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A coup d’état (also coup) (pronounced /kuːdeɪˈtɑː/ AHD: [ko͞o"dā tä]) is the sudden overthrow of a government by a part of the state establishment — usually the military — to replace the branch of the stricken government, either with another civil government or with a military government. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Military history is a Humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity Prehistoric warfare is War conducted in the era before Writing, and before the establishments of large social entities like States Historical warfare sets Ancient warfare is War as conducted from the beginnings of recorded History to the end of the ancient period Medieval Warfare is the warfare of the Middle Ages. 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List of battles (alphabetical gives a global list See also Military History Antiquity Albania Agron ( 250 BC - 230 BC) The first king to unite the Illyrian This is a list of missions operations and projects Missions in support of other missions are not listed independently A Siege is a prolonged Military Assault and Blockade on a City or Fortress with the intent of conquering by force or Attrition See also List of military writers. Friedrich von Bernhardi Ivan Bloch John Boyd, inventor of the OODA Loop This is a listing of lists of Wars, sorted by country date region and type of conflict This article lists and summarizes War crimes committed since the Hague Convention of 1907. There is a bewildering array of Weapons far more than would be useful in list form This is a list of military writers, alphabetical by last name The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( AHD) is an American Dictionary of the English language published by For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking

Politically, the coup d’état is a type of political engineering, generally violent (hence "strike", "blow"; French "coup"), but not always, yet differing from a revolution (by a larger, armed group to effect violent, radical change to the political system) in that the change is to the government, not the form of government. Political engineering is a concept in Political science that deals with the designing of political institutions in a society A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively

Linguistically, coup d’état is French for “a strike to the state” (coup [blow], d’ [to the] état, [state]). French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people ^[1] Analogously, the term also is casually used to mean gaining advantage on a rival, either by a group or a person, e. g. an intelligence coup, boardroom coup.

Since the unsuccessful coups d’état of Wolfgang Kapp in 1920 (the Kapp Putsch), and of Adolf Hitler in 1923 (the Beer Hall Putsch), the Swiss German word "Putsch" (pronounced [ˈpʊtʃ]) (originally coined with the Züriputsch of 1839) is often used also, even in French (such as the putsch of November 8, 1942 and the putsch of April 21, 1961, both in Algiers) and Russian (August Putsch in 1991), while the direct German translation is Staatsstreich. The Kapp Putsch — or more accurately the Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch — was a 1920 coup attempt during the German revolution aimed at overthrowing the Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The Beer Hall Putsch (also known as the Munich Putsch) was a failed Coup d'état that occurred between the evening of Thursday November 8 A Helvetism (new lat Helvetia = Switzerland and -ism) is any distinctive characteristic of Swiss Standard German that is not found in other varieties of The Züriputsch of 6 September 1839 was a Putsch of the rural conservative population against the liberal French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Algiers putsch (Putsch d'Alger or fr ''Coup d'État d'Alger'' also known as the Generals' putsch ( Putsch des Généraux) took place from the afternoon Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt ( August 19 - August 21, 1991) also known as the August Putsch or August Coup was a three-day The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.

Tactically, a coup d’état usually involves control by an active portion of the country's military, while neutralizing the remainder of the armed services' possible counteraction. A tactic is a conceptual action used by a military unit of no larger than a division to implement a specific mission and achieve a specific objective or to advance toward a The acting group either captures or expels the political and military leaders, seizes physical control of the most important government offices, means of communication, and the physical infrastructure, such as key streets and electric power plants. Infrastructure typically refers to the technical structures that support a society such as Roads Water supply, Wastewater, Power grids

The coup d’état succeeds if its opponents fail to thwart the usurpers, allowing them to consolidate their positions, obtain the surrender of the overthrown government or acquiescence of the populace and the surviving armed forces, and thus claim legitimacy. Coups d’état typically use the power of the existing government for the takeover. As Edward Luttwak remarks in Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook: A coup consists of the infiltration of a small, but critical, segment of the state apparatus, which is then used to displace the government from its control of the remainder. Edward Nicolae Luttwak (born 1942 is an American military strategist and historian who has published works on Military strategy, history Coup d'État A Practical Handbook ( 1968) is a history book by Edward Luttwak examining the whys and wherefores for the conditions strategy planning In this sense, the use of either military or another organized force is not the defining feature of a coup d'État.

