| ICD-10 | R05. |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 786.2 |
A cough, also known as tussis is a sudden, often repetitive, spasmodic contraction of the thoracic cavity, resulting in violent release of air from the lungs, and usually accompanied by a distinctive sound. A symptom' (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident misfortune that which befalls" from συμπίπτω, "I befall" from A Sign is an indication of some fact or quality and a medical sign is an objective indication of some medical fact or quality that is detected by a Physician The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings R00-R69 - Symptoms and Signs (R00-R09 Circulatory and Respiratory systems ( Abnormalities of Heart beat The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. A spasm is a sudden involuntary contraction of a Muscle, a group of muscles or a hollow organ, or a similarly sudden Contraction of an Orifice The thoracic cavity (or chest cavity) is the chamber of the human body (and other animal bodies that is protected by the Thoracic wall ( Thoracic cage lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive
Coughing is an action the body takes to get rid of substances that are irritating the breathing passages. A cough is usually initiated to clear a buildup of phlegm in the trachea. Phlegm ( is sticky Fluid secreted by the Mucous membranes of Humans and other Animals. The traceartes, or windpipe, is a tube that has an inner diameter of about 20-25 mm and a length of about 10-16 cm in humans Coughing can also be triggered by a bolus of food entering the trachea rather than the esophagus due to a failure of the epiglottis. The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences) sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in The epiglottis is a lid-like flap of Elastic cartilage tissue covered with a Mucous membrane, attached to the root of the Tongue. Frequent or chronic coughing usually indicates the presence of a disease. In Medicine, a chronic disease is a Disease that is long-lasting or recurrent A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly Provided the patient is a non-smoker and has a normal chest X-ray, the cause of chronic cough in 93% of all patients is due to asthma, heartburn or post-nasal drip. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. Asthma is a chronic Condition involving the Respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict become inflamed, and are Heartburn or pyrosis is a painful or burning sensation in the Esophagus, just below the breastbone usually associated with regurgitation of gastric acid Post-nasal drip (PND occurs when excessive Mucus is produced by the sinuses. Other causes of chronic cough include chronic bronchitis and medications such as ACE inhibitors. Bronchitis is an Inflammation of the bronchi (medium-size airways in the Lungs Acute bronchitis is usually caused by Viruses ACE inhibitors, or inhibitors of '''A'''ngiotensin-'''C'''onverting '''E'''nzyme, are a group of Pharmaceuticals that are used primarily in treatment of Hypertension Coughing can happen voluntarily as well as involuntarily.
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Physiology
A cough is a protective, primitive reflex in healthy individuals. A reflex action, also known as a reflex, is an involuntary and almost instant movement in response to stimulus. The cough reflex is initiated by stimulation of two different classes of afferent nerves, namely the myelinated rapidly adapting receptors, and nonmyelinated C-fibers with endings in the lungs. In the Nervous system, afferent neurons --otherwise known as sensory or receptor Neurons -carry nerve impulses from receptors or sense Myelin is an electrically-insulating Dielectric Phospholipid layer that surrounds only the Axons of many Neurons It is an outgrowth Structure and Anatomy Location C fibers are found in the peripheral nerves of the somatic sensory system. lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive However it is not certain that the stimulation of nonmyelinated C-fibers leads to cough with a reflex as it's meant in physiology (with its own five components): this stimulation may cause mast cells degranulation (through an asso-assonic reflex) and oedema which may work as a stimulus for rapidly adapting receptors. Structure and Anatomy Location C fibers are found in the peripheral nerves of the somatic sensory system. A reflex action, also known as a reflex, is an involuntary and almost instant movement in response to stimulus. Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical A mast cell (or mastocyte) is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in Histamine and Heparin Degranulation is a cellular process that releases Antimicrobial Cytotoxic molecules from secretory vesicles called granules found inside Oedema (or Edema in American English formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, is the increase of Interstitial fluid in any organ &mdash swelling
Cause
