgian-born but have Turkish Turks in Denmark are Danish citizens of Turkish origin Over the last two decades there has been a significant increase in the diversity of culture language and Turkish people in France are either those who live in France even though not being born in the county or are French-born but have Turkish roots (Turkish-French or French-Turks Turks in Germany (occasionally German Turks or Turkish Germans, German: Deutschtürken) are people of Turkish ethnicity living Turks in Japan (在日トルコ人 refer to Japanese citizens who also hold citizenship of Turkey. Turkish people in Liechtenstein are either Turkish people who live in Liechtenstein even though having been born outside Liechtenstein or are Liechtenstein-born but The Turkish-Dutch (Turkse Nederlander are citizens of the Netherlands of Turkish ancestry numbering 357900 people in 2006 according to the Dutch Census Meskhetian Turks or Meskhetians are the former Muslim inhabitants of Meskheti (Georgia along the border with Turkey. Migration of Turks to Sweden is a part of Turkish migration to Western Europe which dates back to the beginning of the 1960’s when the economic and social situation British Turks are either Turkish people who live in the United Kingdom even though having been born outside the UK or are British-born but have Turkish Turkish Americans (Amerikadaki Türkler are people that have Turkish ancestry The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman This is a list of notable Turkish people. Actors/actresses The Republic of Turkey is the Successor state of the Ottoman Empire, created after the overthrow of Sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin by the Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. The Oghuz (variously known as Ghuzz, Guozz, Kuz, Oguz, Oğuz, Okuz, Oufoi, Ouz, Ouzoi, The Great Seljuq Empire was a Medieval Sunni Muslim empire established by the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks that once controlled thumb|350px|Anatolian Turkish Beyliks map Anatolian Beyliks or Turkmen Beyliks ( Turkish: Anadolu Beylikleri, Ottoman Turkish: The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Provisional Government of Western Thrace ( Ottoman Turkish: غربی تراقیا حكومت موقته‌سی - Garbi Trakya Hükûmeti Muvakkatesi, Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches One is the founder of the first Bektashi tekke in Crete in the early stages of the Ottoman conquest, and the other is an 18th century Bektashi mystic and author of several works of a Sufi nature. Bektashism (Bektaşilik is an Islamic Sufi order ( Tariqat) considered to be a distinct branch of Shi'a Islam Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Bektashism (Bektaşilik is an Islamic Sufi order ( Tariqat) considered to be a distinct branch of Shi'a Islam Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف
• Ahmed Resmî Efendi: 18th century Ottoman statesman, diplomat and author (notably of two sefâretnâme). Ahmed Resmî Efendi ( English, "Ahmed Efendi of Resmo " also called Ahmed bin İbrahim Giridî ("Ahmed the son of İbrahim the The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Sefâretnâme (سفارت نامه literally the book of embassy, was a genre in the Turkish literature which was closely related to Seyahatname ( Turkey's first ever ambassador in Berlin ^[18] (during Frederick the Great's reign). Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Frederick II (Friedrich II January 24 1712 August 17 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740&ndash1786 from the
• Salacıoğlu: (1750 Hanya - 1825 Kandiye): One of the most important 18th century poets of Turkish folk literature. Salacıoğlu (also named in full as Salacıoğlu Mustafa Celveti or Giritli Salacıoğlu Mustafa Celveti, sometimes with the title Sheikh added was Year 1750 ( MDCCL) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Chaniá ( Greek: Χανιά xaˈɲa also transliterated Hania and Khania, older form Chanea and Venetian: Canea Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Heraklion or Iraklion (Ηράκλειο Irákleio, iˈɾaklio̞ Candia is the largest city and capital of Crete. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Turkish folk literature is an Oral tradition deeply rooted in its form in Central Asian nomadic traditions
• Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi: Turkey's third ambassador in Berlin and arguably the first Turkish author to have written in novelistic form. Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi was a Turkish author of the 18th century notable for his Sefaretname relating his mission as the ambassador of the Ottoman Empire
• Giritli Sırrı Pasha: Ottoman administrator, Leyla Saz's husband and a notable man of letters in his own right. Giritli Sırrı Pasha ( Sırrı Pasha the Cretan) was a 19th century Ottoman administrator and man of letters of Turkish Cretan origin
• Vedat Tek: Representative figure of the First National Architecture Movement in Turkish architecture. Ottoman architecture is the Architecture of the Ottoman Empire which emerged in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries Son of Leyla Saz and Giritli Sırrı Pasha. Leyla Saz, also called Leyla Hanimefendi or Leyla Saz Hanimefendi in her time (the title "Hanımefendi" denoting a meaning similar to that of the Giritli Sırrı Pasha ( Sırrı Pasha the Cretan) was a 19th century Ottoman administrator and man of letters of Turkish Cretan origin
• Giritli Hüseyin: 19th century Turkish painter.
• Dr. İbrahim Pertev: 19th century community leader.
• Paul Mulla (alias Mollazade Mehmed Ali): Roman Catholic bishop and author. Paul Mulla (1882-1959 or Monseigneur Paul (name prior to conversion Mollazade Mehmed Ali) was a Turkish Cretan who after having been a fervent Paul Mulla (1882-1959 or Monseigneur Paul (name prior to conversion Mollazade Mehmed Ali) was a Turkish Cretan who after having been a fervent
• Rahmizâde Bahaeddin Bediz: The first Turkish photographer by profession. Rahmizâde Bâhâeddin (or Bahaeddin Rahmi Bediz after the 1934 Law on Family Names in Turkey) was a Cretan Turk who is generally agreed The thousands of photographs he took, based as of 1895 successively in Crete, İzmir, İstanbul and Ankara (as Head of the Photography Department of Turkish Historical Society founded by Atatürk), have immense historical value. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year İzmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the country's largest port after İstanbul. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman
• Ali Fuat Cebesoy: Close aide of Atatürk. Ali Fuat Cebesoy (born September 1882 İstanbul – death January 10 1968, İstanbul) was a Turkish officer politician and statesman Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman His father İsmail Fazıl Pasha was Cretan, and his mother was a member of the Ottoman elite. The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. İsmail Fazıl Pasha himself has been the first Minister of Public Works in the newly-constituted Ankara government in 1920, and by extension, for the republican Turkey. Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches
• Mustafa Ertuğrul: The Turkish officer who sank Ben-my-Chree. Mustafa Ertuğrul (full name after the 1934 Law on Family Names in Turkey Mustafa Ertuğrul Aker) was a Turkish officer during the World War
• Fodulaki Mustafa Efe: Efe based in the region north of İzmir during the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922). EFE is a Spanish news agency created in 1939 by Ramón Serrano Súñer and Manuel Aznar Zubigaray while the former was Spain 's minister of the
• Mustafa Fehmi Kubilay: National hero who was lynched by a group of Naqshbandi rebels in 1930 in the Menemen (called the Kubilay incident or Menemen Incident in Turkish history) that greatly influenced the direction of politics in Turkey in the Thirties. Mustafa Fehmi Kubilay (1906-1930 was a Turkish national hero considered a martyr of Turkish revolution Naqshbandi ( Naqshbandiyya) is one of the major Tasawwuf orders ( Tariqa) of Islam. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Menemen, may refers to Menemen (District İzmir, a district in İzmir Province Turkey Menemen massacre, 1919 Menemen Menemen Incident (Kubilay Olayı is a chain of incidents starting with the rebellion of Islamic fundamentalists in Menemen, a small town in the Aegean Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches
• Hüsamettin Cindoruk: Former Chairman of the Turkish Grand National Assembly who could have become the Prime Minister in 1993 if he had not opted for remaining in that seat. Hüsamettin Cindoruk (1933 is a Turkish Politician and the 17th Speaker of the Parliament of Turkey between 1991-1995 The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi - TBMM, usually referred to simply as Meclis - "the Parliament" is the Unicameral Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Cindoruk had kept the helm of the Turkey's traditional center-right in the eighties, during Süleyman Demirel's forced absence from politics. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. Sami Süleyman Gündoğdu Demirel, better known as Süleyman Demirel (born November 1, 1924) is a Turkish politician who served as prime
• Ekrem Pakdemirli: Prominent Turkish politician.
• Halil Berktay: Turkish historian. Halil Berktay is a Turkish historian at Sabancı University and columnist for the daily Taraf.
• Ömer Kavur: Award-winning Turkish film director.
• Orhan Suda: Journalist and Turkish socialist thinker, Named after the town of Souda. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Souda or Suda ( Greek: Σούδα is a town and municipality of the Greek island of Crete, in the prefecture of Chania.
• Pakize Suda: Former singer, current columnist, the daughter of Orhan Suda.
• Ayla Algan: Turkish singer.
• Gül Gölge: Turkish model, actress, TV host. Gül Gölge Saygi (born September 28 1981 in İzmir, Turkey) is the well-known former host of the program "Canlı Canlı" which is aired

