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For other uses of "Creativity", see Creativity (disambiguation).

Creativity (or "creativeness") is a mental process involving the generation of new ideas or concepts, or new associations of the creative mind between existing ideas or concepts. An idea is a form (such as a Thought) formed by Consciousness (including Mind) through the Process of ideation. The term "concept" is traced back to 1554–60 ( l conceptum - something conceived but what is today termed "the classical theory of concepts" is the theory of Aristotle

From a scientific point of view, the products of creative thought (sometimes referred to as divergent thought) are usually considered to have both originality and appropriateness. Convergent and divergent production are the two types of human response to a set problem that were identified by J An alternative, more everyday conception of creativity is that it is simply the act of making something new.


Although intuitively a complex phenomenon, it is in fact quite simple. It has been studied from the perspectives of behavioural psychology, social psychology, psychometrics, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, philosophy, history, economics, design research, business, and management, among others. Behaviorism or Behaviourism, also called the learning perspective (where any physical action is a behavior is a philosophy of Psychology based on the Social psychology is the study of how people and groups interact Psychometrics is the field of study concerned with the theory and technique of Educational and Psychological Measurement, which includes the measurement Cognitive science may be broadly defined as the multidisciplinary study of mind and behavior Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Design research investigates the process of Designing in all its many fields A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to Management (covering theory practice and scope of management and Manager' (covering the people who manage might help clarify and systematise The studies have covered everyday creativity, exceptional creativity and even artificial creativity. Computational creativity (also known as artificial creativity, mechanical creativity or creative computation) is a multidisciplinary endeavour that is located Unlike many phenomena in science, there is no single, authoritative perspective or definition of creativity. And unlike many phenomena in psychology, there is no Creativity has been attributed variously to divine intervention, cognitive processes, the social environment, personality traits, and chance ("accident", "serendipity"). Cognition is a concept used in different ways by different disciplines but is generally accepted to mean the process of awareness or thought Definition In the absence of agreement about its meaning the term "social" is used in many different senses referring among other things to attitudes In Psychology, Trait theory is a major approach to the study of human personality. Randomness is a lack of order Purpose, cause, or predictability Serendipity is the effect by which one accidentally discovers something fortunate especially while looking for something else entirely It has been associated with genius, mental illness and humour. A genius is a person of great Intelligence or remarkable abilities in a specific subject who shows an exceptional natural capacity of intellect and/or ability especially Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as Humour or humor (see spelling differences) is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke Laughter and provide Amusement Some say it is a trait we are born with; others say it can be taught with the application of simple techniques. A trait is a distinct phenotypic character of an organism that may be inherited environmentally determined or somewhere in between Creativity techniques are methods that encourage original thoughts and Divergent thinking.

Although popularly associated with art and literature, it is also an essential part of innovation and invention and is important in professions such as business, economics, architecture, industrial design, science and engineering. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter The term innovation means a new way of doing something It may refer to incremental radical and revolutionary changes in thinking products processes or organisations An invention is a new form composition of matter device or Process. A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Industrial design is an Applied art whereby the Aesthetics and Usability of mass-produced products may be improved for marketability and Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and

Despite, or perhaps because of, the ambiguity and multi-dimensional nature of creativity, entire industries have been spawned from the pursuit of creative ideas and the development of creativity techniques. There are many different definitions aimed at describing one of the newest media terms creative industries sometimes referred to as creative economy Creativity techniques are methods that encourage original thoughts and Divergent thinking.

Leonardo Da Vinci is well known for his creative works.
Leonardo Da Vinci is well known for his creative works. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer

Contents

Definitions of creativity

More than 60 different definitions of creativity can be found in the psychological literature,[1] and it is beyond the scope of this article to list them all.

The etymological root of the word in English and most other European languages comes from the Latin creatus, literally "to have grown. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. "

Perhaps the most widespread conception of creativity in the scholarly literature is that creativity is manifested in the production of a creative work (for example, a new work of art or a scientific hypothesis) that is both original and useful.

Colloquial definitions of creativity are typically descriptive of activity that results:

A useful distinction has been made by Rhodes[2] between :

Each of these factors is usually present in creative activity. This has been elaborated by Johnson,[3] who suggested that creative activity may exhibit several dimensions including sensitivity to problems on the part of the creative agent, originality, ingenuity, unusualness, usefulness, and appropriateness in relation to the creative product, and intellectual leadership on the part of the creative agent.

Boden[4] noted that it is important to distinguish between ideas which are psychologically creative (which are novel to the individual mind which had the idea), and those which are historically creative (which are novel with respect to the whole of human history). Dr Maggie Boden OBE, (b 26th November 1936 is a combinative researcher in the fields of Artificial Intelligence, Psychology, Philosophy, Drawing on ideas from artificial intelligence, she defines psychologically creative ideas as those which cannot be produced by the same set of generative rules as other, familiar ideas.

Often implied in the notion of creativity is a concomitant presence of inspiration, cognitive leaps, or intuitive insight as a part of creative thought and action. Intuition is apparent ability to acquire knowledge without a clear inference or the use of reason (for other uses see Insight (disambiguation Insight can be used with several related meanings *a piece of information *the [5]

Pop psychology sometimes associates creativity with right or forehead brain activity or even specifically with lateral thinking. The term popular psychology (frequently called pop psychology or pop psych) refers to concepts and theories about human mental life and behaviour that are purportedly A cerebral hemisphere ( hemispherium cerebrale) is defined as one of the two regions of the Brain that are delineated by the body's median plane. Lateral thinking is a term coined by Edward de Bono, a Maltese psychologist physician and writer

Some students of creativity have emphasized an element of chance in the creative process. Randomness is a lack of order Purpose, cause, or predictability Linus Pauling, asked at a public lecture how one creates scientific theories, replied that one must endeavor to come up with many ideas — then discard the useless ones. Linus Carl Pauling (February 28 1901 – August 19 1994 was an American Scientist, Peace activist, Author and educator. The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. Another adequate definition of creativity is that it is an "Assumptions breaking process". Many creative ideas are generated when somebody discards preconceived assumptions and decides on a new approach or method that might seem to others unthinkable.

Distinguishing between creativity and innovation

It is often useful to explicitly distinguish between creativity and innovation.

