Pope Martin V convoked the Council of Basel in 1431. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Council of Constance is the 16th Ecumenical council. When elected pope Julius II promised under oath that he would soon convoke a general council Pope Martin V (c 1368 &ndash February 20, 1431) born Odo (or Julian (Giuliano Cesarini ( Rome 1398 &ndash Varna Bulgaria November 10, 1444) was one of the group of brilliant cardinals created by Pope Eugene IV (1383 &ndash February 23, 1447) born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from March 3, 1431, to his death The Hussites were a Christian movement following the teachings of Czech reformer Jan Hus or John Huss (c The East-West Schism, or the Great Schism, divided medieval Christendom into Eastern (Greek and Western (Latin branches which later became known as the A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world This is a general introduction to ecumenical councils For the Roman Catholic councils, see Catholic Ecumenical Councils. It became the Council of Ferrara in 1438 and the Council of Florence in 1439.

The Council of Florence (originally Council of Basel) was an Ecumenical Council of bishops and other ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church. This is a general introduction to ecumenical councils For the Roman Catholic councils, see Catholic Ecumenical Councils. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight It began in 1431 in Basel, Switzerland, and became known as the Council of Ferrara after its transfer to Ferrara was decreed by Pope Eugene IV to convene in 1438. "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. Ferrara is a city in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital city of the Province of Ferrara. Pope Eugene IV (1383 &ndash February 23, 1447) born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from March 3, 1431, to his death The council transferred to Florence in 1439 because of the danger of plague at Ferrara, and because the city of Florence had agreed, against future payment, to finance the Council. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Bubonic plague is the best-known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (formerly known as ^[1] The initial location at Basel reflected the desire among parties seeking reform to meet outside the territories of the Papacy, the Holy Roman Empire, or the kings of Aragon and France, whose influences the council hoped to avoid. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Ambrogio Traversari attended the Council of Basel as legate of Pope Eugene IV. Ambrose the Camaldulian, born Ambrogio Traversari ( 1386 - October 20[[ 439]] was an Italian theologian. A Papal Legate – from the Latin authentic Roman title Legatus – is a personal representative of the Pope to Foreign nations or to some part of the Catholic Pope Eugene IV (1383 &ndash February 23, 1447) born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from March 3, 1431, to his death

The council was convened at a period when the Conciliar movement was strong and the authority of the papacy weak. Conciliarism, or the conciliar movement, was a reform movement in the 14th and 15th century Roman Catholic Church which held that final authority Under pressure for ecclesiastical reform Pope Martin V sanctioned a decree of the Council of Constance (9 October 1417) obliging the papacy to summon general councils periodically. Pope Martin V (c 1368 &ndash February 20, 1431) born Odo (or In the Roman Catholic Church, the Council of Constance is the 16th Ecumenical council. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and At the expiration of the first term fixed by this decree, Pope Martin V complied by calling a council at Pavia. Pope Martin V (c 1368 &ndash February 20, 1431) born Odo (or Pavia (pronounced Pavìa,) the ancient Ticinum, is a town and Comune of south-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 35 km south Due to an epidemic the location transferred almost at once to Siena (see Council of Siena) and disbanded—owing to circumstances still imperfectly known—just as it had begun to discuss the subject of reform (1424). Siena is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Siena. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Council of Siena ( 1423 - 1424) marked a somewhat inconclusive stage in the Conciliar movement that was attempting

The next council fell due at the expiration of seven years in 1431; Martin V duly convoked it for this date to the town of Basel, and selected to preside over it the cardinal Julian Cesarini, a well-respected prelate. "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. Julian (Giuliano Cesarini ( Rome 1398 &ndash Varna Bulgaria November 10, 1444) was one of the group of brilliant cardinals created by A prelate is a high-ranking member of the Clergy who either is an Ordinary or ranks in precedence with ordinaries Martin himself, however, died before the opening of the synod.