Among other notable Cretan Turks, highly nationalistic investigative journalist Emin Çölaşan, other notable names from the Turkish media such as İlhan Selçuk, his brother Turhan Selçuk, and Doğan Hızlan can be cited. Emin Çölaşan is a Turkish Investigative journalist and was a daily columnist in the mass-circulation newspaper Hürriyet until his last article Writer Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı, alias Halikarnas Balıkçısı (The Fisherman of Halicarnassus), although born in Crete and has often let himself be cited as Cretan, descends from an Ottoman family with roots in Afyonkarahisar, and his father had been an Ottoman High Commissioner in Crete and later ambassador in Athens. Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı ( 17 April 1890, Crete - 13 October 1973, İzmir) (birth name Musa Cevat Şakir Pen-name Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı ( 17 April 1890, Crete - 13 October 1973, İzmir) (birth name Musa Cevat Şakir Pen-name Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı ( 17 April 1890, Crete - 13 October 1973, İzmir) (birth name Musa Cevat Şakir Pen-name The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. Afyonkarahisar is a city in western Turkey, the capital of Afyon Province. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Likewise, as stated above, Giritli Mustafa Naili Pasha was Albanian/Egyptian. Giritli Mustafa Naili Pasha ( Mustafa Naili Pasha the Cretan) was born Polyan in 1798. } Albanians (Shqiptarët are an Ethnic group and a Nation, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture speaking the Albanian language This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. ^[19]

