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Coronet of a count
Coronet of a count
This article is about the style or title of nobility. A coronet is a small crown consisting of ornaments fixed on a metal ring For other uses, see Count (disambiguation).
"Countess" redirects here. For other uses, see Countess (disambiguation).

A count is a nobleman in European countries; The word count comes from French comte, itself from Latin comes—in its accusative comitem—meaning "companion", and later "companion of the emperor, delegate of the emperor". Nobility is a government-privileged title which may be either hereditary (see Hereditary titles) or for a lifetime French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The French Solar Energy Authority ( Commissariat à l'Energie Solaire, ComES) a public Scientific and industrial entity was set up in The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive The British equivalent is an earl (whose wife is also a "countess", for lack of an Anglo-Saxon term). Earl was the Anglo-Saxon form and jarl the Scandinavian form of a title meaning " Chieftain " and referring especially to chieftains Alternative "Count" (Hakushaku) status are used in other countries with different names such as during the Empire of Japan. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku

Contents

Definition

Main article: Comes

In the late Roman Empire, the Latin title comes meaning (imperial) 'companion' denoted the high rank of various courtiers and provincial officials, either military or administrative: before Anthemius was made emperor in the West in 467, he was military comes charged with strengthening defenses on the Danube frontier[1]. The French Solar Energy Authority ( Commissariat à l'Energie Solaire, ComES) a public Scientific and industrial entity was set up in The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The French Solar Energy Authority ( Commissariat à l'Energie Solaire, ComES) a public Scientific and industrial entity was set up in See Anthemius of Tralles for an architect of Hagia Sophia. For the Praetorian prefect and grandfather of the Emperor see Anthemius (praetorian prefect The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj

Military counts in the Late Empire and the Germanic successor kingdoms were often appointed by a dux and later by a king. A duke is a member of the Nobility, historically of highest rank below the Sovereign, and historically controlled a Duchy or a Dukedom From the start the count was in charge, not of a roving warband, but settled in a locality, a countship, his main rival for power being the bishop, whose diocese was often coterminous. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop.

In many Germanic and Frankish kingdoms in the early Middle Ages, the count might also be a count palatine, whose authority derived directly from the royal household, the "palace" in its original sense of the seat of power and administration. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group This article gives details on the history of the Count Palatine in Mediaeval European Palatinate regions and social structure A palace is a grand residence especially the home of a Head of state or some other high-ranking Public figure. This other kind of count had vague antecedents in Late Antiquity too: the father of Cassiodorus held positions of trust with Theodoric, as comes rerum privatarum, in charge of the imperial lands, then of comes sacrarum largitionum (concerned with the strictly monetary fiscal matters of the realm) [1],

The position of comes was originally not hereditary. Late Antiquity (c 300-600 is a Periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator (c 485 - c 585 commonly known as Cassiodorus, was a Roman statesman and great writer serving in the administration By holding large estates, many counts were able to make it a hereditary title—though not always. For instance, in Piast Poland, the position of komes was not hereditary, resembling the early Merovingian institution. In the first centuries of its existence the Polish nation was led by a series of strong rulers who converted the Poles to Christendom, created a strong Central European The Merovingians (also Merovings) were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region (known as Francia in Latin The title had disappeared by the era of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the office replaced with other institutions. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic Only after the Partitions of Poland did the title of "count" re-surface in the German-derived title hrabia. The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the

Comital titles in different European languages

The following lists are originally based on a Glossary on Heraldica. org by Alexander Krischnig. The male form is followed by the female, and when available, by the territorial circonscription