Creativity is typically used to refer to the act of producing new ideas, approaches or actions, while innovation is the process of both generating and applying such creative ideas in some specific context.

In the context of an organization, therefore, the term innovation is often used to refer to the entire process by which an organization generates creative new ideas and converts them into novel, useful and viable commercial products, services, and business practices, while the term creativity is reserved to apply specifically to the generation of novel ideas by individuals or groups, as a necessary step within the innovation process.

For example, Amabile et al. (1996) suggest that while innovation "begins with creative ideas,"

". The term innovation means a new way of doing something It may refer to incremental radical and revolutionary changes in thinking products processes or organisations . . creativity by individuals and teams is a starting point for innovation; the first is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the second. "[6]

Alternatively, there is no real difference between these terms, as creativity is both novel and appropriate (which implies successful application). It seems that creativity is preferred in art contexts whereas innovation in business ones.

History of the term and the concept

Main article: History of creativity

The way in which different societies have formulated the concept of creativity has changed throughout history, as has the term "creativity" itself.

The ancient Greeks, who believed that the muses were the source of all inspiration, actually had no terms corresponding to "to create" or "creator. In Greek mythology, the Muses ( Ancient Greek, hai moũsai: perhaps from the Proto-Indo-European root * men- "think" are " The expression "poiein" ("to make") sufficed. The sole exception was poetry: the poet was seen as making new things — bringing to life a new world — while the artist merely imitated. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual

In Rome, this Greek view was modified, and Horace wrote that not only poets but painters were entitled to the privilege of daring whatever they wished. Quintus Horatius Flaccus, ( Venosa, December 8, 65 BC - Rome, November 27, 8 BC known in the English-speaking world as Horace Unlike Greek, Latin had a term for "creating" ("creatio") and for "creator", and had two expressions for "to make" — "facere" and "creare". Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. [7]

Although neither the Greeks nor the Romans had any words that directly corresponded to the word creativity, their art, architecture, music, inventions, and discoveries provide numerous examples of what we would today describe as creative works. At the time, the concept of genius probably came closest to describing the creative talents bringing forth these works. A genius is a person of great Intelligence or remarkable abilities in a specific subject who shows an exceptional natural capacity of intellect and/or ability especially [8]

A fundamental change came in the Christian period: "creatio" came to designate God's act of "creation from nothing". Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings "Creatio" thus took on a different meaning than "facere" ("to make"), and ceased to apply to human functions. The ancient view that art is not a domain of creativity persisted in this period. [7]

Another shift occurred in more modern times. Renaissance men had a sense of their own independence, freedom and creativity, and sought to give voice to this sense of independence and creativity. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Baltasar Gracián (1601–1658) wrote: "Art is the completion of nature, as if it were a second Creator. Baltasar Gracián y Morales ( January 8, 1601 – December 6, 1658) was a Spanish Baroque prose writer . . ".

By the 18th century and the Age of Enlightenment, the concept of creativity was appearing more often in art theory, and was linked with the concept of imagination. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Imagination is the ability to form Mental images/sounds/feelings or the ability to Spontaneously Generate images/sounds/feelings within one's own Mind [7]

The Western view of creativity can be contrasted with the Eastern view. For the Hindus, Confucius, Taoists and Buddhists, creation was at most a kind of discovery or mimicry, and the idea of creation from "nothing" had no place in these philosophies and religions. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices [8]

In the 19th century, not only was art regarded as creativity, but it alone was so regarded. When later, at the turn of the 20th century, there began to be discussion of creativity in the sciences (e. g. , Jan Łukasiewicz, 1878–1956) and in nature (e. Jan Łukasiewicz (ˈjan wukaˈɕɛvʲitʂ ( 21 December, 1878 &ndash 13 February, 1956) was a Polish Mathematician born g. , Henri Bergson), this was generally taken as the transference to the sciences of concepts proper to art. [7]

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, leading mathematicians and scientists such as Hermann von Helmholtz (1896) and Henri Poincaré (1908) had begun to reflect on and publicly discuss their creative processes, and these insights were built on in early accounts of the creative process by pioneering theorists such as Graham Wallas (1926) and Max Wertheimer (1945). Jules Henri Poincaré ( 29 April 1854 &ndash 17 July 1912) (ˈʒyl ɑ̃ˈʁi pwɛ̃kaˈʁe was a French Mathematician Graham Wallas ( May 31, 1858 - August 9, 1932) was an English socialist, social psychologist educationalist and a leader Max Wertheimer (April 15 1880 – October 12 1943 was a Czech -born Jewish teacher who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology,

However, the formal starting point for the scientific study of creativity, from the standpoint of orthodox psychological literature, is generally considered to have been J. P. Guilford's 1950 address to the American Psychological Association, which helped popularize the topic[9] and focus on a scientific approach to conceptualising creativity and measuring it by means such as psychometric testing. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Joy Paul Guilford ( March 7, 1897, Marquette Nebraska – November 26, 1987, Los Angeles) was a US Psychologist The American Psychological Association (APA is a professional organization representing psychologists in the U Psychometrics is the field of study concerned with the theory and technique of Educational and Psychological Measurement, which includes the measurement

In parallel with these developments, others have taken a more pragmatic approach, teaching practical creativity techniques. Creativity techniques are methods that encourage original thoughts and Divergent thinking. Three of the best-known are :

Creativity in psychology & cognitive science

The study of the mental representations and processes underlying creative thought belongs to the domains of psychology and cognitive science. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Cognitive science may be broadly defined as the multidisciplinary study of mind and behavior

A psychodynamic approach to understanding creativity was proposed by Sigmund Freud, who suggested that creativity arises as a result of frustrated desires for fame, fortune, and love, with the energy that was previously tied up in frustration and emotional tension in the neurosis being sublimated into creative activity. Psychodynamics, is the systematized study and theory of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior emphasizing the interplay between unconscious and conscious motivation and Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Freud later retracted this view.