Cretan Muslims

Cretan Muslims or Turco-Cretans (Turkish: Giritli Müslümanlar or Giritli Türkler, Greek: Τουρκοκρητικοί Turkokritiki) were the Muslims of Crete from the time the Ottoman Empire took Crete (1648) to the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), when Muslims in Greece were exchanged with Christians in Turkey. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Treaty of Lausanne ( July 24, 1923) was a Peace treaty signed in Lausanne that settled the Anatolian part of the Partitioning Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

Most Cretan Muslims were converts of local Cretan Greeks to Islam, and remained Greek-speaking. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Heavy emigration from Crete began with the Greek Revolution of 1821 and continued through the 19th century. The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman Their descendents can be found today mostly in Turkey, where they are called Cretan Turks, and often preserve Cretan traditions, including speaking Greek, though this has diminished with time, and they are today nearly fully integrated into Turkish society. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly

History

Starting in 1648, the Ottoman Empire gradually took Crete from the Republic of Venice, which had ruled it since 1204. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica In the final major defeat, Candia (modern Iraklion) fell to the Ottomans in 1669 (though some offshore islands remained Venetian until 1715). The Siege of Candia (modern Heraklion, Crete) was a military conflict in which Ottoman forces besieged the Venetian -ruled city and were ultimately Heraklion or Iraklion (Ηράκλειο Irákleio, iˈɾaklio̞ Candia is the largest city and capital of Crete. Crete remained part of the Ottoman Empire until 1897. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common

Unlike other Ottoman provinces, the fall of Crete was not accompanied by a large influx of Muslims. On the other hand, many Cretans converted to Islam—more than in any other part of the Greek world. Various explanations have been given for this, including the disruption of war, the possibility of receiving a timar (for those who went over to the Ottomans during the war), Latin-Orthodox dissension, avoidance of the head-tax (cizye) on non-Muslims, the increased social mobility of Muslims, and the opportunity that Muslims had of joining the paid militia (which the Cretans also aspired to under Venetian rule). Timar: Land granted by the Ottoman Sultans between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries with an annual value of less than 20 000 akces The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches Under Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (جزْية ʤɪzjæh Ottoman Turkish: cizye both derived from Pahlavi and ultimately from Aramaic A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish ^[20]