Contents 1 Etymology 2 The Pronunciamiento 3 Types of coups d’état 4 Post-military-coup governments 5 Incumbent leaders of regimes who assumed power via a coup d’état 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links 9 References

Etymology

Although the coup d'état has been used in politics since antiquity,^[2] the expression itself is relatively new. Per the Oxford Dictionary, in 1646, Howell first used coup d'État in his book Louis XIII: Life of Richelieu. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) It was first used in England, in 1811, by Thompson, referring to Napoleon Bonaparte's overthrowing of the Revolutionary Directory in 1799. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe.

According to Professor Thomas Childers of the University of Pennsylvania, the lack of an English word to denote a sudden, unconstitutional change of government derives from England's political institutions. The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Although the histories of France and Germany are coloured with such political actions, England's history is not. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The last coup d’état in England was the Glorious Revolution in 1688, in which a parliamentarian group headed by William of Orange overthrew James II, the last Roman Catholic monarch, to establish a modern parliamentary democracy. The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland in 1688 by a union James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which In England, this is a rare political occurrence, hence there has been no need to coin a descriptive word.

Coup d'état comes from the French word to overthrow without a civil war, or any war for that matter.

The Pronunciamiento

The Pronunciamiento is the Spanish and Hispano American analogue of the military coup d’état although "golpe de estado" is a more used expression. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Pronunciamiento (pronouncement in English), refers to the installation, explanation, and justification of the effected coup d’état. Edward Luttwak, explains that the difference between a pronunciamiento and a coup d'état is that in the latter, a military faction overthrows the civilian government, whereas a pronunciamiento is the overthrowing of civilian government by official action of the command structure (the chiefs of staff) of its military forces.

In recent years, the military coup d’état has declined worldwide as a means of changing government. The usual military intervention in civil government, regarded as a coup d'état, uses the threat of military force to depose a politically vulnerable or an unpopular leader. In contrast to a traditional coup d'état, the military do not directly assume power, but install a militarily-acceptable civilian leader. The advantage is the appearance of legitimacy; classic examples are the collapse of the French Fourth Republic, and the bloodless coup d'état effected on August 3, 2005, in Mauritania while the president was in Saudi Arabia. The founding of the Fourth Republic (1944-47 See also Three Parties, Third Force (France European Unity The creation of the Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi

There have been examples of the potential for mass street protests to persuade the military to withdraw its support of unpopular leaders, sometimes leading the opposition to take power in a coup d’état fashion. Protest expresses relatively overt reaction to events or situations sometimes in favor though more often opposed In such situations, such as in Serbia (2000), Argentina (2001), the Philippines (1986 and 2001), Bolivia (2003), Georgia (2003), Ukraine (2004-2005), Lebanon, Ecuador (2005), and Bolivia (2005), popular uprisings forced the incumbent president or leader to resign so that a new leader might assume power. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. This often results in economic stability and political calm, in which an unknown and uncontroversial interim leader can govern until proper elections are held. Generally, these changes of government are not described as coups d’état, because they are not orchestrated by a small group, but result from popular action. The Iranian Revolution of 1979 is such a change of government, led by the Ayatollah Khomeini, because it sprang from popular opposition to the rule of the last Shah of Iran. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed Seyyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ( Persian:, pronounced muːsæviː-je xomejniː}}( September 24, 1902 – June 3 1989

Types of coups d’état

Besides Luttwak's non-military coup d’état, Samuel P. Huntington identifies three classes of coup d’état:

• Breakthrough coup d’état: a revolutionary army overthrows a traditional government and creates a new bureaucratic élite. Samuel Phillips Huntington (born April 18, 1927) is an American political scientist who gained prominence through his " Clash of Civilizations Generally led by non-commissioned officers (NCOs) or junior officers and happen once. A non-commissioned officer (sometimes noncommissioned officer) also known as an NCO or Noncom, is an enlisted member of an Armed force Examples are China in 1911, Bulgaria in 1944, Egypt in 1952, Greece in 1967, Libya in 1969 and Liberia in 1980. The Xinhai Revolution or Shinhai Revolution ( also known as the 1911 Revolution or the Chinese Revolution, began with the Wuchang Uprising The Bulgarian coup d'état of 1944, also known as the 9 September coup d'état (Деветосептемврийски преврат Devetoseptemvriyski prevrat) The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 (ثورة 23 يوليو 1952 also known as the July 23 Revolution, began with a military Coup d'état that took place on Regime of the Colonels redirects here For the Polish regime of colonels see Colonels' group. On November 21, 1949, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution stating that Libya should become independent before January 1, 1952. Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire

• Guardian coup d’état: the musical chairs coup d’état. Musical chairs is a Game played by a group of people (usually children often in an informal setting purely for entertainment such as a Birthday party The stated aim of which is improving public order, efficiency, and ending corruption. There usually is no fundamental change to the power structure. Generally, the leaders portray their actions as a temporary and unfortunate necessity. An early example is the coup d’état by Sulla, in 88 B. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix ( Latin: L•CORNELIVS•L•F•P•N•SVLLA•FELIX (c C. , replacing the elected leader Marius in Rome. " Gaius Marius Minor' ( Minor Latin for the younger) also known as Younger Marius or Marius the Younger (110 BC/108 BC - 82 BC The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the A contemporary instance is civilian Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's overthrow by Chief of Army Staff General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in 1977, who cited widespread civil disorder and impending civil war as his justification. The Prime Minister of Pakistan, in Urdu وزیر اعظم Wazir-e- Azam meaning "Grand Minister", is the Head of Government Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ( Urdu: ur '''ذوالفقار علی بھٹو''' Sindhi: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو, zʊlfɪqɑːɾ ɑli bɦʊʈːoː General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ( Arabic: محمد ضياء الحق) (b Civil disorder, also known as civil unrest, is a broad term that is typically used by law enforcement to describe one or more forms of disturbance caused by a group of people In 1999, General Pervez Musharraf overthrew Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on the same grounds. General (ret Pervez Musharraf ( (born 11 August 1943 NI(M, HI(M, TBt, is the former Military dictator and President of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif also known as Nawaz Sharif ( Urdu:) (born December 25, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Nations with guardian coups can frequently shift back and forth between civilian and military governments. Example countries include Pakistan, Turkey, and Thailand. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj A “bloodless coup” usually arises from the Guardian coup d’état.

• Veto coup d’état: occurs when the army vetoes the people's mass participation and social mobilisation in governing themselves. In such a case, the army confronts and suppresses large-scale, broad-based civil opposition, tending to fascist repression and killing, the prime example is the coup d’état in Chile in 1973 against the elected Socialist President Salvador Allende Gossens. The Chilean coup d'état of 1973 is a landmark in the History of Chile and the Russo-American Cold War. Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens (June 26 1908 – September 11 1973 was President of Chile from November 1970 until his death during the coup d'état of

A coup d’état also is classified by the rank of the military men leading the governmental overthrow. A Veto coup d’état or Guardian coup d’état is led by the army's top commanding officers (usually generals). Sometimes the commander-in-chief, or a few very top commanders are excluded, as being appointees of the regime and thus loyal to them. In a Breakthrough coup d’état the leaders are junior officers (colonels or below), or even non-commissioned officers (sergeants), and most of the army's senior officers are displaced too. When junior officers or enlisted men seize power in this way, the coup d’état also is a mutiny with grave implications for the organizational structure and professional integrity of the military. Mutiny is a conspiracy among members of a group of similarly-situated individuals (typically members of the Military; or the Crew of any ship even

A bloodless coup d’état is when the threat of violence is sufficient to depose the incumbent government with no fighting, and there are no subsequent executions of the deposed faction. However, a "bloodless coup d’état" is not always truly non-violent. Napoleon's 18 Brumaire coup d’état is considered an exemplar "bloodless coup", but during the coup, legislators were forcibly ejected from their meeting place by soldiers. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. 18 Brumaire, the coup of 18 Brumaire or sometimes simply Brumaire refers to the Coup d'état by which General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew In 1889, Brazil became a republic via a bloodless coup. The period of Brazilian history from 1889 to 1930 is commonly called the República Velha (Old Republic In 1999, Pervez Musharraf assumed power in Pakistan via a bloodless coup, and, in 2006, Sonthi Boonyaratglin assumed power in Thailand as the leader of the Council for Democratic Reform under Constitutional Monarchy. General (Ret Sonthi Boonyaratglin (สนธิ บุญยรัตกลิน) (b The Council for National Security ( CNS) formerly known in English as the Council for Democratic Reform or previous name is the Council for Democratic Reform under

The term self-coup applies when the incumbent government — aided and abetted by the military — assumes extraordinary powers not allowed by law. A self-coup or autocoup is a form of Coup d'état that occurs when a country's leader dissolves or renders powerless the national Legislature and assumes extraordinary The historical example is President, and later French Emperor, Louis Napoléon Bonaparte. Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President A modern example is Alberto Fujimori in Peru, who, though elected, in 1992 assumed control of legislative and the judicial branches of government, installing himself as an authoritarian ruler. Alberto Ken'ya Fujimori (Japanese name) (born in Lima, Peru on July 28 1938 is a Peruvian and Japanese ref> Fujimori secures Japanese haven Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The assumption of "emergency powers" by King Gyanendra of Nepal was a self-coup. Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev ( Nepali: ज्ञानेन्द्र वीर बिक्रम शाह Jñānendra Vīra Vikrama Śāhadeva (born 7 July Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia.