Graham Wallas

Graham Wallas & Richard Smith, in their work Art of Thought, published in 1926, presented one of the first models of the creative process. In the Wallas stage model, creative insights and illuminations may be explained by a process consisting of 5 stages:

(i) preparation (preparatory work on a problem that focuses the individual's mind on the problem and explores the problem's dimensions),
(ii) incubation (where the problem is internalized into the unconscious mind and nothing appears externally to be happening),
(iii) intimation (the creative person gets a 'feeling' that a solution is on its way),
(iv) illumination or insight (where the creative idea bursts forth from its preconscious processing into conscious awareness); and
(v) verification (where the idea is consciously verified, elaborated, and then applied). See also Consciousness Jacques Lacan Philosophy of mind Rapid eye movement sleep

In numerous publications, Wallas' model is just treated as four stages, with "intimation" seen as a sub-stage. There has been some empirical research looking at whether, as the concept of "incubation" in Wallas' model implies, a period of interruption or rest from a problem may aid creative problem-solving. Ward[10] lists various hypotheses that have been advanced to explain why incubation may aid creative problem-solving, and notes how some empirical evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that incubation aids creative problem-solving in that it enables "forgetting" of misleading clues. Absence of incubation may lead the problem solver to become fixated on inappropriate strategies of solving the problem. [11] This work disputes the earlier hypothesis that creative solutions to problems arise mysteriously from the unconscious mind while the conscious mind is occupied on other tasks. [12]

Wallas considered creativity to be a legacy of the evolutionary process, which allowed humans to quickly adapt to rapidly changing environments. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Simonton[13] provides an updated perspective on this view in his book, Origins of genius: Darwinian perspectives on creativity.

J. P. Guilford

Guilford[14] performed important work in the field of creativity, drawing a distinction between convergent and divergent production (commonly renamed convergent and divergent thinking). Joy Paul Guilford ( March 7, 1897, Marquette Nebraska – November 26, 1987, Los Angeles) was a US Psychologist Convergent and divergent production are the two types of human response to a set problem that were identified by J Convergent thinking involves aiming for a single, correct solution to a problem, whereas divergent thinking involves creative generation of multiple answers to a set problem. Divergent thinking is sometimes used as a synonym for creativity in psychology literature. Other researchers have occasionally used the terms flexible thinking or fluid intelligence, which are roughly similar to (but not synonymous with) creativity. In Psychology, fluid and crystallized intelligence (abbreviated gF and gC, respectively are factors of General intelligence originally

Arthur Koestler

In The Act of Creation, Arthur Koestler[5] lists three types of creative individual - the Artist, the Sage and the Jester. Arthur Koestler CBE ( September 5, 1905, Budapest &ndash March 3, 1983, London) was a

Believers in this trinity hold all three elements necessary in business and can identify them all in "truly creative" companies as well. A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to Generally a company is a form of Business organization. The precise definition varies Koestler introduced the concept of bisociation - that creativity arises as a result of the intersection of two quite different frames of reference.

Geneplore model

In 1992 Finke et al. proposed the 'Geneplore' model, in which creativity takes place in two phases: a generative phase, where an individual constructs mental representations called preinventive structures, and an exploratory phase where those structures are used to come up with creative ideas. Weisberg[15] argued, by contrast, that creativity only involves ordinary cognitive processes yielding extraordinary results.

Conceptual blending

In the 90s, various approaches in cognitive science that dealt with metaphor, analogy and structure mapping have been converging, and a new integrative approach to the study of creativity in science, art and humor has emerged under the label conceptual blending. Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects Analogy is both the cognitive process of transferring Information from a particular subject (the analogue or source to another particular subject (the target and Conceptual Blending (aka Conceptual Integration) is a general theory of Cognition.

"Creativity is the ability to illustrate what is outside the box from within the box. " -The Ride

Psychological examples from science and mathematics

Jacques Hadamard

Jacques Hadamard, in his book Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field, uses introspection to describe mathematical thought processes. Jacques Salomon Hadamard ( December 8, 1865 – October 17, 1963) was a French Mathematician best known for his proof of Introspection is the self-observation and reporting of Conscious inner Thoughts desires and Sensations It is a conscious mental and usually In contrast to authors who identify language and cognition, he describes his own mathematical thinking as largely wordless, often accompanied by mental images that represent the entire solution to a problem. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Cognition is a concept used in different ways by different disciplines but is generally accepted to mean the process of awareness or thought A mental image is an experience that significantly resembles the experience of perceiving some object event or scene but that occurs when the relevant object event or scene is not He surveyed 100 of the leading physicists of his day (ca. 1900), asking them how they did their work. Many of the responses mirrored his own.

Hadamard described the experiences of the mathematicians/theoretical physicists Carl Friedrich Gauss, Hermann von Helmholtz, Henri Poincaré and others as viewing entire solutions with “sudden spontaneity. A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. Theoretical physics employs Mathematical models and Abstractions of Physics in an attempt to explain experimental data taken of the natural world Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (ˈɡaʊs, Gauß Carolus Fridericus Gauss ( 30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German Jules Henri Poincaré ( 29 April 1854 &ndash 17 July 1912) (ˈʒyl ɑ̃ˈʁi pwɛ̃kaˈʁe was a French Mathematician ”[16]

The same has been reported in literature by many others, such as Denis Brian,[17] G. H. Hardy,[18], Walter Heitler,[19] B. L. van der Waerden,[20] and Harold Ruegg. Godfrey Harold Hardy FRS ( February 7, 1877 Cranleigh, Surrey, England &ndash December 1, 1947 Walter Heinrich Heitler ( 2 January 1904 &ndash 15 November 1981) was a German physicist who made contributions to Quantum electrodynamics Bartel Leendert van der Waerden ( February 2 1903, Amsterdam, Netherlands – January 12 1996, Zürich, [21]

To elaborate on one example, Einstein, after years of fruitless calculations, suddenly had the solution to the general theory of relativity revealed in a dream “like a giant die making an indelible impress, a huge map of the universe outlined itself in one clear vision. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical ” [22]

Hadamard described the process as having steps (i) preparation, (ii) incubation, (iv) illumination, and (v) verification of the five-step Graham Wallas creative-process model, leaving out (iii) intimation, with the first three cited by Hadamard as also having been put forth by Helmholtz:[23]

Marie-Louise von Franz

Marie-Louise von Franz, a colleague of the eminent psychiatrist Carl Jung, noted that in these unconscious scientific discoveries the “always recurring and important factor … is the simultaneity with which the complete solution is intuitively perceived and which can be checked later by discursive reasoning. Graham Wallas ( May 31, 1858 - August 9, 1932) was an English socialist, social psychologist educationalist and a leader Marie-Louise von Franz ( January 4, 1915 - February 17, 1998) the daughter of an Austrian Baron and born in Munich ” She attributes the solution presented “as an archetypal pattern or image. An archetype ( pronounced: /ˈɑːkɪtaɪp/ (Brit or /ˈɑrkɪtaɪp/ (Amer ”[24] As cited by von Franz,[25] according to Jung, “Archetypes … manifest themselves only through their ability to organize images and ideas, and this is always an unconscious process which cannot be detected until afterwards. ”[26]

Creativity and Affect

Some theories suggest that creativity may be particularly susceptible to affective influence.