It is difficult to estimate the proportion which became Muslim, as Ottoman cizye tax records count only Christians: estimates range from 30-50%. ^[21] By the early 19th century, as many as 45% of the islanders may have been Muslim. The Muslim population declined through the 19th century, and by the last Ottoman census, in 1881, Muslims were only 24% of the population, concentrated in the three large towns on the north coast, and in Monofatsi. ^[22]

Most of Cretan Muslims were local Greek converts who spoke Cretan Greek, yet at the dawn of Greek nationalism, the Christian population labeled them "Turks". Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly ^[24] People who claim descend from Muslim Cretans are still found in several Muslim countries today, and principally in Turkey. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

Between 1821 and 1828, during the Greek War of Independence, the island was the scene of repeated hostilities. The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman Most Muslims were driven into the large fortified towns on the north coast and both the Muslim and Christian populations of the island suffered severe losses, due to conflicts, plague or famine. In the 1830s, Crete was an impoverished and backward island. Events and trends Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the

As the Ottoman sultan, Mahmud II, had no army of his own, he was forced to seek the aid of his rebellious vassal and rival, Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Pasha of Egypt, who sent troops to the island. Mahmud II ( Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثاني Mahmud-ı sānī) ( July 20, 1785 July 1, 1839 This article is about the leader of Egypt For other people named Muhammad Ali or Mehmet Ali see Muhammad Ali (disambiguation and Mehemet Ali (disambiguation Starting in 1832, the island was administered for two decades by an Albanian from Egypt, Giritli Mustafa Naili Pasha (later a Grand Vizier), whose rule attempted to create a synthesis between the Muslim landowers and the emergent Christian commercial classes. Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian } Albanians (Shqiptarët are an Ethnic group and a Nation, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture speaking the Albanian language This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Giritli Mustafa Naili Pasha ( Mustafa Naili Pasha the Cretan) was born Polyan in 1798. Grand Vizier, in Turkish Sadr-ı Azam ( Sadrazam) or Serdar-ı Ekrem (in Ottoman Turkish: صدر اعظم or وزیر اعظم A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth His rule was generally cautious, pro-British, and he tried harder to win the support of the Christians (having married the daughter of a priest and allowed her to remain Christian) than the Muslims. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. In 1834, however, a Cretan committee had already been founded in Athens to work for the union of the island with Greece. Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

In 1840, Egypt was forced by Palmerston to return Crete to direct Ottoman rule. Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year "Lord Palmerston" and "Henry Temple" redirect here Giritli Mustafa Naili Pasha angled unsuccessfully to become a semi-independent prince but the Cretans rose up against him, once more driving the Muslims temporarily into siege in the towns. Giritli Mustafa Naili Pasha ( Mustafa Naili Pasha the Cretan) was born Polyan in 1798. An Anglo-Ottoman naval operation restored control in the island and Giritli Mustafa Naili Pasha was confirmed as its governor, though under command from İstanbul. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey He remained in Crete until 1851 when he was summoned to the capital, where at a relatively advanced age he pursued a successful career. 1851 ( MDCCCLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year

