Covent Garden
Covent Garden shown within Greater London
OS grid reference	TQ303809
London borough	Westminster
	Camden
Ceremonial county	Greater London
Region	London
Constituent country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	LONDON
Postcode district	WC2
Dialling code	020
Police	Metropolitan
Fire	London
Ambulance	London
European Parliament	London
UK Parliament	Cities of London and Westminster
	Holborn and St. Pancras
London Assembly	West Central
	Barnet and Camden
List of places: UK • England • London

Coordinates: 51°30′43″N 0°07′22″W / 51.51197, -0.1228

Covent Garden is a district in London, England, located on the easternmost parts of the City of Westminster and the southwest corner of the London Borough of Camden. Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England. The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government The City of Westminster ( is a borough of London with city status. The London Borough of Camden ( is a borough of London, England, which forms part of Inner London. The ceremonial counties are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government as the Counties for the purposes of the Lieutenancies Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England. 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It currently elects 9 MEPs using the D'Hondt method of Party-list proportional This is a list of the 646 constituencies currently represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, as at the 2005 general election Cities of London and Westminster is a Constituency covering the area comprising the City of London and southern portion of the City of Westminster in Holborn and St Pancras is a parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom covering the southern half of the London Borough of Camden which includes districts of Camden Greater London is divided into fourteen territorial constituencies for London Assembly elections each returning one member West Central is a Constituency represented on the London Assembly. Barnet and Camden is a Constituency represented in the London Assembly. A Gazetteer of place names in the United Kingdom showing each place's County, Unitary authority or council area and its geographical coordinates List of places --> List of cities in the United Kingdom List of towns in England Lists of places This is a partial list of places in London, England See List of places in England for lists of settlements in other counties A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The City of Westminster ( is a borough of London with city status. The London Borough of Camden ( is a borough of London, England, which forms part of Inner London. The area is dominated by shopping, street performers and entertainment facilities and contains an entrance to the Royal Opera House Covent Garden, which is also widely known simply as "Covent Garden", and the bustling Seven Dials area. WikipediaWikiProject Opera --> The Royal Opera House is an Opera house and major performing Seven Dials is a small but well-known Road junction in the West End of London near Covent Garden where seven streets converge to form

The area is bounded by High Holborn to the north, Kingsway to the east, the Strand to the south and Charing Cross Road to the west. High Holborn is a road in Holborn in central London, England. Kingsway is a major road in central London in the United Kingdom, designated as part of the A4200. The Strand is a street in the City of Westminster, London, England. Charing Cross Road is a London street which runs immediately north of St Martin-in-the-Fields to St Giles' Circus (the intersection with Oxford Street Covent Garden Piazza is located in the geographical centre of the area and was the site of a flower, fruit and vegetable market from the 1500s until 1974, when the wholesale market relocated to New Covent Garden Market in Nine Elms. New Covent Garden Market is a wholesale fruit vegetable and flower market known as 'London's Larder' located in Nine Elms between Vauxhall and Battersea Nine Elms is a district of London, situated in the far north-eastern corner of the London Borough of Wandsworth between Battersea and Vauxhall Nearby areas include Soho, St James's, Bloomsbury and Holborn. This article is about an area of Manhattan, New York City. For the area in London UK see Soho. St James's is an area of central London in the City of Westminster. Bloomsbury is an area of central London in the south of the London Borough of Camden, developed by the Russell family in the 17th and 18th centuries into Holborn (ˈhoʊbɚn or /ˈhoʊbɝːn/ "ho bun" is an area of Central London, England

History

Roman times to the 1500s

A settlement has existed in the area since the Roman times of Londinium. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial This article covers the history of London during the Roman period from around 47 AD when the Roman city of Londinium was founded

"Convent Garden" (later becoming Covent Garden as we know it today) was the name given, during the reign of King John (1199–1216), to a 40-acre (16 ha) patch in the county of Middlesex, bordered west and east by what is now St. Martin's Lane and Drury Lane, and north and south by Floral Street and a line drawn from Chandos Place, along Maiden Lane and Exeter Street to the Aldwych. John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture, Middlesex is one of the 39 historic counties of England and the second smallest by area. St Martin's Lane is a street in Central London, which runs from the church of St Drury Lane is a street in the Covent Garden area of London, running between Aldwych and High Holborn. Aldwych ('ɔːldwɪtʃ is a place and road in the City of Westminster in London, England.

In this quadrangle the Abbey or Convent of St. Peter, Westminster, maintained a large kitchen garden throughout the Middle Ages to provide its daily food. Over the next three centuries, the monks' old "convent garden" became a major source of fruit and vegetables in London and was managed by a succession of leaseholders by grant from the Abbot of Westminster.