Creativity and Positive Affect Relations

According to Isen, positive affect has three primary effects on cognitive activity:

  1. Positive affect makes additional cognitive material available for processing, increasing the number of cognitive elements available for association;
  2. Positive affect leads to defocused attention and a more complex cognitive context, increasing the breadth of those elements that are treated as relevant to the problem;
  3. Positive affect increases cognitive flexibility, increasing the probability that diverse cognitive elements will in fact become associated. Together, these processes lead positive affect to have a positive influence on creativity.

Fredrickson in her Broaden and Build Model suggests that positive emotions such as joy and love broaden a person’s available repertoire of cognitions and actions, thus enhancing creativity.

According to these researchers, positive emotions increasing the number of cognitive elements available for association (attention scope) and the number of elements that are relevant to the problem (cognitive scope).

Creativity and Negative Affect Relations

On the other hand, some theorists have suggested that negative affect leads to greater creativity. A cornerstone of this perspective is empirical evidence of a relationship between affective illness and creativity. In a study of 1,005 prominent 20th century individuals from over 45 different professions, the University of Kentucky’s Arnold Ludwig found a slight but significant correlation between depression and level of creative achievement. In addition, several systematic studies of highly - creative individuals and their relatives have uncovered a higher incidence of affective disorders (primarily bipolar illness and depression) than that found in the general population.

Creativity and Affect at Work

Three patterns may exist between affect and creativity at work: positive (or negative) mood, or change in mood, predictably precedes creativity; creativity predictably precedes mood; and whether affect and creativity occur simultaneously. It was found that not only might affect precede creativity, but creative outcomes might provoke affect as well. At its simplest level, the experience of creativity is itself a work event, and like other events in the organizational context, it could evoke emotion. Qualitative research and anecdotal accounts of creative achievement in the arts and sciences suggest that creative insight is often followed by feelings of elation. For example, Albert Einstein called his 1907 general theory of relativity “the happiest thought of my life. ” Empirical evidence on this matter is still very tentative, In contrast to the possible incubation effects of affective state on subsequent creativity, the affective consequences of creativity are likely to be more direct and immediate. Incubation is one of the 4 proposed stages of Creativity: preparation incubation illumination and verification. In general, affective events provoke immediate and relatively-fleeting emotional reactions. Thus, if creative performance at work is an affective event for the individual doing the creative work, such an effect would likely be evident only in same-day data.

Another longitudinal research found several insights regarding the relations between creativity and emotion at work. First - a positive relationship between positive affect and creativity, and no evidence of a negative relationship. The more positive a person’s affect on a given day, the more creative thinking they evidenced that day and the next day – even controlling for that next day’s mood. There was even some evidence of an effect two days later

In addition, the researchers found no evidence that people were more creative when they experienced both positive and negative affect on the same day. The weight of evidence supports a purely linear form of the affect-creativity relationship, at least over the range of affect and creativity covered in our study: the more positive a person’s affect, the higher their creativity in a work setting.

Finally, they found four patterns of affect and creativity affect can operate as an antecedent to creativity; as a direct consequence of creativity; as an indirect consequence of creativity; and affect can occur simultaneously with creative activity. Thus, it appears that people’s feelings and creative cognitions are interwoven in several distinct ways within the complex fabric of their daily work lives.

Creativity and intelligence

Cerebral Cortex
The frontal lobe (shown in blue) is thought to play an important role in creativity

There has been debate in the psychological literature about whether intelligence and creativity are part of the same process (the conjoint hypothesis) or represent distinct mental processes (the disjoint hypothesis). The frontal lobe is an area in the Brain of Mammals It is located at the front of each Cerebral hemisphere and positioned anterior to (in front of the The temporal lobes are parts of the cerebrum that are involved in speech, Memory, and Hearing. The parietal lobe is a lobe in the Brain. It is positioned above (superior to the Occipital lobe and behind (posterior to the Frontal lobe. The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the Mammalian Brain containing most of the anatomical region of the Visual cortex. The frontal lobe is an area in the Brain of Mammals It is located at the front of each Cerebral hemisphere and positioned anterior to (in front of the Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities Evidence from attempts to look at correlations between intelligence and creativity from the 1950s onwards, by authors such as Barron, Guilford or Wallach and Kogan, regularly suggested that correlations between these concepts were low enough to justify treating them as distinct concepts.

Some researchers believe that creativity is the outcome of the same cognitive processes as intelligence, and is only judged as creativity in terms of its consequences, i. e. when the outcome of cognitive processes happens to produce something novel, a view which Perkins has termed the "nothing special" hypothesis. [27]

A very popular model is what has come to be known as "the threshold hypothesis", proposed by Ellis Paul Torrance, which holds that a high degree of intelligence appears to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for high creativity. Ellis Paul Torrance ( October 8, 1915 - July 12, 2003) was an American Psychologist from Milledgeville Georgia [14] This means that, in a general sample, there will be a positive correlation between creativity and intelligence, but this correlation will not be found if only a sample of the most highly intelligent people are assessed. In Probability theory and Statistics, correlation, (often measured as a correlation coefficient) indicates the strength and direction of a linear Research into the threshold hypothesis, however, has produced mixed results ranging from enthusiastic support to refutation and rejection. [28]

An alternative perspective, Renzulli's three-rings hypothesis, sees giftedness as based on both intelligence and creativity. More on both the threshold hypothesis and Renzulli's work can be found in O'Hara and Sternberg. [27]