Religious tensions prevailed on the island between Muslims and Christians and the Christian populations of Crete revolted twice against Ottoman rule (in 1866 and in 1897). Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common In the uprising of 1866, the rebels initially managed to gain control of most of the hinterland although as always the four fortified towns of the north coast and the southern town of Ierapetra remained in Ottoman hands. The Cretan Revolt of 1866–1869 (Κρητική Επανάσταση του 1866 was the most important of a series of Cretan uprisings against Ottoman Ierapetra (Ιεράπετρα meaning Holy Stone ancient name Hierapytna) is a municipality and a town in the east of the Greek island of Crete, The Ottoman approach to the Cretan question was that, if Crete was lost, the next line of defense would have to be the Dardanelles, as indeed it was the case later. See also [[Hellespont]] The Dardanelles ( Turkish: Çanakkale Boğazı Greek: Δαρδανέλλια Dardanellia) formerly The Ottoman Grand Vizier, Mehemed Emin Aali Pasha arrived in the island in October 1867 and set in progress a low profile district-by-district reconquest of the island followed by the erection of blockhouses or local fortresses across the whole of it. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting More importantly, he designed an Organic Law which gave the Cretan Christians equal (in practice, because of their superior numbers, majority) control of local administration. At the time of the Congress of Berlin in the summer of 1878, there was a further uprising, which was speedily halted through the adaptation of the Organic Law into a constitutional settlement known as the Pact of Halepa. See also Berlin Conference (1884-85 re Africa and Berlin Conference of 1954 (Cold War Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Pact of Halepa was an agreement made in 1878 between the Ottoman Empire (then ruled by the Sultan Abdul Hamid II) and the representatives

Crete became a semi-independent parliamentary state within the Ottoman Empire under a Greek Orthodox Governor. A number of the senior "Christian Pashas" including Photiades Pasha and Adossides Pasha ruled the island in the 1880s, presiding over a parliament in which liberals and conservatives contended for power. Disputes between these led to a further insurgency in 1889 and the collapse of the Pact of Halepa arrangements. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Pact of Halepa was an agreement made in 1878 between the Ottoman Empire (then ruled by the Sultan Abdul Hamid II) and the representatives The international powers allowed the Ottoman authorities to send troops to the island and restore order but the Sultan Abdulhamid II used the occasion for ruling the island by martial law. Abdülhamid II His Imperial Majesty Sultan of the Ottoman Empire ( Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i sânî, İkinci Abdülhamit This action led to international sympathy for the Cretan Christians and to a loss of any remaining acquiescence among them for continued Ottoman rule. When a small insurgency began in September 1895, it quickly spiralled out of control and by the summer of 1896, the Ottoman forces had lost military control over most of the island. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The insurrection in 1897 led to a war between Greece and the Ottoman Empire. By March 1897 however, the Great Powers decided to govern the island temporarily through a committee of four admirals who remained in charge until the arrival of Prince George of Greece as first governor-general of an autonomous Crete, effectively detached from the Ottoman Empire, in late December 1898. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Youth From 1883 George lived at the castle of Bernstorff in Copenhagen with Prince Valdemar of Denmark, his father's younger brother Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Ottoman forces were expelled in 1898, and an independent Republic of Crete, headed by Prince George of Greece, was founded. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

The island's Muslim population lost heavily from these changes though some remained in Crete . From the summer of 1896 until the end of hostilities in 1898, Cretan Muslims remained under siege in the four coastal cities, where massacres against them took place. Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Subsequent waves of emigration followed as the island was united by stages with Greece. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Those remaining were forced to leave Crete under the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations in 1924. The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey is the first large-scale population exchange, or agreed mutual expulsion in the 20th century Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In Turkey, some descendants of this population continued to speak a form of Cretan Greek dialect until recently. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The linguistic varieties of Modern Greek can be classified along two principal dimensions

In 1908, the Cretan deputies declared union with Greece, which was internationally recognized after the Balkan Wars in 1913. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League ( Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Under the Treaty of London, Sultan Mehmed V relinquished his formal rights to the island. Mehmed V ( Turkish: Mehmed V Reşad or Reşat Mehmet) ( November 2, 1844 – July 3, 1918) was the 35th Ottoman

See also

• Turkish people
• History of Crete
• Crete Province, Ottoman Empire
• Al Hamidiyah
• Greek-speaking Muslims
• Cretan Muslims
• Abo Hafs Omer Al-Baloty

References

• Molly Greene, A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean, Princeton, 2000. ISBN 0-691-00898-1
• A. Lily Macrakis, Cretan Rebel: Eleftherios Venizelos in Ottoman Crete, Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1983.

External links

• Project film: Benim Giritli limon ağacım - My Cretan lemon tree
• Lozan Mübadilleri: The Association of Turks exchanged under Lausanne Treaty
• The journey - testimonials by Greeks from Aivalık and Turkish Cretans from Rethymno

Sources