This type of lease eventually led to property disputes throughout the kingdom, which Henry VIII solved in 1540 by the stroke of a pen when he dissolved the monasteries and appropriated their land. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the formal process between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded

King Henry VIII granted part of the land to Baron Russell, Lord High Admiral and, later, Earl of Bedford. John Russell 1st Earl of Bedford, KG, PC, JP (c 1485 &ndash 14 March 1554 /1555 was an English royal minister in the later The Admiralty was formerly the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy. The titles of Earl or Duke of Bedford (named after Bedford, England) were created several times in In fulfilment of his father's dying wish, King Edward VI bestowed the remainder of the convent garden in 1547 to his maternal uncle, Edward Seymour, the Duke of Somerset who began building Somerset House on the south side of Strand the next year. Edward VI (12 October 1537 &ndash 6 July 1553 became King of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547 and was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine } Edward Seymour 1st Duke of Somerset (c 1506 &ndash 22nd January 1552 was Lord Protector of England in the period between the death of Henry VIII in Somerset House is a large building situated on the south side of the Strand in central London, overlooking the River Thames, just east of Waterloo The Strand is a street in the City of Westminster, London, England. When Seymour was beheaded for treason in 1552, the land once again came into royal gift, and was awarded four months later to one of those who had contributed to Seymour's downfall. Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head or beheading, is the cutting off of the head of a person or animal In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. Forty acres (16 ha), known as "le Covent Garden" plus "the long acre", were granted by royal patent in perpetuity to the Earl of Bedford. A land patent is evidence of Right, title, and/or interest to a tract of land usually granted by a central, federal, or State

1600s to 1800s

The modern-day Covent Garden has its roots in the early 17th century when land ("the Convent's Garden") was redeveloped by Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford. Francis Russell 4th Earl of Bedford PC (1593 &ndash May 9, 1641) was an English Politician. The area was designed by Inigo Jones, the first and greatest of English Renaissance architects. Iñigo Jones ( July 15, 1573 &ndash June 21, 1652) is regarded as the first significant British architect, and the first to bring He was inspired by late 15th century and early 16th century planned market towns known as bastides (themselves modelled on Roman colonial towns by way of nearby monasteries, of which "Convent" Garden was one). Bastides are fortified new towns built in Medieval Languedoc, Gascony and Aquitaine during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries although The centrepiece of the project was an arcaded piazza. The church of St Paul's, Covent Garden stood at the centre of the western side of the piazza. St Paul's Church, also commonly known as the Actors' Church, is a church located in Covent Garden, London, England. A market, which was originally open air, occupied the centre of the piazza.

The area rapidly became a base for market traders, and following the Great Fire of London of 1666 which destroyed 'rival' markets towards the east of the city, the market became the most important in the country. This article is about the Great Fire of 1666 For other great fires in London see Early fires of London or Second Great Fire of London. Exotic items from around the world were carried on boats up the River Thames and sold on from Covent Garden. The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. The first mention of a Punch and Judy show in Britain was recorded by diarist Samuel Pepys, who saw such a show in the square in May 1662. Punch and Judy is a traditional popular English Puppet show featuring the characters of Punch and his wife Judy Samuel Pepys, FRS (23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703 was an English naval administrator and Member of Parliament, who is now most famous for Today Covent Garden is the only part of London licensed for street entertainment with performers having to undertake auditions for the Market's management and representatives of the performers' union and signing up to timetabled slots. In 1830 a grand building reminiscent of the Roman baths such as those found in Bath was built to provide a more permanent trading centre. This page is on buildings used for Roman bathing For the activity in general see Ancient Roman bathing. Bath is a city in Somerset in the south west of England It is situated west of London and south-east of Bristol.

On 7 April 1779, the pavement outside the Covent Garden playhouse was the scene of the notorious murder of Martha Ray, mistress of the Earl of Sandwich, by her admirer the Rev. Not to be confused with singer/actress Martha Raye. Martha Ray (1742 &ndash April 7 1779) was a British John Montagu 4th Earl of Sandwich, PC, FRS ( 3 November 1718 &ndash 30 April 1792) succeeded his grandfather James Hackman, who was hanged twelve days later. James Hackman (baptized 13 December 1752, hanged 19 April 1779) briefly Rector of Wiveton in Norfolk, ^[1]