Neurobiology of creativity

The neurobiology of creativity has been addressed [29] in the article "Creative Innovation: Possible Brain Mechanisms. Neurobiology is the study of cells of the Nervous system and the organization of these cells into functional circuits that process information and mediate behavior " The authors write that "creative innovation might require coactivation and communication between regions of the brain that ordinarily are not strongly connected". Highly creative people who excel at creative innovation tend to differ from others in three ways:

Thus, the frontal lobe appears to be the part of the cortex that is most important for creativity. The cerebral cortex is a structure within the Brain that plays a key role in Memory, Attention, perceptual Awareness, Thought,

This article also explored the links between creativity and sleep, mood and addiction disorders, and depression. A mood disorder is the term given for a group of diagnoses in the DSM IV TR classification system where a disturbance in the person's emotional mood is hypothesised The term " addiction " is used in many contexts to describe an obsession compulsion or excessive Physical dependence or psychological dependence such as In the fields of Psychology and Psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to both expected and pathologically chronic or severe

In 2005, Alice Flaherty presented a three-factor model of the creative drive. Drawing from evidence in brain imaging, drug studies and lesion analysis, she described the creative drive as resulting from an interaction of the frontal lobes, the temporal lobes, and dopamine from the limbic system. The temporal lobes are parts of the cerebrum that are involved in speech, Memory, and Hearing. Dopamine is a Hormone and Neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals including both vertebrates and invertebrates The limbic system, or Paleomammalian brain is a term for a set of brain structures including the Hippocampus and Amygdala and anterior thalamic nuclei and a limbic The frontal lobes can be seen as responsible for idea generation, and the temporal lobes for idea editing and evaluation. Abnormalities in the frontal lobe (such as depression or anxiety) generally decrease creativity, while abnormalities in the temporal lobe often increase creativity. High activity in the temporal lobe typically inhibits activity in the frontal lobe, and vice versa. High dopamine levels increase general arousal and goal directed behaviors and reduce latent inhibition, and all three effects increase the drive to generate ideas. Arousal is a physiological and psychological state of being awake Latent inhibition is a process by which exposure to a stimulus of little or no consequence prevents conditioned associations with that stimulus being formed [30]

Working Memory and the Cerebellum

Vandervert [31] described how the brain’s frontal lobes and the cognitive functions of the cerebellum collaborate to produce creativity and innovation. Vandervert’s explanation rests on considerable evidence that all processes of working memory (responsible for processing all thought[32]) are adaptively modeled by the cerebellum [33]. The cerebellum (consisting of 100 billion neurons, which is more that the entirety of the rest of the brain [34]is also widely known to adaptively model all bodily movement. The cerebellum’s adaptive models of working memory processing are then fed back to especially frontal lobe working memory control processes [35] where creative and innovative thoughts arise[36]. (Apparently, creative insight or the ‘’aha’’ experience is then triggered in the temporal lobe[37]. ) According to Vandervert, the details of creative adaptation begin in ‘’forward’’ cerebellar models which are anticipatory/exploratory controls for movement and thought. These cerebellar processing and control architectures have been termed Hierarchical Modular Selection and Identification for Control (HMOSAIC)[38]. New, hierarchically arranged levels of the cerebellar control architecture (HMOSAIC) develop as mental mulling in working memory is extended over time. These new levels of the control architecture are fed forward to the frontal lobes. Since the cerebellum adaptively models all movement and all levels of thought and emotion[39], Vandervert’s approach helps explain creativity and innovation in sports, art, music, the design of video games, technology, mathematics and thought in general.

Creativity and mental health

Main article: Creativity and mental illness

A study by psychologist J. Philippe Rushton found creativity to correlate with intelligence and psychoticism. Mental illness and Creativity are popularly considered to be related particularly in the case of Bipolar disorder. John Philippe Rushton (born December 3, 1943) is a Psychology professor at the University of Western Ontario, Canada, most widely Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities Psychoticism is one of the three traits used by the psychologist Hans Eysenck in his P-E-N model (psychoticism extraversion and neuroticism model of personality [40] Another study found creativity to be greater in schizotypal than in either normal or schizophrenic individuals. Schizotypal personality disorder, or simply schizotypal disorder, is a Personality disorder that is characterized by a need for Social isolation, odd Schizophrenia ( from the Greek roots schizein (σχίζειν "to split" and phrēn While divergent thinking was associated with bilateral activation of the prefrontal cortex, schizotypal individuals were found to have much greater activation of their right prefrontal cortex. [41] This study hypothesizes that such individuals are better at accessing both hemispheres, allowing them to make novel associations at a faster rate. In agreement with this hypothesis, ambidexterity is also associated with schizotypal and schizophrenic individuals. Ambidexterity is the state of being equally adept in the use of both right and left Appendages (such as the Hands) Schizotypal personality disorder, or simply schizotypal disorder, is a Personality disorder that is characterized by a need for Social isolation, odd Schizophrenia ( from the Greek roots schizein (σχίζειν "to split" and phrēn

Particularly strong links have been identified between creativity and mood disorders, particularly manic-depressive disorder (a. A mood disorder is the term given for a group of diagnoses in the DSM IV TR classification system where a disturbance in the person's emotional mood is hypothesised k. a. bipolar disorder) and depressive disorder (a. Major depressive disorder, also known as major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, clinical depression, or simply depression k. a. unipolar disorder). Major depressive disorder, also known as major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, clinical depression, or simply depression In Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament, Kay Redfield Jamison summarizes studies of mood-disorder rates in writers, poets and artists. Kay Redfield Jamison (born June 22, 1946) is an American clinical psychologist and writer who is one of the foremost experts on Bipolar disorder A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms POETS day is a term used by workers in England and Australia, to jocularly refer to Friday as the last day of the Work week. The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating She also explores research that identifies mood disorders in such famous writers and artists as Ernest Hemingway (who shot himself after electroconvulsive treatment), Virginia Woolf (who drowned herself when she felt a depressive episode coming on), composer Robert Schumann (who died in a mental institution), and even the famed visual artist Michelangelo. A mood disorder is the term given for a group of diagnoses in the DSM IV TR classification system where a disturbance in the person's emotional mood is hypothesised Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. Electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT) also known as electroshock, is a controversial psychiatric treatment in which Seizures are electrically induced (Adeline Virginia Woolf (née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941 was an English Novelist and Essayist, regarded as one of the foremost Robert Schumann, sometimes given as Robert Alexander Schumann (June 8 1810 &ndash July 29 1856 was a German Composer, Aesthete and influential Music critic The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily Visual in nature such as Painting, Photography Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime One of them by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all

