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For other uses, see Counterfeit (disambiguation).
A counterfeit 100 Norwegian krone note
A counterfeit 100 Norwegian krone note

A counterfeit is an imitation that is made usually with the intent to deceptively represent its content or origins. The krone ( sign: kr; code: NOK) is the Currency of Norway. The plural form is kroner. The word counterfeit most frequently describes forged currency or documents, but can also describe clothing, software, pharmaceuticals, watches, or more recently, cars and motorcycles, especially when this results in patent infringement or trademark infringement. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is A document (noun is a bounded physical representation of body of Information designed with the capacity (and usually intent to Communicate. Clothing (also called clothes, accoutrements, accouterments, or habiliments) protects the Human body from extreme Weather A watch is a timepiece that is made to be worn on a person The term now usually refers to a wristwatch, which is worn on the wrist with a strap or Bracelet. Patent infringement is the act of utilizing a patented Invention without permission from the Patent holder Trademark infringement is a violation of the Exclusive rights attaching to a Trademark without the authorization of the trademark owner or any licensees (provided that

Contents

Counterfeiting of money

See also: Coin counterfeiting

History

Roman coins were struck, not cast, so these coins molds were created for forgery
Roman coins were struck, not cast, so these coins molds were created for forgery

Counterfeiting is probably as old as money itself. Coin counterfeiting occurs regularly in the antique Coin market but there are various modern forgeries that make it into general circulation Before the introduction of paper money, the main way of doing it was to mix base metals in what was supposed to be pure gold or silver. A banknote (often known as a bill, paper money or simply a note) is a kind of Negotiable instrument, a Promissory note made by a Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Also, individuals would "shave" the edges of a coin so that it weighed less than it was supposed to, a process known as clipping. This is not counterfeiting but the exponents could use the precious metal clippings to make counterfeits. A fourrée is an ancient type of counterfeit coin, in which a base metal core has been plated with a precious metal to look like its solid metal counter part. A fourrée is a Coin, most often a Counterfeit, that is made from a base metal core that has been plated with a precious metal to look like its solid metal counter

Kings often dealt very harshly with the perpetrators of such deeds. In 1162, Emperor Gaozong of Song had promulgated a decree to punish the counterfeiter of Huizi to death and to reward the informant. Biography Gaozong was the 5th son of Emperor Huizong and the younger half-brother of Emperor Qinzong. For other uses see Hui Shi. The Huizi ( issued in the year 1160 was the official Banknote of the Chinese Southern Song Dynasty [1] The English couple Thomas Rogers and Anne Rogers were convicted on 15 October 1690 for "Clipping 40 pieces of Silver" (in other words, clipping the edges off silver coins). England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Thomas Rogers and Anne Rogers were English Counterfeiters convicted on 15 October 1690, for "Clipping 40 pieces of Silver" Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Thomas Rogers was hanged, drawn and quartered and Anne Rogers was burnt alive. To be hanged drawn and quartered was the penalty once ordained in England for the crime of High treason. The gruesome forms of punishment were due to the two's acts being construed as "treason", rather than simple crime. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. In America, counterfeiting also used to be punishable by death; for example, paper currency printed by Benjamin Franklin often bore the phrase "to counterfeit is death. Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. "[2] The theory behind such harsh punishments was that one who had the skills to counterfeit currency was considered a threat to the safety of the state, and had to be eliminated. Far more fortunate was an earlier practitioner of the same art, active in the time of the Emperor Justinian, who got the nickname Alexander the Barber. Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or Rather than being executed, when he was caught the Emperor decided to employ his financial talents in the government's own service.

Modern counterfeiting begins with paper money. Nations have used counterfeiting as a means of warfare. The idea is to overflow the enemy's economy with fake bank notes, so that the real value of the money plummets. Great Britain did this during the Revolutionary War to reduce the value of the Continental Dollar. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Continental currency was a Paper currency issued by the Continental Congress, after the Revolutionary War began in 1775 Although this tactic was also employed by the United States during the American Civil War, the fake Confederate currency it produced was of superior quality to the real thing. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The Confederate States of America dollar was first issued into circulation in April 1861 when the Confederacy was only two months old and on the eve of the outbreak of the

Instances

An 18th century Pennsylvania Four Pound Note threatens the death penalty for counterfeiting
An 18th century Pennsylvania Four Pound Note threatens the death penalty for counterfeiting