Modern-day period

The exterior of Covent Garden market

The interior of Covent Garden Market

In 1913, responding to political feeling against large holdings of real property, and wishing to diversify his investment portfolio into less politically sensitive fields, the Duke of Bedford agreed to sell the Covent Garden Estate to the MP and land speculator Harry Mallaby-Deeley for £2 million. The following year Mallaby-Deeley sold his option to buy to the pill manufacturer Sir Joseph Beecham for £250,000. Beecham was a British pharmaceutical company Following mergers in the late 20th century it is now part of GlaxoSmithKline. Sir Joseph Beecham 1st Baronet ( 8 June 1848 - 23 October 1916) the eldest son of Thomas Beecham (1820-1907 played a large part in the growth After delays caused by the First World War and the death of Sir Joseph, the sale was finalised in 1918, the purchasers being Sir Joseph's two sons, Sir Thomas and Henry. Sir Thomas Beecham 2nd Baronet, CH (29 April 1879 &ndash 8 March 1961 was a British conductor and Impresario. The transaction included the market, 231 other properties, and sundry other rights. The property was part of Beecham Estates and Pills Limited from 1924 to 1928 and from 1928 it was owned by a successor company called Covent Garden Properties Company Limited, owned by the Beechams and other private investors. This new company sold some properties at Covent Garden, while becoming active in property investment in other parts of London. In 1962 the bulk of the remaining properties in the Covent Garden area, including the market, were sold to the newly established government-owned Covent Garden Authority for £3,925,000. ^[2]

By the end of the 1960s, traffic congestion in the surrounding area had reached such a level that the use of the square as a market, which required increasingly large lorries for deliveries and distribution, was becoming unsustainable. This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck. The whole area was threatened with complete redevelopment. Following a public outcry, in 1973 the Home Secretary, Robert Carr, gave dozens of buildings around the square listed building status, preventing redevelopment. A moral panic can be defined as "the intensity of feeling expressed by a large number of people about a specific group of people who appear to threaten the social order at a given The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office Leonard Robert Carr Baron Carr of Hadley PC (born 11 November 1916) is a British Conservative politician A listed building in the United Kingdom is a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural historical or cultural significance The following year the market finally moved to a new site (called the New Covent Garden Market) about three miles (5 km) south-west at Nine Elms. New Covent Garden Market is a wholesale fruit vegetable and flower market known as 'London's Larder' located in Nine Elms between Vauxhall and Battersea Nine Elms is a district of London, situated in the far north-eastern corner of the London Borough of Wandsworth between Battersea and Vauxhall The square languished until its central building re-opened as a shopping centre and tourist attraction in 1980. Today the shops largely sell novelty items, though street performers can be seen almost every day of the year, both on the pitches within the market, and on the West and East Piazza's/James Street outside. More serious shoppers gravitate to Long Acre, which has a range of clothes shops and boutiques, and Neal Street, noted for its large number of shoe shops. Covent Garden (Pronunciation kɒvʌnt is a district in London, England, located on the easternmost parts of the City of Westminster and the southwest London's Transport Museum and the side entrance to the Royal Opera House box office and other facilities are also located on the Piazza. The London Transport Museum, or LT Museum based in Covent Garden, London, seeks to conserve and explain the transport heritage of Britain WikipediaWikiProject Opera --> The Royal Opera House is an Opera house and major performing

In August 2007, Covent Garden launched the UK's first food Night Market. Fresh produce from over 35 different stalls included Neal's Yard's specialist cheeses, Spore Boys' mushroom sandwiches, Gourmet Candy Company, Ginger Pig sausages and Burnt Sugar fudge. The aim of the Night Market was to bring Covent Garden back to its roots as the "Larder of London". Organisers are hoping to make it a permanent event in 2008 as part of a wider initiative to regenerate interest in the Covent Garden area.

Covent Garden Market and Piazza was bought by Capco in August 2006 for £421 million^[3]. Capco is a company active in the Financial Services Industry Capco offers consulting technology and managed services to financial institutions In March 2007 Capco also acquired the shops located under the Royal Opera House. ^[4] The complete Covent Garden Estate owned by Capco consists of 550,000 sq. ft. and has a market value of £650 million. ^[3]

Covent Garden Market re-opened as a retail centre in 1980, after the produce market was moved to its current location in Nine Elms. Nine Elms is a district of London, situated in the far north-eastern corner of the London Borough of Wandsworth between Battersea and Vauxhall Street entertainment at Covent Garden was first mentioned in Samuel Pepys' diary in 1662. Samuel Pepys, FRS (23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703 was an English naval administrator and Member of Parliament, who is now most famous for ^[5] Today Covent Garden is the only part of London licensed for street entertainment with performers having to undertake auditions for the Market's management and representatives of the performers' union and signing up to timetabled slots.

