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Karl Hohenwart
Karl Hohenwart

Count Karl Sigmund von Hohenwart (German: Karl Graf Hohenwart) (February 12, 1824 – April 26, 1899)[1] was an Austrian politician who served as Minister-President of Austria in 1871. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Hohenwart’s government attempted to implement a Federalist agreement between Bohemia and the governing Austro-Hungarian Empire. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the This attempt to conciliate the Bohemian Czechs caused massive criticism, and led to the fall of the Hohenwart government only months after it assumed office.

Contents

Hohenwart's political posts and views

Karl Hohenwart was a German aristocrat[2]and devout Roman Catholic[3]. He held administrative posts in Carniola and Trentino. Carniola (Kranjska Krain is a traditional and historical region of Slovenia. The Province of Trento (Provincia autonoma di Trento also called Trentino, is an Autonomous province of Italy. In 1868, Hohenwart became the Governor of Upper Austria. Upper Austria (Oberösterreich Horní Rakousko is one of the nine states or Bundesländer of Austria. [4] Hohenwart was the leader of the Conservative Federalists political faction in Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich [5] His political beliefs revolved around the view that Federalism and conciliation of Slavs was the only way to preserve the Austro-Hungarian Empire. [6] Hohenwart believed that Federalism was only possible with equality between the nationalities of the Empire. Furthermore, Hohenwart believed in dealing only with leading nobles and other members at the top of the social order. Hohenwart distrusted social change. [7]

Hohenwart premiership

Hohenwart's ascent to power

The victory of Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War (1870) caused a shift in the politics of Austria. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 Emperor Francis Joseph turned against the Liberals who held the Premiership at the time because they were too enthusiastic for Prussia and its victory. Franz Joseph I Karl (- German, in English Francis Joseph I Charles, see the name in other languages) (18 August 1830 &ndash 21 November Instead, Emperor Joseph turned to Conservatives willing to conciliate with Slavs. [8] Hohenwart, as leader of the Conservative Federalists, was chosen in order to placate the Slavs with a new federalist system. [9] Also, Emperor Francis Joseph saw Federalism as a way to undercut the Austro-German Liberals. [10]

Hohenwart's cabinet

Emperor Francis Joseph appointed Hohenwart to the Premiership of Austria on February 7th, 1871. Franz Joseph I Karl (- German, in English Francis Joseph I Charles, see the name in other languages) (18 August 1830 &ndash 21 November The Hohenwart Ministry described itself in public statements as a “non-party. ” Also, the Hohenwart Ministry stated that its mission was to reconcile the people of Austria along federal lines. [11]

The leading member of Hohenwart’s cabinet was Albert Schäffle, the minister of commerce. Albert Eberhard Friedrich Schäffle ( February 24, 1831 - December 25, 1903) German Statesman and political Economist [12] Schäffle is considered to be the true leader of the Hohenwart Ministry’s Federalization attempt. Some historians consider Hohenwart as a mere figurehead. [13] Hohenwart also appointed two Czech ministers and one Pole. The Pole held the position of special minister of Galicia. Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, This position was a concession to the Poles and one of the first conciliatory moves towards the Slavs made by Hohenwart. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. [14]

Early moves of the Hohenwart ministry

One of the first successes of the Hohenwart ministry was the passing of the Budget Law of 1871. After this, Hohenwart dissolved the Parliament in Vienna and provincial diets. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Hohenwart then called for the election of new diets. [15] Hohenwart dissolved the diets because he had enough influence on big Estate owners to secure the election of federalist Conservatives. Also, the Hohenwart ministry enfranchised districts which would elect federalist Conservatives. [16] With the dissolving of Parliament and the solidifying of political support, the stage was set for the development of a Federalist agreement.