A form of counterfeiting is the production of documents by legitimate printers in response to fraudulent instructions. The pound was the Currency of Pennsylvania until 1793 Initially the British pound and certain foreign coins circulated supplemented from 1723 by local Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. An example of this is the Portuguese Bank Note Crisis of 1925, when the British banknote printers Waterlow and Sons produced Banco de Portugal notes equivalent in value to 0. Artur Virgílio Alves dos Reis (b in Lisbon September 3 1898 - July 1955 was a Portuguese criminal who perpetrated one of the largest Frauds in history Artur Virgílio Alves dos Reis (b in Lisbon September 3 1898 - July 1955 was a Portuguese criminal who perpetrated one of the largest Frauds in history The Banco de Portugal is the Central bank of the Republic of Portugal. 88% of the Portuguese nominal Gross Domestic Product, with identical serial numbers to existing banknotes, in response to a fraud perpetrated by Alves dos Reis. Artur Virgílio Alves dos Reis (b in Lisbon September 3 1898 - July 1955 was a Portuguese criminal who perpetrated one of the largest Frauds in history Similarly, in 1929 the issue of postage stamps celebrating the Millennium of Iceland's parliament, the Althing, was compromised by the insertion of "1" on the print order, before the authorised value of stamps to be produced (see Postage stamps and postal history of Iceland. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( The Alþingi, Anglicized variously as Althing or Althingi, is the national Parliament —literally “(the all- thing ”—of This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Iceland. )

In 1926 a high-profile counterfeit scandal came to light in Hungary, when several people were arrested in the Netherlands while attempting to procure 10 million francs worth of fake French 1000-franc bills which had been produced in Hungary; after 3 years, the state-sponsored industrial scale counterfeit operation had finally collapsed. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The League of Nations' investigation found Hungary's motives were to avenge its post-WWI territorial losses (blamed on Georges Clemenceau) and to use profits from the counterfeiting business to boost a militarist, border-revisionist ideology. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 Georges Benjamin Clemenceau ( Mouilleron-en-Pareds ( Vendée) 28 September 1841 24 November 1929 was a French statesman physician and Journalist Germany and Austria had an active role in the conspiracy, which required special machinery. The quality of fake bills was still substandard however, due to France's use of exotic raw paper material imported from its colonies.

During World War II, the Nazis attempted to do a similar thing to the Allies with Operation Bernhard. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose Operation Bernhard was the name of a secret German plan devised during the Second World War to destabilise the British economy by flooding the country with The Nazis took Jewish artists in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp and forced them to forge British pounds and American dollars. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Sachsenhausen (zaksənˈhaʊzən was a Concentration camp in Germany, operating between 1936 and 1945 The quality of the counterfeiting was very good, and it was almost impossible to distinguish between the real and fake bills. The Germans could not put their plan into action, and were forced to dump the counterfeit bills into a lake. The bills were not recovered until the 1950s. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive

Today the finest counterfeit banknotes are claimed to be U.S. dollar bills produced in North Korea, which are used to finance the North Korean government, among other uses. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, The fake North Korean copies are called Superdollars because of their high quality. A superdollar or supernote is an almost perfect Counterfeit of a United States banknote, believed to have been made by an unknown organization Bulgaria and Colombia are also significant sources of counterfeit currency. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Recently, on May 23rd, 2007, the Swiss government has raised some doubt as to the ability of North Korea to produce the "Superdollars".

There has been a rapid growth in the counterfeiting of Euro banknotes and coins since the launch of the currency in 2002. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e In 2003, 551,287 fake euro notes and 26,191 bogus euro coins were removed from EU circulation. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. In 2004, French police seized fake 10 euro and 20 euro notes worth a total of around €1. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " 8 million from two laboratories and estimated that 145,000 notes had already entered circulation.

In the early years of the 21st century, the United States Secret Service has noted a substantial reduction in the quantity of forged U. S. currency, as counterfeiters turn their attention towards the Euro. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e

In 2006, a Pakistani government printing press in the city of Quetta was accused of churning out large quantities of counterfeit Indian currency, The Times of India reported based on Central Bureau of Intelligence investigation. The rupee notes are then smuggled into India as 'part of Pakistan's agenda of destabilising (the) Indian economy through fake currency,' the daily said. The notes are 'supplied by the Pakistan government press (at Quetta) free of cost to Dubai-based counterfeiters who, in turn, smuggle it into India using various means,' the report said. [3] This money is allegedly used to fund terrorist activities inside India. The recent blasts in Mumbai were funded using fake currency printed in Pakistan.