Etymological derivations from the Latin comes

Language Male title Female title / Spouse Territory
Albanian Kont Konteshë
Armenian Կոմս (Koms) Կոմսուհի (Komsuhi)
Catalan Comte Comtessa Comtat
English Count (applies to title granted by monarchies other than UK) Countess (even where Earl applies) Earldom for an Earl; Countship or county for a count, but the last is also, and indeed rather, in Anglo-Saxon countries an administrative district
French Comte — cfr. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Comte is a title of French nobility. In the English language, the title is Count, a rank in several European nobilities the variation ?Comtor Comtesse Comté
Irish Cunta; Iarla Cuntaois, Baniarla Honorary title only; iarla does not derive from Latin comes but rather from English "earl". Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish.
Italian Conte Contessa Contea, Contado, Comitato
Greek Κόμης (Kómēs) Κόμησσα (Kómēssa) Κομητεία (Komēteía); in the Ionian Islands the respective Italianate terms Kóntes, Kontéssa were used instead
Hebrew Rozen (רוזן) Rozenet (רוזנת) Roznoot (רוזנות); these do not derive from Latin comes. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly This article is about the group of islands west of Greece For the ancient region in western Anatolia see Ionia. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy.
Latin (feudal jargon, not classical) Comes Comitissa Comitatus
Maltese Konti Kontessa
Monegasque Conte Contessa
Old English Hlaford Hlǣfdiġe These do not derive from Latin comes. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The French Solar Energy Authority ( Commissariat à l'Energie Solaire, ComES) a public Scientific and industrial entity was set up in Maltese (Maltese Malti is the National language of Malta, and a co-official language of the country alongside English, Monégasque (natively Munegascu) is a Romance language and a dialect of the modern Ligurian language, which is spoken in Monaco.
Portuguese Conde Condessa Condado
Polish Komes Komesa Comitates
Romanian Conte Contesă Comitat
Romansh Cont Contessa
Scottish Gaelic Iarla Ban-iarla Honorary title only; iarla does not derive from Latin comes, but rather English "earl". Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Conde is a Title of nobility in Spanish and Portuguese languages Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Romansh or Romansch may refer to Romansh language Romansh people Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages.
Spanish Conde Condesa Condado
Turkish Kont Kontes
Welsh Iarll Iarlles Iarllaeth; iarll does not derive from Latin comes but rather English "earl". Conde is a Title of nobility in Spanish and Portuguese languages Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic See also Welsh Gentry Family Seats This is an index of Welsh peers whose primary Peerage, life peerage, and baronetcy

Etymological parallels of the German Graf (some unclear)

Language Male title Female title / Spouse Territory
Belarusian Граф (Hraf) Графiня (Hrafinia) Графствa (Hrafstva)
Bulgarian Граф (Graf) Графиня (Grafinya) Графство (Grafstvo)
Croatian Grof Grofica Grofovija
Czech Hrabě Hraběnka Hrabství
Danish Greve Grevinde Grevskab
Dutch Graaf Gravin Graafschap
English Grave    
Estonian Krahv Krahvinna Krahvkond Butl
Latvian Grāfs Grāfiene Grāfiste
German Graf Gräfin Grafschaft
Finnish Kreivi Kreivitär Kreivikunta
Hungarian Gróf Grófnő, Grófné Grófság
Icelandic Greifi Greifynja
Lithuanian Grafas Grafienė Grafystė
Luxembourgish Grof Gräfin
Macedonian Grof Grofina
Polish Hrabia Hrabina Hrabstwo
Norwegian Greve Grevinne Grevskap
Romanian Grof (also Conte, see above)
Russian Граф (Graf) Графиня (Grafinya) Графство (Grafstvo)
Serbian Grof Grofica Grofovija
Slovak Gróf Grófka Grófstvo
Slovene Grof Grofica Grofija
Swedish Greve Grevinna Grevskap
Ukrainian Ґраф (Graf) Ґрафiня (Grafinya)

Compound and related titles

Apart from all these, a few unusual titles have been of comital rank, not necessarily to remain there. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them The Belarusian language, or Belorussian,(беларуская мова BGN/PCGN: byelaruskaya mova, Scientific: belaruskaja mova Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Estonian (; ˈeːsti ˈkeːl is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1 Latvian language (latviešu valoda is the official state language of Latvia. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Graf is a historical German noble title equal in rank to a Count (derived from the Latin Comes, with a history of its own or a British Graf is a historical German noble title equal in rank to a Count (derived from the Latin Comes, with a history of its own or a British Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Icelandic ( is a North Germanic language, the language of Iceland. Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. Luxembourgish (lb Lëtzebuergesch Luxembourgeois Luxemburgisch Luxemburgs Lussimbordjwès also called Luxembourgian, also spelled Luxemburgish, is one of Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Hrabia (abbreviated hr before a surname is the title used for a rank of Polish nobility roughly corresponding to that of a Count. Hrabia (abbreviated hr before a surname is the title used for a rank of Polish nobility roughly corresponding to that of a Count. Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages.

Lists of countships

Territory of today's France

West-Francia proper

Since Louis VII (1137–80), the highest precedence amongst the vassals (Prince-bishops and secular nobility) of the French crown was enjoyed by those whose benefice or temporal fief was a pairie, i. Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (Louis le Jeune 1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of France, the son and successor A Prince-Bishop is a Bishop who is a territorial Prince of the Church on account of one or more Secular principalities usually pre-existent titles of nobility e. carried the exclusive rank of pair; within the first (i. e. clerical) and second (noble) estates, the first three of the original twelve anciennes pairies were ducal, the next three comital comté-pairies:

Later other countships (and duchies, even baronies) have been raised to this French peerage, but mostly as apanages (for members of the royal house) or for foreigners; after the 16th century all new peerages were always duchies and the medieval countship-peerages had died out, or were held by royal princes

Other French countships of note included those of:

Parts of today's France long within other kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire

