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Cranes
Indian Sarus CraneGrus antigone antigone
Indian Sarus Crane
Grus antigone antigone
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Gruiformes
Family: Gruidae
Vigors, 1825
Genera

Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds of the order Gruiformes, and family Gruidae. The Sarus Crane, Grus antigone is an all-year resident breeding Bird in northern Pakistan and India (especially Central India Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. The diverse order Gruiformes contains a considerable number of living and extinct Bird families with on first sight little in common Nicholas Aylward Vigors (1785 &ndash October 26, 1840) was an Irish Zoologist and Politician. Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Grus is a Genus of large Birds in the crane family The species are Common Crane, Grus grus Anthropoides is a small genus of cranes It contains just two species Blue Crane, Anthropoides paradisea, resident in southern The Bird genus Balearica consists of two species in the crane family Gruidae: the Black-crowned Crane ( B The Wattled Crane, Bugeranus carunculatus is a large Bird found in Africa south of the Sahara Desert. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. The diverse order Gruiformes contains a considerable number of living and extinct Bird families with on first sight little in common Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. The herons are wading Birds in the Ardeidae family Some are called Egrets or Bitterns instead of herons Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances". While folklore often states that cranes mate for life, recent scientific research indicates that these birds do change mates over the course of their (considerable) lifetimes (Hayes 2005). Some species and/or populations of cranes migrate over long distances, while some do not migrate at all. Bird migration refers to the regular seasonal journeys undertaken by many species of Birds Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability Cranes are gregarious, forming large flocks where their numbers are sufficient.

Most species of cranes are at least threatened, if not critically endangered, within their range. The plight of the Whooping Cranes of North America inspired some of the first US legislation to protect endangered species. The Whooping Crane ( Grus americana) the tallest North American bird is an Endangered crane species named for its whooping sound and call The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation

They are opportunistic feeders that change their diet according to the season and their own nutrient requirements. They eat a range of items from suitably sized small rodents, fish, amphibians, and insects, to grain, berries, and plants. Rodentia is an order of Mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously-growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Prehistoric amphibian Amphibians (class Amphibia such as Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Gymnophiona, Sirens and Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described The word berry has two meanings one based on a botanical definition the other on common identification Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. (The cranberry is so-named for its flowers' resemblance to the neck and head of the crane. Cranberries are a group of Evergreen dwarf Shrubs or trailing vines in the genus Vaccinium subgenus Oxycoccos )

There are representatives of this group on all the continents except Antarctica and South America. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a

Contents

Systematics

Grey Crowned Crane, Balearica regulorum
Grey Crowned Crane, Balearica regulorum

There are 15 living species of cranes in 4 genera:

SUBFAMILY BALEARICINAE - crowned cranes

SUBFAMILY GRUINAE - typical cranes

The fossil record of cranes leaves much to be desired. The Grey Crowned Crane ( Balearica regulorum) is a bird in the crane family Gruidae. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic In Biological classification, family ( Latin The Bird genus Balearica consists of two species in the crane family Gruidae: the Black-crowned Crane ( B The Black Crowned Crane ( Balearica pavonina) is a Bird in the crane family Gruidae. The Grey Crowned Crane ( Balearica regulorum) is a bird in the crane family Gruidae. Grus is a Genus of large Birds in the crane family The species are Common Crane, Grus grus The Common Crane ( Grus grus) also known as the Eurasian Crane, is a Bird of the family Gruidae, the cranes. The Sandhill Crane ( Grus canadensis) is a large crane of North America and extreme northeastern Siberia. The Whooping Crane ( Grus americana) the tallest North American bird is an Endangered crane species named for its whooping sound and call The Sarus Crane, Grus antigone is an all-year resident breeding Bird in northern Pakistan and India (especially Central India The Brolga ( Grus rubicunda) formerly known as the " Native Companion " is a Bird in the crane family The Siberian Crane, Grus leucogeranus, also known as the Siberian White Crane or the Snow Crane, is a Bird of the family Gruidae The White-naped Crane, Grus vipio is a Bird of the crane family The Hooded Crane, Grus monacha is a small dark crane. It has a grey body The Black-necked Crane, Grus nigricollis also known as Tibetan Crane is a large bird and medium-sized crane at 139 cm (55 in long 235 cm (7 The Red-crowned Crane ( Grus japonensis) also called the Japanese Crane or Manchurian Crane, is a large crane and is the second rarest crane Anthropoides is a small genus of cranes It contains just two species Blue Crane, Anthropoides paradisea, resident in southern The Blue Crane ( Anthropoides paradisea) also known as the Stanley Crane and the Paradise Crane, is the national bird of South Africa. The Demoiselle Crane, Anthropoides virgo is a species of crane that breeds in central Asia, with a few found in Cyprus and eastern The Wattled Crane, Bugeranus carunculatus is a large Bird found in Africa south of the Sahara Desert. The Wattled Crane, Bugeranus carunculatus is a large Bird found in Africa south of the Sahara Desert. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Apparently, the subfamilies were well distinct by the Late Eocene (around 35 mya). The Eocene epoch (558 ± 02 - 339 ± 01 Ma) is a major division of the Geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in In Astronomy, Geology, and Paleontology, mya or " mya " is an abbreviation for "million years ago". The present genera are apparently some 20 mya old. Biogeography of known fossil and the living taxa of cranes suggests that the group is probably of (Laurasian?) Old World origin. Biogeography is the study of the distribution of Biodiversity over Space and Time. Laurasia (lɔˈreɪʃiə lɔˈreɪʒə was a Supercontinent that most recently existed as a part of the split of the Pangaean supercontinent in the late Mesozoic The extant diversity at the genus level is centered on (eastern) Africa, making it all the more regrettable that no decent fossil record exists from there. On the other hand, it is peculiar that numerous fossils of Ciconiiformes are documented from there; these birds presumably shared much of their habitat with cranes back then already. Traditionally the order Ciconiiformes has included a variety of large long-legged wading birds with large bills Storks Herons Egrets A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits" is an Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular Species.

Fossil genera are tentatively assigned to the present-day subfamilies:

Balearicinae

Gruinae

Sometimes considered Gruidae

The supposed Grus prentici is not a true crane; it was eventually placed in the genus Paragrus (Lambrecht 1933:520). In zoological nomenclature, a nomen dubium ( Latin for "doubtful name" plural nomina dubia) is a scientific name that is

Cranes in popular culture

Sandhill Crane
Sandhill Crane

In the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz, a bizarre rumor that one of the Munchkins hanged himself in the forest set is easily disproved by close inspection of the scene. The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical - Fantasy film mainly directed by Victor Fleming and based on the 1900 children’s The supposed body, swinging from a tree branch in the forest set, is actually a live crane in the background. It can be seen as the characters exit the forest near the Tin Man's cottage.

Myth and lore

Pine, Plum and Cranes, 1759 AD, by Shen Quan (1682—1760). Hanging scroll, ink and colour on silk. The Palace Museum, Beijing.
Pine, Plum and Cranes, 1759 AD, by Shen Quan (1682—1760). Hanging scroll, ink and colour on silk. The Palace Museum, Beijing. The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial Palace from the mid- Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty.

The cranes' beauty and their spectacular mating dances have made them highly symbolic birds in many cultures with records dating back to ancient times. Crane mythology is widely spread and can be found in areas such as the Aegean, South Arabia, China, Korea, Japan and in the Native American cultures of North America. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. In northern Hokkaidō, the women of the Ainu people, whose culture is more Siberian than Japanese, performed a crane dance that was captured in 1908 in a photograph by Arnold Genthe. WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japan 's ʔáinu (also called Ezo in historical texts are an ethnic group indigenous to Hokkaidō, the Kuril Islands, and much of Sakhalin. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Arnold Genthe (January 8 1869 – August 9 1942 was a Photographer, best known for his photos of San Francisco 's Chinatown, the 1906 San Francisco In Korea, a crane dance has been performed in the courtyard of the Tongdosa Temple since the Silla Dynasty (646 CE). Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