Effect on society

Some of the ill-effects that counterfeit money has on society are:[4][5]

  1. Reduction in the value of real money
  2. Increase in prices (inflation) due to more money getting circulated in the economy - an unauthorized artificial increase in the money supply
  3. Decrease in the acceptability (satisfactoriness) of money - payees may demand electronic transfers of real money
  4. Companies are not reimbursed for counterfeits. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time In Economics, money supply, or money stock, is the total amount of money available in an Economy at a particular point in time This forces them to increase prices of commodities

At the same time, in countries where paper money is a small fraction of the total money in circulation, the macroeconomic effects of counterfeiting of currency may not be significant. The microeconomic effects, such as confidence in currency, however, may be large. [6]

Anti-counterfeiting measures

Anti-counterfeiting features on an old U.S. $20 bill
Anti-counterfeiting features on an old U.S. $20 bill
Two forged UK pound coins. The left coin shows poor surface clarity, irregular reeding and no side lettering. The right coin demonstrates poor metal quality.
Two forged UK pound coins. Pre-Federal Reserve history 1861 A Demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front and an abstract design on the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency The left coin shows poor surface clarity, irregular reeding and no side lettering. The right coin demonstrates poor metal quality.

Traditionally, anti-counterfeiting measures involved including fine detail with raised intaglio printing on bills which would allow non-experts to easily spot forgeries. Intaglio (pronounced in-TAL-yo ɪn'tælɪəʊ is a family of Printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a surface known as the matrix or plate On coins, milled or reeded (marked with parallel grooves) edges are used to show that none of the valuable metal has been scraped off. This detects the shaving or clipping (paring off) of the rim of the coin. Coin clipping is the act of shaving off a small portion of a Precious metal coin for Profit. However, it does not detect sweating, or shaking coins in a bag and collecting the resulting dust. Since this technique removes a smaller amount, it is primarily used on the most valuable coins, such as gold. In early paper money in Colonial North America, one creative means of deterring counterfeiters was to print the impression of a leaf in the bill. The term colonial history of the United States refers to the history of the land that would become the United States from the start of European settlement to the time of independence In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. Since the patterns found in a leaf were unique and complex, they were nearly impossible to reproduce. [7]

In the late twentieth century advances in computer and photocopy technology made it possible for people without sophisticated training to easily copy currency. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. A photocopier (or copier is a machine that makes Paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply In response, national engraving bureaus began to include new more sophisticated anti-counterfeiting systems such as holograms, multi-colored bills, embedded devices such as strips, microprinting and inks whose colors changed depending on the angle of the light, and the use of design features such as the "EURion constellation" which disables modern photocopiers. Holography (from the Greek, ὅλος - hólos whole + γραφή - grafē writing drawing is a technique that allows the The EURion constellation is a pattern of Symbols found on a number of Banknote designs since about 1996 Software programs such as Adobe Photoshop have been modified by their manufacturers to obstruct manipulation of scanned images of banknotes. [8] There also exist patches to counteract these measures.

For U.S. currency, anti-counterfeiting milestones are as follows:

The Treasury had made no plans to redesign the $5 bill using colors, but recently reversed its decision, after learning some counterfeiters were bleaching the ink off the bills and printing them as $100 bills. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) The United States one hundred-dollar bill ($100 is a denomination of United States currency. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar The United States fifty-dollar bill ($50 is a denomination of United States currency. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Pre-Federal Reserve history 1861 A Demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front and an abstract design on the 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The United States ten-dollar bill ($10 is a denomination of United States currency. The United States five-dollar bill ($5 is a denomination Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Pre-Federal Reserve history 1861 A Demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front and an abstract design on the Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837 "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The United States fifty-dollar bill ($50 is a denomination of United States currency. Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The United States ten-dollar bill ($10 is a denomination of United States currency. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The United States five-dollar bill ($5 is a denomination Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal The United States five-dollar bill ($5 is a denomination It is not known when the $100 bill will be redesigned in this format, but the new $10 bill (the design of which was revealed in late 2005) entered circulation on March 2, 2006. The United States one hundred-dollar bill ($100 is a denomination of United States currency. The United States ten-dollar bill ($10 is a denomination of United States currency. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The $1 bill and $2 bill are seen by most counterfeiters as having too low of a value to counterfeit, and so they have not been redesigned as frequently as higher denominations. The United States two-dollar bill ($2 is a current denomination of U