"Persistent cough can be debilitating, socially distressing, and adversely impair quality of life. "[1] One of the more common presentations to a medical practitioner is a dry cough. The common causes of chronic dry coughing include post-nasal drip, gastroesophageal reflux disease, asthma, post viral cough and certain drugs such as beta blockers, ACE inhibitors and aspirin. Post-nasal drip (PND occurs when excessive Mucus is produced by the sinuses. Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( American English and Canadian English) or Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease ( British English, Hiberno-English Asthma is a chronic Condition involving the Respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict become inflamed, and are Post-viral Cough is a lingering Cough experienced following a Viral Respiratory tract infection usually a Common cold or Flu and lasting A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body Beta blockers (sometimes written as β-blocker) are a class of drugs used for various indications but particularly for the management of Cardiac arrhythmias ACE inhibitors, or inhibitors of '''A'''ngiotensin-'''C'''onverting '''E'''nzyme, are a group of Pharmaceuticals that are used primarily in treatment of Hypertension Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA (əˌsɛtɨlsælɨˌsɪlɨk ˈæsɨd is a Salicylate drug, often used as an Analgesic to relieve One of the causes of chronic coughing might even be mouth breathing induced dryness in the throat. Mouth breathing refers to the state of Inhaling and exhaling through the Mouth. If a cough lasts for more than three weeks, multiple causes are likely and symptoms will abate only when all the causes are treated will the patient be symptom free. Individuals who smoke often have a smoker's cough, a loud, hacking cough which often results in the expiration of phlegm. Smoking is a practice where a substance most commonly Tobacco, is burned and the Smoke tasted or inhaled Smoker's cough is a kind of Cough seen especially in smokers Any irritant present in the Respiratory system may trigger cough however smoker's cough develops as Phlegm ( is sticky Fluid secreted by the Mucous membranes of Humans and other Animals. In Third World countries, where endemic tuberculosis and HIV related lung disease predominate, structural damage of the airways often occurs with resulting chronic cough.
Coughing may also be used for psychological or social reasons, such as the coughing before giving a speech. This is known as psychogenic, habit or tic coughing, and may increase in frequency in social situations featuring conflict. [2]
Given its irritant nature to mammal tissues, capsaicin is widely used to determine the cough threshold and as a tussive stimulant in clinical research of cough suppressants. Capsaicin /ˌkæpˈseˌɪsɪn/ (8- Methyl - N - Vanillyl -6-nonen Amide) is the active component of Chili peppers
Complications
The complications of coughing can be classified as either acute or chronic. In Medicine, an acute disease is a disease with either or both of a rapid onset a short course (as opposed to a chronic course In Medicine, a chronic disease is a Disease that is long-lasting or recurrent Acute complications include cough syncope (fainting spells due to decreased blood flow to the brain when coughs are prolonged and forceful), insomnia, cough-induced vomiting, rupture of blebs causing spontaneous pneumothorax (although this still remains to be proven), subconjunctival hemorrhage or "red eye", coughing defecation and in women with a prolapsed uterus, cough urination. Insomnia is a symptom of a sleeping disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the For the protrusion of cell membrane present during Apoptosis and Cell motility, please see Bleb (cell biology. A subconjunctival hemorrhage (or subconjunctival haemorrhage) is bleeding underneath the Conjunctiva. In Medicine, red eye is a non-specific term to describe an Eye that appears Red due to illness injury or some other condition Defecation is the final act of Digestion by which organisms eliminate solid semisolid or liquid Waste material ( Faeces) from the Digestive tract Prolapse literally means "To fall out of place" In Medicine, prolapse is a condition where organs such as the Uterus, fall down or slip out of place The uterus (from the Latin word for womb) is the major Female reproductive organ of most Mammals including Humans One end the Urination, also known as micturition, voiding, and more rarely emiction, is the process of disposing Urine from the Urinary bladder Chronic complications are common and include abdominal or pelvic hernias, fatigue fractures of lower ribs and costochondritis. A hernia is a protrusion of a tissue, structure or part of an organ through the muscular tissue or the membrane by which it is normally contained A fracture is the (local separation of an object or material into two or more pieces under the action of stress. Tietze's syndrome is a benign Inflammation of one or more of the Costal cartilages It was first described in 1921 by the German surgeon Alexander Tietze
Treatment