The council at Basel opened with only a few bishops and abbots attending, but it grew rapidly and to make its numbers greater gave the lower orders a majority over the bishops. It adopted an anti-papal attitude, proclaimed the superiority of the Council over the Pope and prescribed an oath to be taken by every Pope on his election. The Council at Basel decreed in its 23rd session ( 26 March 1436) that anyone elected Pope should make as a condition for his election to be valid the When the Council was moved from Basel to Ferrara in 1438, some remained at Basel, claiming to be the Council. Ferrara is a city in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital city of the Province of Ferrara. They elected Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy, as Pope. Amadeus VIII ( September 4, 1383 &ndash January 7, 1451) was the son of Amadeus VII Count of Savoy and Bonne of Berry. Driven out of Basel in 1448, they moved to Lausanne, where Felix V, the Pope they had elected and the only claimant to the papal throne who ever took the oath that they had prescribed, resigned. Lausanne ( pronounced, Losanna is a city in Romandy, the French -speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva Amadeus VIII ( September 4, 1383 &ndash January 7, 1451) was the son of Amadeus VII Count of Savoy and Bonne of Berry. Next year, they decreed the closure of what for them was still the Council of Basel. ^[2]

The Council transferred to Ferrara in 1438 and to Florence in 1439 had meanwhile successfully negotiated reunification with several Eastern Churches, reaching agreements on such matters as papal primacy, purgatory, and the word "Filioque" added in the West to the Nicene Creed. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Filioque, a Latin phrase meaning "and (from the Son" In Western Christianity, it was added to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed The Nicene Creed (ˈnaɪsiːn is an ecumenical Christian statement of faith accepted in the Eastern Orthodox Church, Assyrian Church of The most important of these unions, that with the Eastern Orthodox Church, though accepted by all but one of the Greek bishops at the Council, was rejected by popular sentiment and came to a complete end with the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire on Tuesday May 29, 1453 (Julian Calendar The Council also declared the Basel group heretics and excommunicated them; and the superiority of the Pope over the Councils was affirmed in the bull Etsi non dubitemus of 20 April 1441. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. ^[3]

Composition of the council

The democratic character of the assembly at Basel was a result of both its composition and its organization. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Doctors of theology, masters and representatives of chapters, monks and clerks of inferior orders constantly outnumbered the prelates in it, and the influence of the superior clergy had less weight because, instead of being separated into "nations", as at Constance, the fathers divided themselves according to their tastes or aptitudes into four large committees or "deputations" (deputationes). Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered One was concerned with questions of faith (fidei), another with negotiations for peace (pacis), the third with reform (reformatorii), and the fourth with what they called "common concerns" (pro communibus). Faith is a Belief in the trustworthiness of an Idea. Formal usage of the word "faith" is usually reserved for concepts of Religion, as in Peace, in the modern usage is a concept defined by the ideal state of relationship as absence of hostility at the international level that of a War. Reform Movement redirects here For specific organizations by that name see Reform Movement (disambiguation A reform movement is a kind Every decision made by three of these "deputations" — and in each of them the lower clergy formed the majority — received ratification for the sake of form in general congregation, and if necessary led to decrees promulgated in session. A decree is an order made by a Head of state or government and having the force of Law. For this reason papal critics termed the council "an assembly of copyists" or even "a set of grooms and scullions". One should note, however, that some prelates, although absent, were represented by their proctors.