Federalist agreement with Bohemia

After dissolving the diets, the Hohenwart ministry went to work on negotiating an agreement with Bohemian leaders. Schläffe, the Commerce Minister, took the lead in negotiation. He secretly negotiated an agreement with leading Czech nobles. Czechs (Češi ˈt͡ʃɛʃɪ archaic Čechové) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic [17] The negotiations resulted in the “Fundamental Articles” and the “Nationality Laws. The Fundamental Articles of 1871 (Fundamentalartikel Fundamentálky were a set of proposed changes to the Austro-Hungarian constitution regarding the status of the Bohemian ”

The “Fundamental Articles” introduced a new federalist constitutional system for Bohemia. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the First, the “Fundamental Articles” accepted the Compromise of 1867. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich Kiegyezés established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. [18]Second, the “Fundamental Articles” created a Bohemian diet that sent representatives to the Austrian Parliament. Bohemians are the people of Bohemia, in the Czech Republic, inhabitants of the former Kingdom of Bohemia located in the modern day Czech Republic The Austrian Parliament would be made up of representatives from several crownland diets. [19]The functions of the Austrian Parliament would include commercial, military, and foreign relations. [20] Third, the Austrian Herrenhaus (House of Lords) was to be replaced with an Austrian Senate that handled: treaties, jurisdictional conflicts, and constitutional revisions. [21] Most important, the Bohemian Diet would have authority over all other local issues. [22]

The “Nationality Laws” came as corollaries to the “Fundamental Articles. ” They created administrative areas which would be nationally homogenous. Furthermore, the Czech and German languages would become the official languages for all functions pertaining to all of Bohemia. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the [23]

In September 1871 the Bohemian Diet reconvened. Czech deputies now outnumbered German deputies. As a result, the German deputies all left the Bohemian Diet. [24]On September 12th, Emperor Francis Joseph issues an Imperial Rescript asking the Bohemian Diet to “draft a constitutional charter. Franz Joseph I Karl (- German, in English Francis Joseph I Charles, see the name in other languages) (18 August 1830 &ndash 21 November A rescript is a document that is issued not on the initiative of the author but in response (it literally means 'written back' to a specific demand made by its addressee ”[25] The Bohemian Diet than unanimously accepted the “Fundamental Articles” and “Nationality Laws. " [26] Once the Emperor accepted these laws, he was to be crowned King of Bohemia. This is a list of rulers of Bohemia. Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia are territories which are or have [27]

Criticism of the Federalist Agreement

The Hohenwart agreements with the Bohemians sparked massive criticisms. Ultimately, German Liberals led by Count Beust and Magyars led by Andrassy would sink the federalist agreements and the Hohenwart government. Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust ( German: Friedrich Ferdinand Graf von Beust; January 13, 1809 &ndash October 24, 1886 Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary.

When the “Fundamental Articles” and “Nationality Laws” were publicly announced they infuriated the public. Germans in Bohemia protested vociferously. In addition, Austo-German liberals were strongly against it. [28] Germans in Vienna rioted in protest over the proposals. [29]There was criticism among the Slavs in Bohemia too. Some Czechs saw the “Nationality Laws” as a precursor to a division of Bohemia into German and Czech parts. Czech nationalist wanted to maintain all of Bohemia under a Bohemian crown. [30]. In addition, the Moravian and Silesian Diets opposed the concept of being subsumed into an enlarged Bohemian General Diet. Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people [31]

The strongest criticisms came from Foreign Minister Beust and Magyar leader Julius Andrassy. Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust ( German: Friedrich Ferdinand Graf von Beust; January 13, 1809 &ndash October 24, 1886 Gyula Count Andrássy de Csíkszentkirály et Krasznahorka ( Csíkszentkirályi és Krasznahorkai Gróf Andrássy Gyula; sometimes called Count Julius Andrassy in Both of these men were political opponents of Hohenwart and critics of Federalism. Beust told Emperor Francis Joseph that Federalism would incite German opposition in Austria and might even lead to Prussian intervention. Franz Joseph I Karl (- German, in English Francis Joseph I Charles, see the name in other languages) (18 August 1830 &ndash 21 November [32] Andrassy voiced concerns over the technicalities of the proposals and told the Emperor that Federalism would affect the finances and organization of the Empire. [33] In reality, Andrassy feared that Bohemian autonomy would adversely affect Hungary’s position within the Empire. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic [34] . Also, Andrassy feared that the Federalization of Austria would cause minority groups within Hungary to demand similar arrangements. [35]

The fall of the Hohenwart ministry

The public outcry and the political machinations of Beust and Andrassy convinced Emperor Francis Joseph to side against the Hohenwart proposals. Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust ( German: Friedrich Ferdinand Graf von Beust; January 13, 1809 &ndash October 24, 1886 Franz Joseph I Karl (- German, in English Francis Joseph I Charles, see the name in other languages) (18 August 1830 &ndash 21 November On October 20th, the Emperor issued a new Imperial Rescript which rescinded the September 12th Rescript that sided with Federalization. [36]Hohenwart attempted to reach a new deal with the Czechs that called for autonomy for lesser Bohemia. The Czechs rejected the deal and Hohenwart and his government resigned on October 27th. [37]