Creativity & the Body

A number of experts are suggesting that because all creativity is an embodied experience, then body practices such as dance, yoga,martial arts, and various forms of body-based meditative practices, will help enhance creativity. Yoga ( Sanskrit: योग, IAST: yóga, joːgə refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India, to the Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for Combat. These experts also suggest that increasing somatic awareness (i. e. , awareness of the body) can help people become more creative. [42]

Measuring Creativity

Creativity Quotient

Several attempts have been made to develop a creativity quotient of an individual similar to the Intelligence quotient (IQ), however these have been unsuccessful. An Intelligence Quotient or IQ is a score derived from one of several different Standardized tests attempting to measure Intelligence. [43] Most measures of creativity are dependent on the personal judgement of the tester, so a standardized measure is difficult, if not impossible, to develop.

Psychometric approach

J. P. Guilford's group,[14] which pioneered the modern psychometric study of creativity, constructed several tests to measure creativity in 1967:

Building on Guilford's work, Torrance[44] developed the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking in 1974. Ellis Paul Torrance ( October 8, 1915 - July 12, 2003) was an American Psychologist from Milledgeville Georgia They involved simple tests of divergent thinking and other problem-solving skills, which were scored on:

The Creativity Achievement Questionnaire, a self-report test that measures creative achievement across 10 domains, was described in 2005 and shown to be reliable and valid when compared to other measures of creativity and to independent evaluation of creative output. [45]

Social-personality approach

Some researchers have taken a social-personality approach to the measurement of creativity. In these studies, personality traits such as independence of judgement, self-confidence, attraction to complexity, aesthetic orientation and risk-taking are used as measures of the creativity of individuals. [9] Other researchers[46] have related creativity to the trait, openness to experience. In Psychology, the "Big Five" personality traits are five broad factors or dimensions of personality developed through lexical analysis

Other approaches to measurement

Genrich Altshuller in the 1950s introduced approaching creativity as an exact science with TRIZ and a Level-of-Invention measure. Genrikh Saulovich Altshuller (Ге́нрих Сау́лович Альтшу́ллер ˈgʲɛ TRIZ (triːz is a romanized Acronym for Russian “ru Теория решения изобретательских задач” () meaning Level of Invention (or Degree of Inventiveness, or Level of solution, or Rank of solution, or Rank of invention) is a relative degree

The creativity of thousands of Japanese, expressed in terms of their problem-solving and problem-recognizing capabilities, has been measured in Japanese firms. [47]

Howard Gruber insisted on a case-study approach that expresses the existential and unique quality of the creator. Howard E Gruber, (1922–2005 was a pioneer of the psychological study of Creativity. Creativity to Gruber was the product of purposeful work and this work could be described only as a confluence of forces in the specifics of the case.

Creativity in various contexts

Creativity has been studied from a variety of perspectives and is important in numerous contexts. Most of these approaches are undisciplinary, and it is therefore difficult to form a coherent overall view. [9] The following sections examine some of the areas in which creativity is seen as being important.

Creativity in diverse cultures

Creativity is a scientific concept which is mostly rooted within a Western creationist perspective. Francois Jullien in 'Process and Creation, 1989' is inviting us to look at that concept from a Chinese cultural point of view.

Todd Lubart has studied extensively the cultural aspects of creativity and innovation.

Rody Roderick Klein together with Metis Reflective Community have also published a few papers on Metis, a sort of cosmogonic approach to creativity rooted on a concept of universe where everything is both a constraint and/or an opportunity, interconnected. A universe without totality, a continuous creation process. Metis bare its name from the work of Destiennes and Vernant on our Greek heritage displaying a special outlook on wisdom, creativity and intelligence. It is a constant holistic creation process and the human self perception of his contribution to this process could be enhanced by a trace composer.

Pierre Lévy has created recently the Information Economy MetaLanguage [1] : This computable language could be used in order to reach an interdisciplinary view of creativity, innovation and intelligence.

Henry Moore's Reclining Figure
Henry Moore's Reclining Figure

Creativity in art & literature

Most people associate creativity with the fields of art and literature. Henry Spencer Moore OM CH FBA (30 July 1898 – 31 August 1986 was an English artist and sculptor. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter In these fields, originality is considered to be a sufficient condition for creativity, unlike other fields where both originality and appropriateness are necessary. [48]

Within the different modes of artistic expression, one can postulate a continuum extending from "interpretation" to "innovation". In Logic an interpretation gives meaning to an artificial or Formal language or to a sentence of such a language by assigning a denotation (extension Established artistic movements and genres pull practitioners to the "interpretation" end of the scale, whereas original thinkers strive towards the "innovation" pole. An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal followed by a group of artists during a restricted period of time or at least with the heyday A genre (ˈʒɑːnrə also /ˈdʒɑːnrə/ from French "kind" or "sort" from Latin: genus (stem gener-) is a loose set Note that we conventionally expect some "creative" people (dancers, actors, orchestral members, etc. ) to perform (interpret) while allowing others (writers, painters, composers, etc. ) more freedom to express the new and the different.