Coughs can be treated with cough medicines. A cough medicine is a medicinal drug used to treat Coughing and related conditions Dry coughs are treated with cough suppressants (antitussives) that suppress the body's urge to cough, while productive coughs (coughs that produce phlegm) are treated with expectorants that loosen mucus from the respiratory tract. Phlegm ( is sticky Fluid secreted by the Mucous membranes of Humans and other Animals. In vertebrates mucus is a slippery secretion produced by and covering Mucous membranes It is a viscous Colloid containing Antiseptic enzymes (such as In humans the respiratory tract is the part of the Anatomy that has to do with the process of respiration. Centrally acting cough suppressants, such as codeine and dextromethorphan reduce the urge to cough by inhibiting the response of the sensory endings by depolarization, or a dulling, of the vagus nerve, the nerve leading from the brain stem and serving the chest area. Codeine ( INN) or methylmorphine is an Opiate used for its Analgesic, antitussive and antidiarrheal properties Dextromethorphan ( DXM or DM) is an Antitussive (cough suppressant drug found in many over-the-counter cold and Cough medicines In biology depolarization is a decrease in the Absolute value of a cell's Membrane potential. The vagus nerve (ˈveɪˌgəs (VĀ-gəs (also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X) is the tenth of twelve paired Cranial nerves, and is the A recent study indicates that, because of the presence of theobromine in chocolate, 50 grams of dark chocolate may be an effective treatment for a persistent cough. Theobromine, also known as xantheose, which also includes the similar compounds Theophylline and Caffeine. Chocolate ( pronounced or /-ˈələt/ comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical Cacao tree [1]
Research has demonstrated that gargling with a mixture of warm water and salt washes away the layer of mucus on the throat containing bacteria and proteins that cause inflammation, according to the American Academy of Otolaryngology. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants [3]
During injections
Coughing during an injection can lessen the pain of the needle stick caused by a sudden, temporary rise in pressure in the chest and spinal canal, inhibiting the pain-conducting structures of the spinal cord. An injection is an infusion method of putting Liquid into the Body, usually with a hollow needle and a Syringe which is pierced through [4]
Psychological causes of Cough
Sometimes a cough can be found to have no apparent physical or medical cause. In these instances emotional and psychological problems are likely causes and the cough is often called a "psychogenic cough" (also known as a "habit cough" or "tic cough"). A habit cough is a Cough that occasionally develops in Children after a cold or other airway irritant. However, other illnesses have to be ruled out before a firm diagnosis of psychogenic cough is made. Psychogenic cough is thought to be more common in children than in adults. A possible scenario: psychogenic cough develops in a child who has a chronically ill brother or sister.
Social aspects of coughing
Coughing is not always involuntary, and can be used in social situations. Coughing can be used to attract attention, release internal psychological tension, or become a maladaptive displacement behavior. It is believed that the frequency of such coughing increases in environments vulnerable to psychological tension and social conflict. In such environments, coughing may become one of many displacement behaviors and/or defense mechanisms.
See also
References
- ^ a b Omar S. Croup is a group of Respiratory diseases that often affect infants and children under age 6 Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious Disease caused by the Bacterium Bordetella pertussis; it derived its A habit cough is a Cough that occasionally develops in Children after a cold or other airway irritant. Kennel cough or tracheobronchitis is a highly contagious canine illness characterized by inflammation of the upper Respiratory system. A cough medicine is a medicinal drug used to treat Coughing and related conditions Usmani, Maria G. Belvisi, Hema J. Patel, Natascia Crispino, Mark A. Birrell, Marta Korbonits, Dezso Korbonits, and Peter J. Barnes (2005). "Theobromine inhibits sensory nerve activation and cough." (in english) (pdf). The FASEB Journal 19: 231-233.
- ^ Arella, A. (nd), Coughing as an Indicator of Displacement Behaviour, <http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ33337.pdf> (Unpublished thesis)
- ^ Ask Tufts Experts (Tufts Health & Nutrition Letter, January 2003)
- ^ Usichenko, TI; Pavlovic D, Foellner S & Wendt M. (2004). "Reducing venipuncture pain by a cough trick: a randomized crossover volunteer study". Anesthesia and Analgesia 99 (3): 952-3. PMID 14742367.
- McCool F (2006). "Global physiology and pathophysiology of cough: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. ". Chest 129 (1 Suppl): 48S-53S. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16428691. Full text
- Irwin, RS, Glomb, WB, Chang, AB (2006). "Habit Cough, Tic Cough, and Psychogenic Cough in Adult and Pediatric Populations. ". Chest 129 (1 Suppl): 174S-179S. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16428707. [1]
External links
Dictionary
cough
-verb
- To push air from the lungs in a quick, noisy explosion.
- To make a noise like a cough
-noun
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