In Mecca, in pre-Islamic South Arabia, the goddesses Allat, Uzza, and Manah, who were believed to be daughters of and intercessors with Allah, were called the "three exalted cranes" (gharaniq, an obscure word on which 'crane' is the usual gloss). Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Mentioned in the Qur'an ( Sura 53:20 al-Lāt (Arabic اللَّات was a pre- Islamic Arabian Goddess who was one of the three Mentioned in the Qur'an ( Sura 53:19 al-‘Uzzá "the Mightiest One" or "the strong" (derived from the root ʕzz) was a pre- Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' This article is about the literary term For other uses see Gloss (disambiguation. See The Satanic Verses for the best-known story regarding these three goddesses. Satanic Verses is an expression coined by the historian Sir William Muir in reference to a few verses delivered by Muhammad as part of the Qur'an

The Greek for crane is Γερανος (Geranos), which gives us the Cranesbill, or hardy geranium. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Gardeners often use the name "geranium" to mean Pelargonium: see below. The crane was a bird of omen. In the tale of Ibycus and the cranes, a thief attacked Ibycus (a poet of the 6th century BCE) and left him for dead. Ibycus ( Ancient Greek:) (6th century BC of Rhegium in Italy, was an Ancient Greek lyric Poet. Ibycus called to a flock of passing cranes, who followed the murderer to a theater and hovered over him until, stricken with guilt, he confessed to the crime.

Pliny the Elder wrote that cranes would appoint one of their number to stand guard while they slept. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author The sentry would hold a stone in its claw, so that if it fell asleep it would drop the stone and waken.

A pair of Red-crowned Cranes in the Tokyo Zoo.
A pair of Red-crowned Cranes in the Tokyo Zoo. The Red-crowned Crane ( Grus japonensis) also called the Japanese Crane or Manchurian Crane, is a large crane and is the second rarest crane

Aristotle describes the migration of cranes in The History of Animals, adding an account of their fights with Pygmies as they wintered near the source of the Nile. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He describes as untruthful an account that the crane carries a touchstone inside it that can be used to test for gold when vomited up. A touchstone is a small tablet of dark stone such as Fieldstone, Slate, or Lydite, used for Assaying Precious metal Alloys (This second story is not altogether implausible, as cranes might ingest appropriate gizzard stones in one locality and regurgitate them in a region where such stone is otherwise scarce)

Also, the word "pedigree" comes from the Old French phrase, "pie de grue", which means "foot of a crane", as the pedigree diagram looks similar to the branches coming out of a crane's foot. Old French was the Romance Dialect continuum spoken in territories which span roughly the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium

The "Turtle carry crane on its back" statue in Văn Miếu- Temple of Literature in Hà Nội, Vietnam.
The "Turtle carry crane on its back" statue in Văn Miếu- Temple of Literature in Hà Nội, Vietnam. Văn Miếu ( 文[[wikt 廟|廟]] or Temple of Literature, known as "pagode des Corbeaux" during the period of French colonisation is a Temple of Confucius Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially

A crane is considered auspicious in China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially It is one of the symbols of longevity and is often represented with other symbols of long life, such as pine, bamboo, and the tortoise. Vietnamese people consider crane and dragon to be symbols of their culture. In feudal Japan the crane was protected by the ruling classes and fed by the peasants. When the feudal system was abolished in the Meiji era of the 19th century, the protection of cranes was lost. With effort they have been brought back from the brink of extinction. Japan has named one of their satellites tsuru (crane, the bird). This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite. According to tradition, if one folds 1000 origami cranes one's wish for health will be granted. (from oru meaning "folding" and kami meaning "paper" is the ancient Japanese Art of Paper folding. Since the death of Sadako Sasaki this applies to a wish for peace as well. Sadako Sasaki ( Japanese:佐々木 禎子 Sasaki Sadako, January 7, 1943 &ndash October 25, 1955) was a Japanese girl

Also, traditional Chinese 'heavenly cranes' (tian-he) or 'blessed cranes' (xian-he) were messengers of wisdom. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Legendary Taoist sages were transported between heavenly worlds on the backs of cranes. Tao ( 道, Pinyin Dào) is a metaphysical concept found in Taoism, Confucianism, and more generally in ancient Chinese philosophy

See also

References

External links

Myth and Lore links

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