Post-military-coup governments

After the coup d’état, the military face the matter of what type of government to establish. In Latin America, it was common for the post-coup government to be led by a junta, a committee of the chiefs of staff of the armed forces. A military dictatorship is a Form of government wherein the political power resides with the Military; it is similar but not identical to a Stratocracy, A committee (some of which are titled instead as a "Commission" or other terms discussed below in) is a type of small Deliberative assembly that is usually intended A common form of African post-coup government is the revolutionary assembly, a quasi-legislative body elected by the army. In Pakistan, the military leader typically assumes the title of chief martial law administrator. Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice

According to Huntington, most leaders of a coup d’état act under the concept of right orders: they believe that the best resolution of the country's problems is merely to issue correct orders. This view of government underestimates the difficulty of implementing government policy, and the degree of political resistance to certain correct orders. It presupposes that everyone who matters in the country shares a single, common interest, and that the only question is how to pursue that single, common interest.

Incumbent leaders of regimes who assumed power via a coup d’état

• Muammar al-Gaddafi, leader of Libya (1969–)
• Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President of Equatorial Guinea (1979–)
• Lansana Conté, President of Guinea (1984–)
• Blaise Compaoré, President of Burkina Faso (1987–)
• Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of Tunisia (1987–)
• Than Shwe, Military General, Head of Junta, Myanmar (Burma) (1988–)
• Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir, President of Sudan (1989–)
• Yahya Jammeh, President of The Gambia (1994–) (Jammeh's rule was subsequently confirmed in apparently free and fair elections. Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi 1 (معمر القذافي) (born 7 June 1942) also known as Colonel Gaddafi Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (born June 5, 1942) has been the President of Equatorial Guinea since 1979 The Republic of Equatorial Guinea ( República de Guinea Ecuatorial,) is a country in Central Africa. Lansana Conté (born ca 1934 has been the President of Guinea since 3 April 1984. Guinea, officially Republic of Guinea (pronounced /ˈgɪni/ République de Guinée is a country in West Africa, formerly known as French Guinea Blaise Compaoré (born February 3, 1951) has been the President of Burkina Faso since 1987 Burkina Faso (bɚˌkiːnəˈfɑːsoʊ burr-KEE-na FAH-soh) also known by its short-form name Burkina, is a Landlocked nation in West Africa Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (زين العابدين بن علي (born 3 September 1936) has been the President of Tunisia since 7 November Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Senior General Than Shwe (သန်းရွှေ θáɴ ʃwè born 2 February 1933 is Head of State of Myanmar (Burma serving as Commander-in-Chief of the Tatmadaw Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir ( Arabic: عمر حسن أحمد البشير born January 1 1944) is the President of Sudan. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Yahya (Abdul-Aziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh (born May 25, 1965) is the President of The Gambia. )^[3]
• Hamad bin Khalifa, Emir of Qatar (1995–)
• Pervez Musharraf, President of Pakistan (1999–)
• François Bozizé, President of the Central African Republic (2003–)
• Commodore Josaia Voreqe Bainimarama, Head of the Fijian Army, Acting Prime Minister of Fiji (2006–)

See also

• List of coups d'état and coup attempts
• Contrast with civilian control of the military
• List of protective service agencies
• List of fictional revolutions and coups
• Dictatorship
• Kleptocracy
• Political corruption
• Assassination
• Military dictatorship
• Coup de main

Notes

External links

References

• Edward Luttwak, Coup d'état: A practical handbook, Harvard University Press, 1969, 1980. The Roman civil war of 49 BC sometimes called Caesar's Civil War, is one of the last conflicts within the Roman Republic. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Edward Nicolae Luttwak (born 1942 is an American military strategist and historian who has published works on Military strategy, history ISBN 06-741-75476.
• Curzio Malaparte, Technique du Coup d'État (Published in French), Paris, 1931. Curzio Malaparte ( June 9, 1898 - July 19, 1957) born Kurt Erich Suckert, was an Italian journalist dramatist short-story
• D. J. Goodspeed, Six Coups d'Etat, Viking Press inc. Viking Press is an American Publishing company currently owned by Penguin Books. , New-York, 1962.

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