Later political career

Hohenwart continued to maintain a presence in Austrian politics following his failed Premiership. He served under Minister-President Eduard Graf Taaffe from 1879 until 1892. Count Eduard Franz Joseph von Taaffe; 11th Viscount Taaffe and Baron of Ballymote, in the peerage of Ireland ( February 24, 1833, Taaffe’s government was based on coalition of conservative German and Slav politicians known as the “Iron Ring. ”[38] Hohenwart was the head of a conservative group of Catholics from the Alpine regions and allied southern Slavs. [39]

References

  1. ^ "Hohenwart, Karl Siegmund, Graf von. " Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Nov. 2006 <http://www.search.eb.com.proxygw.wrlc.org/eb/article-9040747>.
  2. ^ Taylor, A. J. P. The Habsburg Monarchy 1809-1918: A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1946. 145.
  3. ^ Winters, Stanley B. and Joseph Held. Intellectual and Social Development in the Habsburg Empire From Maria Theresa to World War I. Boulder: Columbia University Press, 1975. 59.
  4. ^ "Hohenwart, Karl Siegmund, Graf von. " Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Nov. 2006 <http://www.search.eb.com.proxygw.wrlc.org/eb/article-9040747>.
  5. ^ Kann, Robert A. The Multinational Empire: Nationalism and National Reform in the Habsburg Monarchy 1848-1918 Volume 1: Empire and Nationalities. New York: Columbia University Press, 1950. 182.
  6. ^ Winters, 59.
  7. ^ Kann, 182.
  8. ^ Redlich, Joseph. Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria: A Biography. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1929. 372.
  9. ^ May, Arthur J. The Habsburg Monarchy: 1867-1914. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951. 59.
  10. ^ Kann, 182.
  11. ^ Redlich, 372.
  12. ^ Kann, 182.
  13. ^ Crankshaw, Edward. The Fall of the House of Habsburg. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd. , 1983. 255.
  14. ^ May, 59.
  15. ^ May, 60.
  16. ^ Kann, 187.
  17. ^ May, 60.
  18. ^ Kann, 184.
  19. ^ Kann, 185.
  20. ^ May, 60.
  21. ^ Kann, 185.
  22. ^ May, 60.
  23. ^ Kann, 184.
  24. ^ May, 60.
  25. ^ Kann, 184.
  26. ^ May, 60.
  27. ^ Relich, 373.
  28. ^ Redluch, 373.
  29. ^ Taylor, 147.
  30. ^ Kann, 186.
  31. ^ Kann, 185.
  32. ^ Kann, 189.
  33. ^ May, 60-61.
  34. ^ Taylor, 147.
  35. ^ Kann, 188.
  36. ^ Kann, 187.
  37. ^ May, 61.
  38. ^ Winters, 176.
  39. ^ Redlich, 419.

Notes

Regarding personal names: Graf is a title, translated as Count, not a first or middle name. Graf is a historical German noble title equal in rank to a Count (derived from the Latin Comes, with a history of its own or a British A count is a Nobleman in European countries The word count comes from French comte, itself from Latin The female form is Gräfin. Graf is a historical German noble title equal in rank to a Count (derived from the Latin Comes, with a history of its own or a British

Preceded by
Count Alfred Józef Potocki		 Minister-President of Austria
1871		 Succeeded by
Baron Ludwig von Holzgethan


Persondata
NAME Hohenwart, Karl Sigmund von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hohenwart von Gerlachstein, Karl;Hohenwart, Karl Siegmund von
SHORT DESCRIPTION
DATE OF BIRTH February 12, 182412. Awards Order of the Golden Fleece Order of the Steel Crown Order of St The Minister-President was the head of government of Austria from 1821 to 1918 Ludwig Holzgethan, since 1855 von Holzgethan, since 1865 Baron von Holzgethan ( 1 October 1800, Vienna – 12 June Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Februar 1824
PLACE OF BIRTH Vienna
DATE OF DEATH April 26, 1899 26. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common April 1899
PLACE OF DEATH Vienna
Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria.
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