See also above for parts of present France

In Germany

See also Graf for various comital and related titles; especially those actually reigning over a principality that can be rendered as countship: Gefürsteter Graf, Landgraf, Reichsgraf; compare Markgraf, Pfalzgraf

In Italy

The title of Conte is very prolific on the peninsula, and modern counts occupy the position in rural society comparable to an English squire, members of rural gentry. Graf is a historical German noble title equal in rank to a Count (derived from the Latin Comes, with a history of its own or a British Graf is a historical German noble title equal in rank to a Count (derived from the Latin Comes, with a history of its own or a British Landgrave ( Dutch landgraaf, German Landgraf; French landgrave; Latin comes magnus, comes patriae Graf is a historical German noble title equal in rank to a Count (derived from the Latin Comes, with a history of its own or a British Margrave (marchio is the English and French form (recorded since 1551 of the German Title Markgraf (from Mark " This article gives details on the history of the Count Palatine in Mediaeval European Palatinate regions and social structure Gentry generally refers to people of high Social class, especially in the past In the eleventh century however, conti like the Count of Savoia or the Norman Count of Apulia, were virtually sovereign lords of broad territories. Even apparently "lower"-sounding titles, like Viscount, could describe powerful dynasts, such as the Visconti family who ruled a major city such as Milan. A viscount ( VAI-count is a member of the European Nobility whose comital title ranks usually as in the British peerage, above a Visconti was the family name of two important Italian noble dynasties of the Middle Ages. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. The essential title of a feudatory, introduced by the Normans, was signore, modelled on the French seigneur, used with the name of the fief. Under the system of Feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud, feoff, or fee, often consisted of inheritable lands or revenue-producing By the fourteenth century, conte and the Imperial title barone were virtually synonymous, but some titles of count, according to the particulars of the patent, might be inherited by the eldest son of a Count. Other younger brothers might be distinguished as "X dei conti di Y" ("X of the counts of Y"). However if there is no male to inherit the title and the count has a daughter, she can inherit the title: for example the Countess Luisa Gazelli di Rossana e di Sebastiano, mother of Queen Paola of Belgium. Titles Donna Paola Princess Ruffo di Calabria ( 1937 - 1959) Her Royal Highness The Princess of Liège ( 1959 The Papacy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies might appoint counts palatine with no particular territorial fief. Until 1812 in some regions, the purchaser of land designated "feudal" was ennobled by the noble seat that he held and became a conte. This practice ceased with the formal abolition of feudalism in the various principalities of early-19th century Italy, last of all in the Papal States. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa

Many Italian counts left their mark on Italian history as individuals, yet only a few contadi (countships; the word contadini for its inhabitants remains the Italian word for "peasant") were politically significant principalities, notably :

Roman count

Count is one of the nobiliary titles granted by the Pope as temporal sovereign (of the Papal State), and is thus often known as Roman count, its holder signified as Cavaliere (Cav. Apulia ( Italian: Puglia) is a region in southeastern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east the Ionian Sea The House of Savoy (Casa Savoia was formed in the early eleventh century in the historical Savoy region Asti is a city and Comune in the Piemonte or Piedmont region, in north-western Italy, about 55 kilometres east of Turin in the plain of the Tanaro Montferrat (in Piemontèis, Monfrà; in Italian, Monferrato) is part of the region of Piedmont in Northern Italy. Montefeltro is a historical-geographic region in the Marche, which was historically part of Romagna. For other uses of Tusculum see Tusculum (disambiguation. Tusculum is the classical Roman name of a major ancient Alban Hills city in History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa , literally Knight). Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. The title, which can be for life or hereditary, has been awarded since the Middle Ages, mostly to foreigners, and the pope continued to grant titles even after 1870 and the loss of most of the Papal territory. By the Lateran Accord of 1929, the Italian government recognized and confirmed the pope's power to grant titles, and the titles granted by the Pope were considered equivalent to Italian titles, contrary to which it had never been abolished. However, the title has not been granted since Pope Pius XII, John McCormack being the last to receive this honor. Pope John McCormack (14 June 1884 &ndash 16 September 1945 was a world-famous Irish Tenor and recording artist celebrated for his performances of the Operatic

In Austria

The principalities tended to start out as margraviate and/or (promoted to) duchy, and became nominal archduchies within the Habsburg dynasty; noteworthy are:

In Poland

Numerous small ones, particularly:

In Galicia (Central Europe)

particularly see:

In the Low Countries

Apart from various small ones, significant were :