In the 1980s counterfeiting in the Republic of Ireland twice resulted in sudden changes in official documents: in November 1984 the £1 postage stamp, also used on savings cards for paying television licences and telephone bills, was invalidated and replaced by another design at a few days' notice, because of widespread counterfeiting. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The Irish pound ( English) or punt Éireannach ( Irish) was the Currency of Ireland until 2002 Later, the £20 Central Bank of Ireland Series B banknote was rapidly replaced because of what the Finance Minister described as "the involuntary privatisation of banknote printing". The Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland (Banc Ceannais agus Údarás Seirbhísí Airgeadais na hÉireann is the financial services regulator of Ireland

In the 1990s, the portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong was placed on the banknotes of the People's Republic of China to combat counterfeiting, as he was recognised better than the generic designs on the renminbi notes. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES

In 1988 The Reserve Bank of Australia, released the world's first long lasting and counterfeit resistant polymer (plastic) banknotes with a special Bicentennial $10 note issue, the problems discovered were addressed and in 1992 a problem free $5 note was issued. The banknotes of the Australian dollar, were first issued on the 14 February 1966. In 1996 Australia became the first country to have a full series of circulating polymer. banknotes. [9] On the 3rd of may 1999 the New Zealand Reserve Bank started circulating polymer banknotes printed by Note Printing Australia Limited. Note Printing Australia (NPA, which is located in Craigieburn, Melbourne, is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of Australia and was corporatised [10]. The technology developed is now used in 26 countries. [11] Note Printing Australia is currently printing polymer notes for 18 countries. [12]

The Swiss National Bank has a reserve series of notes for the Swiss Franc bill, in case widespread counterfeiting were to take place. The Swiss National Bank (SNB is the Central bank of Switzerland. The franc ( German: Franken, French and Romansh: franc, Italian: franco; code: CHF

Money art

A subject related to that of counterfeiting is that of money art, which is art that incorporates currency designs or themes. Some of these works of art are similar enough to actual bills that their legality is in question. While a counterfeit is made with deceptive intent, money art is not - however, the law may or may not differentiate between the two. See JSG Boggs, the American artist best known for his hand-drawn, one-sided copies of US banknotes which he spends for the face value of the note. Steve Litzner better known as James Stephen George Boggs is an American artist best known for his hand-drawn one-sided copies of U

Famous counterfeiters

"Look 'ere—this arf-crown won't do, it's got no milling on its hedge." "Blimy! Nor it 'as! I knew I'd forgotten somefink." Cartoon in Punch magazine 25 August 1920. A half crown was a coin worth one-eighth of a pound.
"Look 'ere—this arf-crown won't do, it's got no milling on its hedge. " "Blimy! Nor it 'as! I knew I'd forgotten somefink. "
Cartoon in Punch magazine 25 August 1920. Punch was a British weekly Magazine of Humour and Satire published from 1841 to 1992 and from 1996 to 2002 A half crown was a coin worth one-eighth of a pound. Half crown may refer to Half crown (British coin, a pre-decimalisation coin of the United Kingdom Half crown (Irish coin, a pre-decimalisation The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency

Counterfeiting of documents

Main article: Forgery

Forgery is the process of making or adapting documents with the intention to deceive. Forgery is the process of making adapting or imitating objects statistics or documents (see False document) with the intent to deceive. It is a form of fraud, and is often a key technique in the execution of identity theft. In the broadest sense a fraud is a Deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual Identity theft is a term used to refer to Fraud that involves stealing money or getting other benefits by pretending to be someone else Uttering and publishing is a term in United States law for the forgery of non-official documents, such as a trucking company's time and weight logs.

Questioned document examination is a scientific process for investigating many aspects of various documents, and is often used to examine the provenance and verity of a suspected forgery. Questioned document examination (QDE is the forensic discipline pertaining to documents that are (or may be in dispute in a court of law Security printing is a printing industry specialty, focused on creating documents which are difficult or impossible to forge. Security printing is the field of the Printing industry that deals with the printing of items such as Banknotes Passports Tamper-evident Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press

Photo tampering

Many photos that archivists believe to be faithful illustrations of historical events turn out to be nothing more than staged or altered pictures. While picture tampering is not new, contemporary counterfeit photographs are easy to create using software programs such as Adobe Photoshop.