Currently performers operate in a number of venues around the market, including the North Hall, West Piazza, and South Hall Courtyard. The courtyard space is dedicated to classical music only. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music There are street performances at Covent Garden Market every day of the year, except Christmas Day. Shows run throughout the day and are 30-40 minutes in length.

In March 2008, Capco proposed to reduce street performances by approximately 50%. In the Courtyard, shows currently run back to back from 10:30am to 7:00pm, with short breaks in between each show, allowing for two shows each hour. Under the new proposal, performances would be cut to one 30 minute show each hour. The musicians and performers staged a demonstration "busk" in the Piazza against these cuts on 27th March with the opera singer Lesley Garrett who is supporting their campaign^[6]. Lesley Garrett CBE (born 10 April 1955) is an English Soprano and media personality They have organised a petition which so far has over 5,000 signatures including Ken Livingstone, Brian Paddick, Vasko Vassilev, Brian Eno and Victoria Wood. Kenneth Robert Livingstone (born 17 June 1945 is a British Socialist Politician. Brian Paddick (born 24 April 1958) is a British politician and was the Liberal Democrat candidate for the London mayoral election 2008 Brian Peter George St John le Baptiste de la Salle Eno (born 15 May 1948 commonly known as Brian Eno (ˈiːnoʊ is an English Musician, producer Victoria Wood CBE (born 19 May 1953 in Prestwich, Lancashire) is a BAFTA award winning English Comedian

Royal Opera House

The Floral Hall, now part of the Royal Opera House

Main article: Royal Opera House

In the 1960s an extension to the rear of the Royal Opera House had somewhat improved its facilities, but as time passed, it became clear that a major remodelling was needed. WikipediaWikiProject Opera --> The Royal Opera House is an Opera house and major performing In 1975 the government gave adjacent land for the modernisation, refurbishment and extension of the house and, by 1995, with the availability of National Lottery money, significant funds had been raised. The National Lottery is the largest Lottery in the United Kingdom. A major reconstruction of the building took place between 1996 and 2000, involving the demolition of almost the whole site (except for the auditorium itself), including several adjacent buildings, to make room for a major increase in the overall scale of the complex. In terms of volume, well over half of the complex is new.

The new opera house has greatly improved technical, rehearsal, office and educational facilities, a new studio theatre, the Linbury Theatre, and much more public space. The inclusion of the adjacent old Floral Hall, long a part of the old Covent Garden Market but in general disrepair for many years, into the actual opera house created a new and extensive public gathering place. The venue is now claimed by the ROH to be the most modern theatre facility in Europe.

St Paul's Church

Main article: St Paul's, Covent Garden

In 2005 the path leading up to the front of St Paul's Church was given plaques similar to those in Leicester Square which became known as the Avenue of Stars. St Paul's Church, also commonly known as the Actors' Church, is a church located in Covent Garden, London, England. St Paul's Church, also commonly known as the Actors' Church, is a church located in Covent Garden, London, England. The Avenue of Stars was London 's version of the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The plaques quickly deteriorated and only lasted a year before being removed.

A street performer in front of the Market

Transport and locale

Location in Context

Also nearby

• Aldwych
• Leicester Square
• Trafalgar Square

Nearest stations

• Covent Garden (Piccadilly Line)
• Charing Cross (Northern Line, Bakerloo Line, National Rail)
• Leicester Square (Piccadilly Line, Northern Line)
• Holborn (Piccadilly Line, Central Line)
• Embankment (Circle Line, District Line, Northern Line and Bakerloo Line)