Contrast alternative theories, for example:

In the art practice and theory of Davor Dzalto, human creativity is taken as a basic feature of both the personal existence of human being and art production. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. Davor Džalto (Давор Џалто Doc. Dr. Phil. is an Artist and Art historian born in Travnik, Bosnia and In common usage existence is the world of which we are aware through our senses but in Philosophy the word has a more specialized meaning and is often contrasted with Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual

Creative industries & services

Today, creativity forms the core activity of a growing section of the global economy — the so-called "creative industries" — capitalistically generating (generally non-tangible) wealth through the creation and exploitation of intellectual property or through the provision of creative services. The rising Technology has allowed our environment to be characterized as a global one There are many different definitions aimed at describing one of the newest media terms creative industries sometimes referred to as creative economy Wealth derives from the old English word "weal" which means "well-being The term " exploitation " may carry two distinct meanings The act of utilizing something for any purpose Intellectual property ( IP) is a legal field that refers to creations of the mind such as musical literary and artistic works inventions and symbols names Creative services are a subsector of the Creative industries, a part of the economy that creates wealth by offering Creativity for hire to other businesses The Creative Industries Mapping Document 2001 provides an overview of the creative industries in the UK. The creative professional workforce is becoming a more integral part of industrialized nations' economies. A creative professional is a person who is employed for the extraction of skills in creative endeavors

Creative professions include writing, art, design, theater, television, radio, motion pictures, related crafts, as well as marketing, strategy, some aspects of scientific research and development, product development, some types of teaching and curriculum design, and more. Since many creative professionals (actors and writers, for example) are also employed in secondary professions, estimates of creative professionals are often inaccurate. By some estimates, approximately 10 million US workers are creative professionals; depending upon the depth and breadth of the definition, this estimate may be double.

Creativity in other professions

Isaac Newton's law of gravity is popularly attributed to a creative leap he experienced when observing a falling apple.
Isaac Newton's law of gravity is popularly attributed to a creative leap he experienced when observing a falling apple. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements

Creativity is also seen as being increasingly important in a variety of other professions. Architecture and industrial design are the fields most often associated with creativity, and more generally the fields of design and design research. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Industrial design is an Applied art whereby the Aesthetics and Usability of mass-produced products may be improved for marketability and Design is used both as a Noun and a Verb. The term is often tied to the various Applied arts and Engineering (See design disciplines Design research investigates the process of Designing in all its many fields These fields explicitly value creativity, and journals such as Design Studies have published many studies on creativity and creative problem solving. [49]

Fields such as science and engineering have, by contrast, experienced a less explicit (but arguably no less important) relation to creativity. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and Simonton[13] shows how some of the major scientific advances of the 20th century can be attributed to the creativity of individuals. This ability will also be seen as increasingly important for engineers in years to come. [50]

Accounting has also been associated with creativity with the popular euphemism creative accounting. Creative accounting and earnings management are Euphemisms referring to Accounting practices that may ”follow the letter of the rules of Standard Although this term often implies unethical practices, Amabile[48] has suggested that even this profession can benefit from the (ethical) application of creative thinking.

Creativity in organizations

Amabile[48] argued that to enhance creativity in business, three components were needed:

Nonaka, who examined several successful Japanese companies, similarly saw creativity and knowledge creation as being important to the success of organizations. [51] In particular, he emphasized the role that tacit knowledge has to play in the creative process. The concept of tacit knowing comes from scientist and philosopher Michael Polanyi.

Economic views of creativity

In the early 20th century, Joseph Schumpeter introduced the economic theory of creative destruction, to describe the way in which old ways of doing things are endogenously destroyed and replaced by the new. Joseph Alois Schumpeter ( February 8, 1883 &ndash January 8, 1950) was an Economist and Political scientist born in The notion of creative destruction is found in the writings of Mikhail Bakunin, Friedrich Nietzsche and in Werner Sombart 's Krieg und Kapitalismus

Creativity is also seen by economists such as Paul Romer as an important element in the recombination of elements to produce new technologies and products and, consequently, economic growth. Paul Michael Romer (born 1955 is an Economist and professor at Stanford University. Creativity leads to capital, and creative products are protected by intellectual property laws. Intellectual property ( IP) is a legal field that refers to creations of the mind such as musical literary and artistic works inventions and symbols names

Creativity is also an important aspect to understanding Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is the practice of starting new Organizations or revitalizing mature Organizations particularly new Businesses generally in response to identified

The creative class is seen by some to be an important driver of modern economies. The creative class is a group of people that social scientist Dr In his 2002 book, The Rise of the Creative Class, economist Richard Florida popularized the notion that regions with "3 T's of economic development: Technology, Talent and Tolerance" also have high concentrations of creative professionals and tend to have a higher level of economic development. An economist is an expert in the Social science of Economics. Richard Florida (born 1957 in Newark New Jersey) is an American Urban studies theorist A creative professional is a person who is employed for the extraction of skills in creative endeavors

Fostering creativity

Main article: creativity techniques

Daniel Pink, in his 2005 book A Whole New Mind, repeating arguments posed throughout the 20th century, argues that we are entering a new age where creativity is becoming increasingly important. Creativity techniques are methods that encourage original thoughts and Divergent thinking. In this conceptual age, we will need to foster and encourage right-directed thinking (representing creativity and emotion) over left-directed thinking (representing logical, analytical thought).

Nickerson[52] provides a summary of the various creativity techniques that have been proposed. These include approaches that have been developed by both academia and industry:

  1. Establishing purpose and intention
  2. Building basic skills
  3. Encouraging acquisitions of domain-specific knowledge
  4. Stimulating and rewarding curiosity and exploration
  5. Building motivation, especially internal motivation
  6. Encouraging confidence and a willingness to take risks
  7. Focusing on mastery and self-competition
  8. Promoting supportable beliefs about creativity
  9. Providing opportunities for choice and discovery
  10. Developing self-management (metacognitive skills)
  11. Teaching techniques and strategies for facilitating creative performance
  12. Providing balance

Some see the conventional system of schooling as "stifling" of creativity and attempt (particularly in the pre-school/kindergarten and early school years) to provide a creativity-friendly, rich, imagination-fostering environment for young children. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency ( German, literally means "children's garden" is a form of education for young children which serves as a transition from home to the commencement of more formal schooling Compare Waldorf School. Waldorf education (also known as Steiner or Steiner-Waldorf education is a Pedagogy based upon the Educational philosophy of Rudolf Steiner, the founder

A growing number of psychologists are supporting the idea that there are methods of increasing the creativity of an individual. Several different researchers have proposed approaches to prop up this idea, ranging from psychological-cognitive, such as:

and

to the highly-structured, such as:

Enhancing the Creative Process with New Technologies

Exploring how to enhance and assist the creative process with new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is a growing field of research.