Attempted dissolution

From Italy, France and Germany the fathers came late to Basel. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Cesarini devoted all his energies to the war against the Hussites, until the disaster of Taus forced him to evacuate Bohemia in haste. The Hussites were a Christian movement following the teachings of Czech reformer Jan Hus or John Huss (c The Battle of Domažlice (Bitva u Domažlic or Battle of Taus (Schlacht bei Taus was fought in 1431 between the Holy Roman Empire and the Hussites Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Pope Eugene IV, Martin V's successor, lost hope that the council could be useful owing to the progress of heresy, the reported troubles in Germany, the war which had lately broken out between the dukes of Austria and Burgundy, and finally, the small number of fathers who had responded to the summons of Martin V. Pope Eugene IV (1383 &ndash February 23, 1447) born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from March 3, 1431, to his death Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A duke is a member of the Nobility, historically of highest rank below the Sovereign, and historically controlled a Duchy or a Dukedom Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) This opinion, added to his desire to preside over the council in person, induced him to recall the fathers from Germany, as his poor health made it difficult for him to go. He commanded the council to disperse, and appointed Bologna as their meeting-place in eighteen months' time, with the intention of making the session of the council coincide with some conferences with representatives of the Greek church, scheduled to be held there with a view to ecumenical union (18 December 1431). Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Ecumenism (also oecumenism, œcumenism) refers to initiatives aimed at greater Religious unity or cooperation Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the

This order led to an outcry among the fathers and incurred the deep disapproval of the legate Cesarini. They argued that the Hussites would think the Church afraid to face them, and that the laity would accuse the clergy of shirking reform, both with disastrous effects. In religious organizations the laity comprises all persons who are not Clergy. The pope explained his reasons and yielded certain points, but the fathers were intransigent. Considerable powers had been decreed to Church councils by the Council of Constance, which amid the troubles of the Western Schism had proclaimed the superiority, in certain cases, of the council over the pope, and the fathers at Basel insisted upon their right of remaining assembled. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Council of Constance is the 16th Ecumenical council. The Great Schism of Western Christianity or Papal Schism (also known as the Western Schism) was a split within the Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417 They held sessions, promulgated decrees, interfered in the government of the papal countship of Venaissin, treated with the Hussites, and, as representatives of the universal Church, presumed to impose laws upon the sovereign pontiff himself. The Comtat Venaissin, often called the Comtat for short (lo Comtat Venaicin la Comtat is the former name of the region around the city of Avignon in what is now

Eugene IV resolved to resist the Council's claim of supremacy, but he did not dare openly to repudiate the conciliar doctrine considered by many to be the actual foundation of the authority of the popes before the schism. Doctrine (Latin doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings quot or "instructions" taught principles or positions as the The word schism (ˈsɪzəm or /ˈskɪzəm/ from the Greek σχίσμα skhísma (from σχίζω skhízō, "to tear to split" He soon realized the impossibility of treating the fathers of Basel as ordinary rebels, and tried a compromise; but as time went on, the fathers became more and more intractable, and between him and them gradually arose an impassable barrier.

Abandoned by a number of his cardinals, condemned by most of the powers, deprived of his dominions by condottieri who shamelessly invoked the authority of the council, the pope made concession after concession, and ended on 15 December 1433 with a pitiable surrender of all the points at issue in a Papal bull, the terms of which were dictated by the fathers of Basel, that is, by declaring his bull of dissolution null and void, and recognising that the synod as legitimately assembled throughout. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and Condottieri (singular condottiero, rarely condottiero) were Mercenary leaders employed by the Italian City-states from the Late Middle Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. However, Eugene IV did not ratify all the decrees coming from Basel, nor make a definite submission to the supremacy of the council. He declined to express any forced pronouncement on this subject, and his enforced silence concealed the secret design of safeguarding the principle of sovereignty. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself

The fathers, filled with suspicion, would allow only the legates of the pope to preside over them on condition of their recognizing the superiority of the council. The legates did submit to this humiliating formality but in their own names, it was asserted only after the fact, thus reserving the final judgment of the Holy See. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Furthermore, the difficulties of all kinds against which Eugene had to contend, such as the insurrection at Rome, which forced him to escape by the Tiber lying in the bottom of a boat, left him at first little chance of resisting the enterprises of the council. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Tiber ( Latin Tiberis, Italian Tevere) is the third-longest River in Italy, rising in the Apennine mountains

