The Cox-Forbes theory is a long-debunked theory on the evolution of chess put forward by Captain Hiram Cox and extended by Professor Duncan Forbes (1798–1868). Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. Duncan Forbes may refer to Duncan Forbes (linguist (1798–1868 Scottish linguist Duncan Forbes of Culloden (1644-1704 Scottish politician
The theory states that a four-handed dice-chess game (Chaturaji) was played in India in approximately 3000 BC; due to the results of certain rules or the difficulty in getting enough players the game evolved into a two-handed game (Chaturanga). Chaturaji (means " four kings " also known as " Choupat " IAST Caupāṭ, caupaʈ is a four player version of Chaturanga India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The 30th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 3000 BC to 2901 BC This article is about two-handed ancient game Chaturanga For the four-handed version played with dice see Chaturaji. Due to religious and legal objections to gambling the dice were dropped from the game, making it a game purely of skill.
The theory was mostly based on evidence in the Indian text Purana, but more recent study of the work has shown the evidence to be weaker than previously thought. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times" Also the work is now assigned a more conservative date of 500 BC rather than the earlier 3000 BC. The 30th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 3000 BC to 2901 BC As a result the theory is now rejected by all serious chess historians. This is a list of chess historians: Ricardo Calvo Hiram Cox Henry Davidson Richard Eales
Albrecht Weber (1825–1901) and Dutch chess historian Antonius van der Linde (1833–1897) found that the sources quoted by Forbes did not contain the references he claimed. While working on Geschichte und Litteratur des Schachspiels (Berlin, 1874, two vols. ), Van der Linde also found that the text around which Forbes had built his entire theory was actually from around AD 1500 rather than 3000 BC as claimed by Forbes. Van der Linde thought that Forbes deliberately lied, and was furious. John Griswold White wrote in 1898, "He did not even make good use of the material known to him. " (Hooper & Whyld 1992, pp. 143, 226–7)
See also
References
- Hooper, David & Whyld, Kenneth (1992), The Oxford Companion to Chess (2 ed. The game of Chess has been attributed to the Indians both by the Persians and by the Arabs However the origin of the game remains lost in antiquity David Vincent Hooper ( 31 August 1915 - May 1998 born in Reigate, was a British Chess player and writer Kenneth Whyld ( March 6, 1926 - July 11, 2003) was a British Chess author and researcher best known as the co-author (with The Oxford Companion to Chess is a reference Book on Chess written by David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld. ), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 143, 226–7, ISBN 0-19-280049-3
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