In an example of early twentieth-century photo tampering, military photographer Lt. Ivor Castle produced a series of counterfeit photographs of First World War battles through the technique of photo montage. Photomontage is the process (and result of making a composite photograph by cutting and joining a number of other photographs Photos can also be altered by painting the negative. [13]

Counterfeiting of consumer goods

The spread of counterfeit goods has become global in recent years and the range of goods subject to infringement has increased significantly. According to the study of Counterfeiting Intelligence Bureau (CIB) of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) counterfeit Goods make up 5 to 7% of World Trade, however, these figures cannot be substantiated. [14]. According to the International Anti-Counterfeiting Coalition if the knockoff economy were a business, it would be the world’s biggest. [15] A recent report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development indicates that up to 200 Billion U. S. Dollars of international trade could have been in counterfeit and pirated goods in 2005 (2% of World Trade in 2005) [16]

Certain consumer goods, especially very expensive or desirable brands, or those which are easy to reproduce cheaply, have become frequent targets of counterfeiting. The counterfeiters attempt to deceive the consumer into thinking they are purchasing a legitimate item, or convince the consumer that they could deceive others with the imitation. An item which doesn't attempt to deceive, such as a copy of a DVD with missing or different cover art, is often called a "bootleg" or a "pirated copy" instead.

Some counterfeits may even have been produced in the same factory that produces the original, authentic product, using the same materials. The factory owner, unbeknownst to the trademark owner (and perhaps also the manufacturing staff), simply orders an intentional 'overrun'. Without the employment of anti-counterfeiting measures, identical manufacturing methods and materials make this type of counterfeit (and it is still a form of counterfeit, as its production and sale is unauthorized by the trademark owner) impossible to distinguish from the authentic article.

To try to avoid this all too common occurrence, companies may have the various parts of an item manufactured in independent factories and then limit the supply of certain distinguishing parts to the factory that performs the final assembly to the exact number required for the number of items to be assembled (or as near to that number as is practicable) and/or may require the factory to account for every part used and to return any unused, faulty, or damaged parts. To help distinguish the originals from the counterfeits, the copyright holder may also employ the use of serial numbers and/or holograms etc. , which may be attached to the product in another factory still.

Apparel and accessories

Counterfeit clothes, shoes and handbags from designer brands such as Louis Vuitton, Chanel and Gucci are made in varying quality; sometimes the intent is only to fool the gullible buyer who only looks at the label and doesn't know what the real thing looks like, while others put some serious effort into mimicking fashion details. Louis Vuitton Malletier, commonly referred to as Louis Vuitton ( pronounced /lwi vɥitɔ̃/ or sometimes shortened to LV, is a French luxury fashion Chanel SA ʃəˈnɛɫ) is a Parisian fashion house created by Coco Chanel. The House of Gucci, better known simply as Gucci, is an Italian iconic fashion and Leather goods label The popularity of designer jeans, starting with Jordache in 1978, spurred a flood of knockoffs. Designer jeans are high-fashion Jeans that are marketed as Status symbols. Jordache Enterprises Inc is a Clothing company that Manufactures (or contracts for the manufacture of Apparel including Shirts Jeans Factories that manufacture counterfeit designer brand garments and watches are usually located in developing countries such as China and Thailand. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Many international tourists visiting Beijing will find a wide selection of counterfeit designer brand garments at the infamous Silk Street. Silk Street ( aka Silk Market, Silk Street Market) is a shopping center in Beijing that accommodates over 1700 retail vendors notorious among international

Expensive watches such as Rolex and Patek Philippe are vulnerable to counterfeiting; it is a common cliché that any visitor to New York City will be approached on a street corner by a vendor with a dozen such counterfeit watches inside his coat, offered at amazing bargain prices. A watch is a timepiece that is made to be worn on a person The term now usually refers to a wristwatch, which is worn on the wrist with a strap or Bracelet. Rolex SA is a Swiss manufacturer of Wristwatches and accessories Patek Philippe & Co is an upscale Swiss watch manufacturer It is currently owned by the Stern family and is led by Henri Stern and his son A cliché (from French, klɪ'ʃe or cliche is a phrase expression or idea that has been overused to the point of losing its intended force The City of New York A counterfeit watch is an illegal copy of an authentic Watch bearing the name of its Brand. It has been known that some of the watches have no real hands at all, but merely painted faces, and in some cases, not even a movement. While the buyer walks off, the vendor makes a hasty getaway. Getaway is Australia 's longest-running and most popular holiday and travel Television programme

In Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines, extremely authentic looking, but very poor quality watch fakes with self-winding mechanisms and fully working movements can sell for as little as US $20. On the other hand, some fakes' movements and materials are of remarkably passable quality---albeit inconsistently so---and may look good and work well for some years, a possible consequence of increasing competition within the counterfeiting community.

