The County of Mark (German: Grafschaft Mark, colloquially known as Die Mark) was a county of the Holy Roman Empire in the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. A county is a Land area of Regional Government within a larger State. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle (Niederrheinisch-Westfälischer Reichskreis was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire. It lay on both sides of the Ruhr River along the Volme and Lenne Rivers. The Ruhr is a medium-size River in western Germany ( North Rhine-Westphalia) a right tributary (east-side of the Rhine. The Volme is a river in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, left tributary of the Ruhr. The Lenne is a river in the Sauerland area in North Rhine-Westphalia, western Germany, a left tributary of the Ruhr.
The Counts of the Mark were some of the most powerful and influential Westphalian lords in the Holy Roman Empire. Westphalia (Westfalen) is a region in Germany, centred on the cities of Bielefeld, Bochum, Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, Münster The name Mark is recalled in the Märkischer Kreis, a district in lands north of the Ruhr River in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The Märkischer Kreis is a district ( Kreis) in central North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany The Ruhr is a medium-size River in western Germany ( North Rhine-Westphalia) a right tributary (east-side of the Rhine. North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen usually shortened to NRW, official short form NW is the westernmost and - in terms of population and economic output - the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The northern portion (north of the Lippe River) is still called Hohe Mark ("Higher Mark"). The Lippe (ˈlɪpə is a river in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The former "Lower Mark" (between the Ruhr and Lippe Rivers) is — for the most part — the present Ruhr area and is no longer called "Mark". The Ruhr Area, ( German Ruhrgebiet, colloquial Ruhrpott, Kohlenpott or Revier) is an Urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia
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Geography
The County of the Mark enclosed an area of approximately 3,000 km² and extended between the Lippe and Agger Rivers (north-south) and between Gelsenkirchen and Bad Sassendorf (west-east) for about 75 km. The Lippe (ˈlɪpə is a river in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The Agger is a River in Germany, a right tributary of the Sieg in North Rhine-Westphalia. Gelsenkirchen (ˌgɛlzənˈkɪʁçən is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Bad Sassendorf is a municipality in the district of Soest, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
The east-west flowing Ruhr separated the county in two different regions: the northern, fertile lowlands of Hellweg-Börde; and the southern hills of the Süderbergland (Sauerland). The Ruhr is a medium-size River in western Germany ( North Rhine-Westphalia) a right tributary (east-side of the Rhine. the Middle Ages the Hellweg was an ancient east-west route through Germany, from the Rhine east to the mountains of the Teutoburger Wald, reaching Börde is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. History The district The Sauerland is a rural hilly area spreading across most of the south-eastern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, in parts heavily Forested and apart from the major In the south-north direction the southern part of the county was crossed by the Lenne. In the region of the Lower Lenne was the County of Limburg (1243-1808), a fiefdom of Berg. Berg was a medieval territory in today's North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
The seat of the Counts of the Mark was originally the Burg Altena in Sauerland, but they moved to Burg Mark near Hamm in the 1220s. Hamm is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW Germany. It is located on the Lippe River, in the northeastern part of the Ruhr area. The county was bordered by Vest Recklinghausen, the County of Dortmund, the Bishopric of Münster, the County of Limburg, Werden Abbey, and Essen Abbey. The Vest Recklinghausen was an ecclesiastical territory in the Holy Roman Empire, located in the center of today's North Rhine-Westphalia. Dortmund (ˈdɔʁtmʊnt is a City in Germany, located in the Bundesland of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr area. The Bishopric of Münster was an ecclesiastical principality in the Holy Roman Empire, located in the northern part of today's North Rhine-Westphalia and western Hagen-Hohenlimburg (formerly known as Limburg an der Lenne, changed to Hohenlimburg in 1903 on the Lenne river is a borough of the city of Hagen Werden Abbey (Kloster Werden was a Benedictine monastery in Essen-Werden ( Germany) situated on the Ruhr. Essen Abbey ( Stift Essen) was a collegiate foundation for women of the high nobility in Essen.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the county was a red and white checkered fess of three rows on a gold field. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people FESS is also an acronym for Functional endoscopic sinus surgery. These arms are used today by the city of Hamm. Hamm is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW Germany. It is located on the Lippe River, in the northeastern part of the Ruhr area. Many other places in the area include the red and white checkered fess in their arms as a reference to the county.