Issues of reform

Emboldened by their success, the fathers approached the subject of reform, their principal object being to further curtail the power and resources of the papacy. They took decisions on the disciplinary measures which regulated the elections, on the celebration of divine service, on the periodical holding of diocesan synods and provincial councils, which were usual topics in Catholic councils. An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office Divinity and divine (sometimes 'the Divinity' or 'the Divine' are broadly applied but loosely defined terms used variously within different faiths and belief systems — A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church convened to decide an issue of doctrine administration or application They also made decrees aimed at some of the assumed rights by which the popes had extended their power and improved their finances at the expense of the local churches. Thus the council abolished annates, greatly limited the abuse of "reservation" of the patronage of benefices by the pope, and completely abolished the right claimed by the pope of "next presentation" to benefices not yet vacant (known as gratiae expectativae). Annates ( Latin annatae) were the whole of the first year's profits of a Roman Catholic Benefice which were generally given to the Papal Other conciliar decrees severely limited the jurisdiction of the court of Rome, and even made rules for the election of popes and the constitution of the Sacred College. The fathers continued to devote themselves to the subjugation of the Hussites, and they also intervened, in rivalry with the pope, in the negotiations between France and England which led to the treaty of Arras, concluded by Charles VII of France with the duke of Burgundy. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Charles VII (22 February 1403 – 22 July 1461 called the Victorious (le Victorieux or the Well-Served (le Bien-Servi was King of France from 1422 Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) Finally, they investigated and judged numbers of private cases — lawsuits between prelates, members of religious orders and holders of benefices—thus themselves committing one of the serious abuses for which they had criticised the court of Rome.

Eugene IV's eastern strategy

Main article: Pope Eugene IV

Eugene IV, however much he may have wished to keep on good terms with the fathers of Basel, found himself neither able nor willing to accept or observe all their decrees. Pope Eugene IV (1383 &ndash February 23, 1447) born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from March 3, 1431, to his death The question of the union with the Greek church, especially, gave rise to a misunderstanding between them which soon led to a rupture. The Byzantine emperor John VIII Palaeologus, pressed hard by the Ottoman Turks, was keen to ally himself with the Catholics. This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians John VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus ( Greek Ιωάννης Η' Παλαιολόγος Iōannēs VIII Palaiologos) ( December 18 1392 The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. He consented to come with the principal representatives of the Greek church to some place in the West where the union could be concluded in the presence of the pope and of the Latin council. There arose a double negotiation between him and Eugene IV on the one hand and the fathers of Basel on the other. The council wished to fix the meeting-place at a place remote from the influence of the pope, and they persisted in suggesting Basel, Avignon or Savoy. Avignon (/aviɲɔ̃/ in French) ( Provençal: Avinhon in classical norm or Avignoun in Mistralian norm is a commune For the two French départements of the region of Savoy see Savoie and Haute-Savoie Savoy ( French On the other hand, the Greeks wanted a coastal location in Italy for their ease of access by ship.

Council transferred to Ferrara and attempted union with the Eastern Orthodox Church

As a result of negotiations with the East, John VIII Palaeologus accepted the pope's offer, who, by a bull dated 18 September 1437, again pronounced the dissolution of the council of Basel, and summoned the fathers to Ferrara. John VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus ( Greek Ιωάννης Η' Παλαιολόγος Iōannēs VIII Palaiologos) ( December 18 1392 Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Ferrara is a city in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital city of the Province of Ferrara.

The first public session at Ferrara began on 10 January 1438. Its first act was to declare the Council of Basel transferred to Ferrara and to nullify all further proceedings at Basel. In the second public session (15 February 1438), Pope Eugene IV excommunicated all who continued to assemble at Basel.