Earlier research work includes :

More recent work has been conducted by Rody Klein and the Metis Global Reflective Community. This intercultural, global and interdisciplinary team is designing a trace composer interface meant to increase awareness of single and cooperative users (and co-designers) during the collective creative process conducted by a global virtual team involved in the production of an advertainment movie for Beijing Humanistics Olympics 2008.

Cybertigi and Moulin projects are ongoing projects in Mali, exploring the complex relationship of mobile and digital technologies with oral traditions and creative commons of rural communities non connected to Internet. A Wikipedia offline on a single CD was designed as a first step bridging the digital divide between the web arena and unconnected rural communities. The next step would be to find ways to convey creative commons and more contributions from those unconnected rural areas to Wikipedia Online.

A simple but accurate review on this new Human-Computer Interactions (HCI) angle for promoting creativity has been written by Todd Lubart, an invitation full of creative ideas to develop further this new field.

The Creativity and Cognition conference series, sponsored by the ACM and running since 1993 has been an important venue for publishing research on the intersection between technology and creativity. The conference now runs biannually, next taking place in 2009.

Social attitudes to creativity

Although the benefits of creativity to society as a whole have been noted,[53] social attitudes about this topic remain divided. The wealth of literature regarding the development of creativity[54] and the profusion of creativity techniques indicate wide acceptance, at least among academics, that creativity is desirable. Creativity techniques are methods that encourage original thoughts and Divergent thinking.

There is, however, a dark side to creativity, in that it represents a "quest for a radical autonomy apart from the constraints of social responsibility". [55] In other words, by encouraging creativity we are encouraging a departure from society's existing norms and values. Expectation of conformity runs contrary to the spirit of creativity. Nevertheless, employers are increasingly valuing creative skills. A report by the Business Council of Australia, for example, has called for a higher level of creativity in graduates. [56] The ability to "think outside the box" is highly sought after. However, the above-mentioned paradox may well imply that firms pay lip service to thinking outside the box while maintaining traditional, hierarchical organization structures in which individual creativity is not rewarded.

See Also

Notes

  1. ^ (Taylor, 1988)
  2. ^ (Rhodes, 1961)
  3. ^ (Johnson, 1972)
  4. ^ (Boden, 2004)
  5. ^ a b (Koestler, 1964)
  6. ^ Amabile, T. M. , R. Conti, H. Coon, et al. (1996). "Assessing the work environment for creativity". Academy of Management Review 39 (5): 1154-1184.  
  7. ^ a b c d (Tatarkiewicz, 1980)
  8. ^ a b (Albert & Runco, 1999)
  9. ^ a b c (Sternberg, 1999)
  10. ^ (Ward, 2003)
  11. ^ (Smith, 1981)
  12. ^ (Anderson, 2000)
  13. ^ a b (Simonton, 1999)
  14. ^ a b c (Guilford, 1967)
  15. ^ (Weisberg, 1993)
  16. ^ Hadamard, 1954, pp. 13-16.
  17. ^ Brian, 1996, p. 159.
  18. ^ G. H. Hardy cited how the mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan had “moments of sudden illumination. ” See Kanigel, 1992, pp. 285-286.
  19. ^ Interview with Walter Heitler by John Heilbron (March 18, 1963. Archives for the History of Quantum Physics), as cited in and quoted from in Gavroglu, Kostas Fritz London: A Scientific Biography p. Fritz Wolfgang London ( March 7, 1900 &ndash March 30, 1954) was a German -born American theoretical Physicist. 45 (Cambridge, 2005).
  20. ^ von Franz, 1992, p. 297 and 314. Cited work: B. L. van der Waerden, Einfall und Überlegung: Drei kleine Beiträge zur Psychologie des mathematischen Denkens (Gasel & Stuttgart, 1954).
  21. ^ von Franz, 1992, p. 297 and 314. Cited work: Harold Ruegg, Imagination: An Inquiry into the Sources and Conditions That Stimulate Creativity (New York: Harper, 1954).
  22. ^ Brian, 1996, p. 159.
  23. ^ Hadamard, 1954, p. 56.
  24. ^ von Franz, 1992, pp. 297-298.
  25. ^ von Franz, 1992 297-298 and 314.
  26. ^ Jung, 1981, paragraph 440, p. 231.
  27. ^ a b (O'Hara & Sternberg, 1999)
  28. ^ (Plucker & Renzulli, 1999)
  29. ^ (Kenneth M Heilman, MD, Stephen E. Nadeau, MD, and David O. Beversdorf, MD. "Creative Innovation: Possible Brain Mechanisms" Neurocase (2003)
  30. ^ (Flaherty, 2005)
  31. ^ Vandervert 2003a, 2003b; Vandervert, Schimpf & Liu, 2007
  32. ^ Miyake & Shah, 1999
  33. ^ Schmahmann, 1997, 2004
  34. ^ Andersen, Korbo & Pakkenberg, 1992
  35. ^ Miller & Cohen, 2001
  36. ^ Vandervert, 2003a
  37. ^ Jung-Beeman, Bowden, Haberman, Frymiare, Arambel-Liu, Greenblatt, Reber & Kounios, 2004
  38. ^ Imamizu, Kuroda, Miyauchi, Yoshioka & Kawato, 2003
  39. ^ Schmahmann, 2004,
  40. ^ (Rushton, 1990)
  41. ^ http://exploration.vanderbilt.edu/news/news_schizotypes.htm (Actual paper)
  42. ^ [Speaking of Creativity]
  43. ^ (Kraft, 2005)
  44. ^ (Torrance, 1974)
  45. ^ (Carson, 2005)
  46. ^ for example McCrae (1987)
  47. ^ Details: http://iccincsm.at.infoseek.co.jp
  48. ^ a b c (Amabile, 1998)
  49. ^ for a typical example see (Dorst et al. , 2001)
  50. ^ (National Academy of Engineering 2005)
  51. ^ (Nonaka, 1991)
  52. ^ (Nickerson, 1999)
  53. ^ (Runco 2004)
  54. ^ see (Feldman, 1999) for example
  55. ^ (McLaren, 1999)
  56. ^ (BCA, 2006)

References

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Dictionary

creativity

-noun

  1. The quality or ability to create or invent something; originality.
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