History
Originally belonging to a collateral line of the counts of Berg, the territory emerged under the name of Berg-Altena in 1160. Berg was a medieval territory in today's North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The Counts of Altena then purchased Burg Mark ("Oberhof Mark") near Hamm from the Counts of Rüdenberg and made it the residence of the new "Counts of the Mark". Hamm is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW Germany. It is located on the Lippe River, in the northeastern part of the Ruhr area. The town of Hamm near Burg Mark was founded by Count Adolf I in 1226 and was soon the most important town of the county. Hamm is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW Germany. It is located on the Lippe River, in the northeastern part of the Ruhr area. Adolf I of Altena, count of Altena, 1st count von der Mark (1194 &ndash 1249 son of Friedrich I of Altena. Mark was the German word for a border march. Mark from the Old English mearc and march (or various plural forms of these words derived from the Frankish word marka ("boundary"
In the Battle of Worringen (1288), Count Eberhard I fought on the side of the Duchy of Brabant and the County of Berg. The Battle of Worringen was fought on June 5, 1288 near the town of Worringen (also called Woeringen which is now considered to be a suburb of The Duchy of Brabant was a historical region in the Low Countries. He fought against his liege, Archbishop Sigfried II von Westerburg (in his capacity as Duke of Westphalia). Because Brabant and its allies were victorious, the County of Mark gained supremacy in southern Westphalia and became independent of the Archbishopric of Cologne. The Electorate of Cologne (Kurfürstentum Köln or Kurköln) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire and existed from the 10th to the early 19th The territory of Mark was for long restricted to the lands between the Ruhr and Lippe rivers ("Lower Mark"). New territories in the north ("Higher Mark") were gained during the 14th century in wars against the Prince-bishops of Münster. The Bishopric of Münster was an ecclesiastical principality in the Holy Roman Empire, located in the northern part of today's North Rhine-Westphalia and western
Count Adolf III, the son of Adolf II married Margarete of Cleves, acquired the Duchy of Cleves on the western banks of the Rhine in 1368 and united it with Mark as "Cleves-Mark" in 1394. The Duchy of Cleves (Herzogtum Kleve was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in present Germany (part of North Rhine-Westphalia) and the Netherlands The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge
The heir to the throne of Cleves-Mark married the daughter of the Duke of Berg in 1510, resulting in a personal union of Cleves-Mark and Berg (1521). A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct Almost all of present North Rhine-Westphalia (except for the clerical states) was then ruled by the dukes. North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen usually shortened to NRW, official short form NW is the westernmost and - in terms of population and economic output - the The ducal dynasty became extinct in 1609, when the insane last duke had died. A long dispute about the succession followed, before the territory was granted to Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg in the 1614 Treaty of Xanten (generally accepted in 1666). John Sigismund (Johann Sigismund 8 November, 1572 &ndash 23 December, 1619) was a Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg The Margraviate of Brandenburg (Markgrafschaft Brandenburg was a major Principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806 The Treaty of Xanten (Vertrag von Xanten was signed in the Lower Rhine town of Xanten on November 12, 1614 between Wolfgang William Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg It then became part of the Kingdom of Prussia after 1701. The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising
In 1807 the County of the Mark passed from Prussia to France in the Treaties of Tilsit. The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or The Treaties of Tilsit were two agreements signed by Napoleon I of France in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland in the town of Tilsit In 1808 Napoleon then gave Mark to the elevated Grand Duchy of Berg, which was divided into four departments along the lines of Napoleonic France. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Berg was a medieval territory in today's North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division Mark was in the Ruhr Department until the collapse of French power in 1813, when it returned to Prussia.
The Prussian administrative reform of 30 April 1815 placed Mark within Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg, Province of Westphalia. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Province of Westphalia (Provinz Westfalen was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia from 1815-1946 The Hohenzollern Prussian sovereigns remained Counts of the "Prussian County of the Mark" until 1918. The "County of the Mark" has no official meaning anymore, but is used to informally refer to the region in North Rhine-Westphalia. North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen usually shortened to NRW, official short form NW is the westernmost and - in terms of population and economic output - the
Rulers of Mark
Altena-Mark
- 1160-1180 Eberhard IV of Berg, count of Altena
- 1180-1198 Friedrich I count of Altena
Mark
- 1198-1249 Adolf I
- 1249-1277 Engelbert I
- 1277-1308 Eberhard II
- 1308-1328 Engelbert II
- 1328-1347 Adolf II
- 1347-1391 Engelbert III
- 1391-1394 Adolf III
- 1394-1398 Dietrich
Cleves-Mark
- 1398-1417 Adolph IV
- 1417-1461 Gerhard
- 1461-1481 John I
- 1481-1521 John II "The Pious"
Cleves-Mark-Jülich-Berg-Ravensberg
- 1511-1539 John III "the Peaceful"
- 1539-1592 William "the Rich"
- 1592-1609 John William
References
This article incorporates text translated from the corresponding German Wikipedia article as of January 23, 2007. Eberhard IV of Berg, count of Altena (also called Eberhard I von Altena) (1140 – 23 January Frederick I (Friedrich I 1173 &ndash 1198 was a Count of Berg - Altena, the later County of Mark. Adolf I of Altena, count of Altena, 1st count von der Mark (1194 &ndash 1249 son of Friedrich I of Altena. Adolph I Duke of Cleves (Adolph IV Count of Cleves and of Mark ( 2 August 1373 &ndash 23 September 1448) was the son of Adolph III Count John III "The Peaceful", Duke of Kleve - Mark (John III Duke of Cleves John I Duke of Jülich-Berg ( German: Johann III "Der William “the Rich” (I of Cleves V of Jülich-Berg (Wilhelm der Reiche July 28, 1516 &ndash January 5, 1592) was a Duke of John William ( Johann Wilhelm Herzog zu Kleve Julich und Berg) ( 28 May, 1562 - 25 March, 1609) was a Duke of Julich-Cleves-Berg Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
External links
- Edicts of the Duchy of Berg and the County of Mark, 1418-1816 online
- Map of the County of Mark in 1789
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