In early April 1438, the Greek contingent arrived at Ferrara over 700 strong. On 9 April 1438 the first solemn session at Ferrara began with the Eastern Roman Emperor, the Patriarch of Constantinople and representatives of the Patriarchal Sees of Antioch, Alexandria and Jerusalem in attendance and Pope Eugene IV presiding. The early sessions lasted until 17 July 1438 with each theological issue of the Great Schism (1054) hotly debated, including the Processions of the Holy Spirit Filioque, Purgatory and Papal Primacy. Filioque, a Latin phrase meaning "and (from the Son" In Western Christianity, it was added to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed Resuming proceedings on 8 October 1438, the council focused exclusively on the Filioque matter. Filioque, a Latin phrase meaning "and (from the Son" In Western Christianity, it was added to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed Even as it became clear the Greek Church would never consent to the Filioque clause, the Emperor continued to press for a reconciliation. Filioque, a Latin phrase meaning "and (from the Son" In Western Christianity, it was added to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed

Council transferred to Florence and the near East-West union

With finances running thin and pestilence spreading in the area, both the Latins and the Greeks agreed to transfer the council to Florence. Continuing at Florence in January 1439, the Council made steady progress on a compromise formula, "ex filio. " In the following months, agreement was reached on the Western doctrine of Purgatory and a return to the pre-schism prerogatives of the Papacy. On 6 June 1439 an agreement was signed by Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople and all the Eastern bishops but one, Mark of Ephesus, who held that Rome continued in both heresy and schism. Patriarch Joseph II (1360-1439 was Patriarch of Constantinople from 1416-1439 Mark of Ephesus (Eugenikos – "the courteous" Greek: Μάρκος Ευγενικός) a 15th century Bishop Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief The word schism (ˈsɪzəm or /ˈskɪzəm/ from the Greek σχίσμα skhísma (from σχίζω skhízō, "to tear to split" Apparently, the Great Schism was over. However, after Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople died only two days later, the Greeks insisted that ratification by the Eastern Church could be achieved only by the agreement of an Eastern synod. Patriarch Joseph II (1360-1439 was Patriarch of Constantinople from 1416-1439 Upon their return, the Eastern bishops found their agreement with the West broadly rejected by the populace and by civil authorities (with the notable exception of the Emperors of the East who remained committed to union until the fall of the Byzantine Empire two decades later). The union signed at Florence, even down to the present, has never been accepted by the Eastern churches.

"Deposition of Eugene IV" and schism at Basel

During this time the council of Basel, though nullified at Ferrara and abandoned by Cesarini and most of its members, persisted nonetheless, under the presidency of Cardinal Aleman. Louis Aleman (c 1390 - September 16 1450) was a French cardinal. Affirming its ecumenical character on 24 January 1438, it suspended Eugene IV. This is a general introduction to ecumenical councils For the Roman Catholic councils, see Catholic Ecumenical Councils. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled The council went on (in spite of the intervention of most of the powers) to pronounce Eugene IV deposed (25 June 1439), giving rise to a new schism by electing (4 November 1439) duke Amadeus VIII of Savoy, as (anti)pope, who took the name of Felix V. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Amadeus VIII ( September 4, 1383 &ndash January 7, 1451) was the son of Amadeus VII Count of Savoy and Bonne of Berry.

Effects of the schism

This schism lasted fully ten years, although the antipope found few adherents outside of his own hereditary states, those of Alfonso V of Aragon, of the Swiss confederation and of certain universities. Alfonso the Magnanimous (also Alphonso; Catalan: Alfons) (1396 &ndash 27 June 1458) was the King of Aragon (as Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Germany remained neutral; Charles VII of France confined himself to securing to his kingdom (by the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, which became law on 13 July 1438) the benefit of a great number of the reforms decreed at Basel; England and Italy remained faithful to Eugene IV. The Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, issued by King Charles VII of France, on July 7, 1438, required a General Church Council with authority superior Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Finally, in 1447, Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, after negotiations with Eugene, commanded the burgomaster of Basel not to allow the presence of the council any longer in the imperial city. Frederick III of Habsburg ( September 21 1415 &ndash August 19, 1493) was elected as German King as the successor of The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states

Schism reconciled at Lausanne

In June 1448 the rump of the council migrated to Lausanne. Lausanne ( pronounced, Losanna is a city in Romandy, the French -speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva The antipope, at the insistence of France, ended by abdicating (7 April 1449). Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Eugene IV died on 23 February 1447, and the council at Lausanne, to save appearances, gave their support to his successor, Pope Nicholas V, who had already been governing the Church for two years. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable See also Antipope Nicholas V. Pope Nicholas V (Italian Niccolò V; November 15, 1397 &ndash March Trustworthy evidence, they said, proved to them that this pontiff accepted the dogma of the superiority of the council as defined at Constance and at Basel.