In Switzerland

In other continental European countries

In Iberia

As opposed to the plethora of hollow 'gentry' counts, only a few countships ever were important in medieval Iberia; most territory was firmly within the Reconquista kingdoms before counts could become important. Celje ( Cilli Cille is the third largest City in Slovenia. Exhibiting the typical characteristics of a Central European city it is the Counts of Galicia (and Poland Aleksandrowicz of Kruki. Stanislaw Aleksandrowicz (1781-1826 obtained the hereditary title of Count of Galicia from Counts of Galicia (and Poland Aleksandrowicz of Kruki. Stanislaw Aleksandrowicz (1781-1826 obtained the hereditary title of Count of Galicia from counts of Flanders were the Rulers over the county of Flanders from the 9th century until the abolition of the Countship by the French revolutionaries Peerage of France (Pairie de France was a distinction within the French nobility which appeared in the Middle Ages. The counts of Hainaut were the rulers of the County of Hainaut, a historical region in the Low Countries. following is a list of Marquisses or Margraves of Namur. Namur was not often an independent state rather under the dominion of other entities like the counties Counts of Holland ruled over the county of Holland in the Low Countries between the 10th and the 16th century Counts of Holland ruled over the county of Holland in the Low Countries between the 10th and the 16th century The title of Count of Zutphen historically belonged to the ruler of the Dutch province of Gelderland ( Zutphen being one of the major cities in the Neuchâtel ( literally: New Castle in Old French) is the Capital of the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel on Lake The Counts of Toggenburg ( Grafen von Toggenburg) ruled the Toggenburg region of today's Canton of St Kyburg is a municipality in the district of Pfäffikon in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. Jérôme de Salis 2nd Count de Salis- Soglio (1709-1794 was sometime British Resident in the Grisons and a Fellow of the Royal Society. Guillaume Adam de Félice, 4th Comte de Panzutti (1803-71 was a Savoy nobleman theologian and abolitionist The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period However, during the 19th century, the title, having lost its high rank (equivalent to that of Duke), proliferated. A duke is a member of the Nobility, historically of highest rank below the Sovereign, and historically controlled a Duchy or a Dukedom

Portugal

Portugal itself started as a countship in 868, but became a kingdom in 1139 (see:County of Portugal). Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The history of Portugal, in most of the 12th and 13th centuries is chiefly that of its origin as a separate state in the process of the Christian In the territory that is now Portugal, during the Reconquista of Iberia from the Moors, there were two distinct creations of Counties of Portugal Throughout the History of Portugal, especially during the Constitutional Monarchy many other countships were created (see: List of Countships in Portugal). Portugal is a European Nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. This is a List of Countships in Portugal (Condados singular Condado; the title is Conde, for Count and Condessa, for Countess

Spain

In Spain, no countships of wider importance exist, except in the former Spanish march.

Crusader states

Equivalents

Like other major Western noble titles, Count is sometimes used to render certain titles in non-western languages with their own traditions, even though they are as a rule historically unrelated and thus hard to compare, which are considered 'equivalent' in relative rank. The Count of Barcelona was the major ruler in Catalonia from the 9th until the 17th century The Kingdom of Aragon was an old kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon ( This is a list of the rulers of Aragon, now a region of north-eastern Spain. This is a list of counts kings and queens of Castile. It is in part a continuation of the List of Asturian monarchs and the List of Leonese monarchs The Kingdom of Galicia (410-1833 was a kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula for two distinct periods Count Cassius ( 8th century) also Count Casius, kumis Kasi or kumis Qasi, was a Hispano-Roman or Visigothic nobleman that Banu Qasi ( Arabic: بنو قاسي ( Banū Qāsī) meaning "sons" or "heirs of Cassius" was the name of a Basque This is a list of the counts of Urgell. ca 798 - 870 Counts appointed by the Carolingians 798 Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. The Count of Barcelona was the major ruler in Catalonia from the 9th until the 17th century The Kingdom of Aragon was an old kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon ( The County of Cerdanya ( Cerdagne in French and Cerdaña in Spanish) was one of the Catalan counties formed in the last decades of The County of Empúries or Ampurias was a medieval county centred on the town of Empúries and enclosing the Catalan region of Peralada. The County of Conflent or Confluent was one of the Catalan counties of the Marca Hispanica in the ninth century The County of Pallars or Pallás was a de facto independent petty state nominally within the Carolingian Empire and then West Francia during The County of Roussillon or Rosselló was one of the Catalan counties in the Marca Hispanica during the Middle Ages. The County of Edessa was one of the Crusader states in the 12th century, based around a city with an ancient history and an early tradition of Christianity The County of Tripoli (1109–1289 was the last Crusader state founded in the Levant, located in what today is known as northern Lebanon The Peerage is a system of Titles of Nobility in the United Kingdom, part of the British honours system.

This is the case with:

See also

References

  1. ^ An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors. A county is a Land area of Regional Government within a larger State. University of South Carolina. Retrieved on 2008-04-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama

Sources

External links

(incomplete)

The Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, commonly called the "Pauly-Wissowa", is a German Encyclopedia of
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