Cultural connections

The marketplace and Royal Opera House were memorably brought together in the opening of George Bernard Shaw's play, Pygmalion, where Professor Henry Higgins is waiting for a cab to take him home from the opera when he comes across Eliza Doolittle selling flowers in the market. Fitzrovia is an area of Central London, near London's West End. Bloomsbury is an area of central London in the south of the London Borough of Camden, developed by the Russell family in the 17th and 18th centuries into Clerkenwell is an area of central London in the London Borough of Islington. This article is about an area of Manhattan, New York City. For the area in London UK see Soho. Holborn (ˈhoʊbɚn or /ˈhoʊbɝːn/ "ho bun" is an area of Central London, England The name Chinatown has been used at different times to describe different places in London. The Strand is a street in the City of Westminster, London, England. The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple is one of the four Inns of Court around the Royal Courts of Justice in London which may call members to Aldwych ('ɔːldwɪtʃ is a place and road in the City of Westminster in London, England. For the British guitarist see Lester Square. Leicester Square (ˈlɛstɚ is a Pedestrianised square in the West End Trafalgar Square is a square in central London, England. With its position in the heart of London it is a tourist attraction its trademark is Nelson's Covent Garden is a London Underground station in Covent Garden. The Piccadilly line is a line of the London Underground, coloured dark Blue on the Tube map. Charing Cross tube station is a London Underground station at Charing Cross in the City of Westminster with entrances located in Trafalgar Square The Northern line is a deep-level tube line on the London Underground, coloured black on the Tube map. The Bakerloo line is a line of the London Underground, coloured brown on the Tube map. Charing Cross railway station is a central London railway terminus Leicester Square is a station on the London Underground, located on Charing Cross Road, a short distance to the east of Leicester Square itself The Piccadilly line is a line of the London Underground, coloured dark Blue on the Tube map. The Northern line is a deep-level tube line on the London Underground, coloured black on the Tube map. Holborn is a station of the London Underground in Holborn in London, located at the junction of High Holborn and Kingsway. The Piccadilly line is a line of the London Underground, coloured dark Blue on the Tube map. The Central line is a line of the London Underground and coloured red on the Tube map. Embankment tube station is a London Underground station in the City of Westminster, known for most of its history as Charing Cross. The Circle line, coloured yellow on the tube map is the eighth busiest line on the London Underground. The District line is a line of the London Underground, coloured green on the Tube map. The Northern line is a deep-level tube line on the London Underground, coloured black on the Tube map. The Bakerloo line is a line of the London Underground, coloured brown on the Tube map. George Bernard Shaw ( (26 July 1856 &ndash 2 November 1950 was an Irish Playwright. Pygmalion (1913 is a play by George Bernard Shaw based on the Greek myth of the same name. Pygmalion (1913 is a play by George Bernard Shaw based on the Greek myth of the same name. Pygmalion (1913 is a play by George Bernard Shaw based on the Greek myth of the same name.

In the mid-1950s, before he directed such films as If.... and O Lucky Man!, Lindsay Anderson directed a short film about the daily activities of the Covent Garden market called Every Day Except Christmas. if is an award-winning 1968 Feature film by British director Lindsay Anderson satirising English public school O Lucky Man! ( 1973) is a surreal British Film, intended as an allegory on life in a capitalist society Lindsay Gordon Anderson ( April 17 1923 — August 30 1994) was an Indian born English Feature film, Theatre Every Day Except Christmas is a 37-minute Documentary film made at Covent Garden in 1957 and directed by Lindsay Anderson. It shows 12 hours in the life of the market and market people, now long gone from the area, but it also reflects three centuries of tradition in the operation of the daily fruit and vegetable market.

Alfred Hitchcock's 1972 film, Frenzy, likewise takes place amongst the pubs and fruit markets of Covent Garden. Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE (13 Frenzy is a 1972 thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and is the Penultimate feature film of his extensive career The serial sex killer in Frenzy is a local fruit vendor, and the film features several blackly comic moments suggesting a metaphorical correlation between the consumption of food and the act of rape–murder. Hitchcock was the son of a retail greengrocer in North-East London and would have known the area; and so, the film was partly conceived (and marketed) as a semi-nostalgic return to familiar streets from the director's childhood.

Streets

Neal Street

Neal Street, named after Thomas Neale (1641-1699) who designed the Seven Dials development and set up the first central postal service in the American colonies, was home to the punk club The Roxy in 1977^[7]. Thomas Neale (1641-1699 was a British projector and politician and well known in the United States as being the first equivalent to a postmaster general of the colonies Seven Dials is a small but well-known Road junction in the West End of London near Covent Garden where seven streets converge to form The Roxy was a fashionable nightclub on Neal Street in London 's Covent Garden, known for hosting the flowering British Punk music scene in its infancy It is the centre of a fashion-focused mid-market retailing district which caters mainly for young people^[8]. Fashion refers to styles of dress (but can also include cuisine literature art architecture and general comportment that are popular in a culture at any given time For the 2008 British film by Noel Clarke see Adulthood (film.

Bibliography

• Boursnell, Clive, Covent Garden Market, London: Studio Vista, 1977, ISBN 0-289-70806-0 (mainly author's photographs of the Market activities and people)

References

External links

• Covent Garden volume of the Survey of London online (published 1970). See John Stow for the 1598 work 'Survey of London' The Survey of London is a research project to produce a comprehensive historical A very detailed architectural history.
• Covent Garden Community Association
• Covent Garden landscape architecture
• Covent Garden Street Performers Association
• Covent Garden Live
• Photos of Covent Garden in 1973