Aftermath

The struggle for East-West union at Ferrara and Florence, while promising, never bore fruit. While progress toward union in the East continued to be made in the following decades, all hopes for a proximate reconciliation were dashed with the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

The seventeen-year struggle to defend conciliarism carried on at Basel and Lausanne ended in a defeat. The papacy, so fundamentally shaken by the earlier schism of the West, came through this trial with a Pyrrhic victory. A Pyrrhic victory (ˈpɪrɪk is a victory with devastating cost to the victor The era of the great councils of the 15th century closed and the constitution of the Roman Church remained monarchical. Yet, left unresolved were many of the tensions which provoked the Reformation in the next century. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time

References

Primary Sources

• Mansi, vol. Gian (Giovanni Domenico Mansi ( 16 February[[ 692]]– 27 September[[ 769]] was an Italian theologian scholar and historian known for his massive works on the xxix. -xxxi.
• Aeneas Sylvius, De rebus Basileae gestis (Fetmo, 1803)
• Monumenta Conciliorum generalium seculi xv. Pope Pius II, born Enea Silvio Piccolomini ( Latin Aeneas Sylvius; October 18, 1405 &ndash August 14, 1464) , Scriptorum, vol. i. , ii. and iii. (Vienna, 1857-1895)
• Sylvester Syropoulos, Mémoires, ed. and trans. V. Laurent, Concilium Florentinum: Documenta et Scriptores 9 (Rome, 1971)

Secondary Literature

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
• Deno J. Geanakoplos, ‘The Council of Florence (1438-9) and the problem of Union between the Byzantine and Latin churches’, in Church History 24 (1955), 324-46 and reprinted in D. J. Geanakoplos, Constantinople and the West (Madison, Wisconsin, 1989), pp. 224-54
• J. C. L. Gieseler, Ecclesiastical History, vol. Johann Karl Ludwig Gieseler, KH ( March 3, 1792 – July 8, 1854) was a Protestant German church historian iv. p. 312ff (Eng. trans. , Edinburgh, 1853).
• Joseph Gill, The Council of Florence (Cambridge, 1959)
• Joseph Gill, Personalities of the Council of Florence and other Essays (Oxford, 1964)
• J. Haller, Concilium Basiliense, vol. i. -v. (Basel,1896-1904)
• Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. Karl Josef von Hefele ( March 15, 1809 - June 6, 1893) German theologian, was born at Unterkochen in Württemberg vii. (Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1874)
• Jonathan Harris, Greek Emigres in the West c. 1400-1520 (Camberley, 1995), pp. 72-84
• Johannes Helmrath, Das Basler Konzil; 1431 - 1449; Forschungsstand und Probleme, (Cologne, 1978)
• Donald M. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453 (Cambridge, 1993, 2nd ed. ), pp. 306-17, 339-68
• G. Perouse, Le Cardinal Louis Aleman, président du concile de Bâle (Paris, 1904).
• O. Richter, Die Organisation and Geschäftsordnung des Basler Konziis (Leipzig, 1877)
• Stefan Sudmann, Das Basler Konzil: Synodale Praxis zwischen Routine und Revolution (Frankfurt-am-Main 2005), ISBN 3-631-54266-6 [1]

External links

• Catholic Encyclopedia: Council of Basle
• Catholic Encyclopedia: Ferrara
• Catholic Encyclopedia: Council of Florence