Media products

Compact Discs, videotapes and DVDs, computer software and other media which are easily copied can be counterfeited or "pirated", and sold through vendors at street markets, night markets, mail order, and numerous Internet sources, including open auction sites like eBay. A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio Videotape is a means of recording images and sound onto Magnetic tape as opposed to movie film. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is A Street market is an outdoor Market such as traditionally held in a Market square in a Market town, and are often held only on particular days of the week Night markets or night bazaars are Street markets operating at night mainly in urban or Suburban areas that are generally dedicated to more leisurely Mail order is a term which describes the Buying of goods or services by Mail delivery The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks eBay Inc is an American Internet company that manages eBaycom an Online auction and shopping Website in which people and businesses buy and

Music enthusiasts may use the term "bootleg recording" to differentiate otherwise unavailable recordings from pirated copies of commercially released material. A bootleg recording is an audio and/or Video recording of a performance that was not officially released by the artist or under other legal authority

In India, copies of bestselling books with photocopied jackets sell for a fraction of the genuine retail price. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country They are openly sold on streetcorners, with hundreds of copies spread out on blankets.

Drugs

Main article: Counterfeit drug

A counterfeit drug or medicine is one which is produced and sold with the intent to deceptively represent its origin, authenticity or effectiveness. A counterfeit drug or a counterfeit medicine is a Medication or pharmaceutical product which is produced and sold with the intent to deceptively represent its origin A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the It may be one which does not contain active ingredients, contains an insufficient or inaccurate quantity of active ingredients, or contains entirely incorrect active ingredients (which may or may not be harmful), and may be sold with inaccurate, incorrect, or fake packaging. An active ingredient ( AI) also active pharmaceutical ingredient ( API) or bulk active, is the substance in a drug that is Pharmaceutically There is also a significant trade in high quality counterfeit pharmaceutical drugs.

Illegal recreational drugs may also be counterfeited, either for profit or for the deception of rival drug distributors or narcotics officers. Recreational drug use is the use of Psychoactive drugs for Recreational purposes rather than for work, medical or spiritual purposes

Generic drugs that are legally manufactured and sold without deceptive representations regarding origin, authenticity or effectiveness are not counterfeits.

See also

References

  1. ^ 中国科普博览＿印刷博物馆
  2. ^ http://www.librarycompany.org/BFWriter/images/large/3.7.jpg
  3. ^ Pakistan printing fake Indian currency - Times of India at Forbes
  4. ^ Counterfeiting of American Currency pp 13. Authentication (from Greek αυθεντικός real or genuine from authentes author is the act of establishing or confirming something (or someone as Coin counterfeiting occurs regularly in the antique Coin market but there are various modern forgeries that make it into general circulation A counterfeit watch is an illegal copy of an authentic Watch bearing the name of its Brand. Fake is a term used to describe or imply something which is not real. Forgery is the process of making adapting or imitating objects statistics or documents (see False document) with the intent to deceive. Illegal stamps are Postage stamp -like Labels issued in the names of existing independent countries or territories entities claiming to be independent or completely In general philatelic fakes and forgeries refers to labels that look like Postage stamps but aren't Counterfeit pens are pens containing an Iodine -based ink They can be used to detect Counterfeit Swiss franc, Euro and United States Forbes is an American Publishing and media company Its flagship publication Forbes magazine is published bi-weekly Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
  5. ^ Counterfeit Money, Who Takes the Hit?. William F Hummel. Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
  6. ^ Counterfeit Banknotes. Parliamentary office of Science and Tech. , UK. Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
  7. ^ http://www.librarycompany.org/BFWriter/images/large/3.7.jpg
  8. ^ Photoshop and CDS
  9. ^ Powerhouse museum
  10. ^ New Zealand Reserve Bank
  11. ^ Securency
  12. ^ Note Printing Australia
  13. ^ "Photo Fakes" in Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada
  14. ^ ICC Counterfeiting Intelligence Bureau (1997), Countering Counterfeiting: A Guide to Protecting and Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights, United Kingdom.
  15. ^ Welcome to KITSCHPURSES.COM
  16. ^ The Economic Effect of Counterfeiting and Piracy, Executive Summary. OECD, Paris (2007). Retrieved on 2007. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

External links

Dictionary

counterfeit

-adjective

  1. false, especially of money; intended to deceive or carry appearance of being genuine.
  2. unauthentic

-noun

  1. A non-genuine article; a fake.

-verb

  1. To produce (art, money, etc...) that appears to be official or valid.
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