Historically, corporatism or corporativism (Italian: corporativismo) refers to a political or economic system in which power is given to civic assemblies that represent economic, industrial, agrarian, social, cultural, and professional groups. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. A political system is a System of Politics and Government. It is usually compared to the Law system, Economic system, Cultural An economic system is a System that involves the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services between An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture These civic assemblies are known as corporations (not necessarily the business model known as a 'corporation', though such businesses are not excluded from the definition either). Corporations are unelected bodies with an internal hierarchy; their purpose is to exert control over the social and economic life of their respective areas. A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business @@@ main@@@ - title Hierarchy@@@ keywords structure; sociology; information@@@ review@@@ - Thus, for example, a steel corporation would be a cartel composed of all the business leaders in the steel industry, coming together to discuss a common policy on prices and wages. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 A cartel is a formal (explicit agreement among firms Cartels usually occur in an oligopolistic industry, where there is a small number of sellers and usually involve When the political and economic power of a country rests in the hands of such groups, then a corporatist system is in place.

The word "corporatism" is derived from the Latin word for body, corpus. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. This meaning was not connected with the specific notion of a business corporation, but rather a general reference to anything collected as a body. Its usage reflects medieval European concepts of a whole society in which the various components - e. g. , guilds, universities, monasteries, the various estates, etc. A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. The Estates of the realm were the broad divisions of society usually distinguishing Nobility, Clergy, and Commoners recognized in the Middle Ages - each play a part in the life of the society, just as the various parts of the body serve specific roles in the life of a body. According to various theorists, corporatism was an attempt to create a modern version of feudalism by merging the "corporate" interests with those of the state. Neofeudalism literally means "New Feudalism " and implies a contemporary rebirth of policies of Governance and Economy reminiscent of those present

It became popular during the rule of Getulio Vargas in Brazil during the 1920s and 1930s when issues of social welfare arose. Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (ʒeˈtulju doɾˈnɛlis vaɾgɐs April 19, 1882 – August 24, 1954) served as president of |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld He implemented a form that promoted what was then referred to as modern capitalism. Its objective was to be moderate, and not completely open to free markets. Corporativism, on the other hand, did not want complete state rule. It was during the early 1900s when Spain, Portugal, and Italy were testing this ideology.

Political scientists may also use the term corporatism to describe a practice whereby a state, through the process of licensing and regulating officially-incorporated social, religious, economic, or popular organizations, effectively co-opts their leadership or circumscribes their ability to challenge state authority by establishing the state as the source of their legitimacy, as well as sometimes running them, either directly or indirectly through corporations. Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. The verb license or grant license means to give permission The noun license is the document demonstrating that permission Incorporation (abbreviated Inc in US and Canadian business names is the forming of a new Corporation (a corporation being a legal entity This usage is particularly common in the area of East Asian studies, and is sometimes also referred to as state corporatism. Some analysts have applied the term neocorporatism to certain practices in Western European countries, such the Proporz system in Austria. Proporz is a long standing doctrine within the politics of the second Austrian republic. ^[1] At a popular level in recent years "corporatism" has been used to mean the promotion of the interests of private corporations in government over the interests of the public.

Contents 1 Classical theoretical origins 2 State corporatism 2.1 Asian corporatism 2.2 Russian corporatism 2.3 Italian fascist corporativism 3 Neo-corporatism 3.1 In social science 3.2 In popular usage 4 Criticism of Corporatism 4.1 Corporatism and Fascism 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 7.1 On Italian Corporatism 7.2 On Neo-Corporatism 7.3 On Fascist Corporatism 8 External links

Classical theoretical origins

Corporatism is a form of class collaboration put forward as an alternative to class conflict, and was first proposed in Pope Leo XIII's 1891 encyclical Rerum Novarum, which influenced the Catholic trades unions that organised in the early twentieth century to counter the influence of trade unions founded on a socialist ideology. Class collaboration is a principle of social organization that forms part of Fascist philosophy Class conflict, also class war or class warfare, is both the friction that accompanies social relationships between members or groups of different Pope Leo XIII ( March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903) born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church Rerum Novarum (Translation Of New Things) is an Encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on May 16 1891. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Theoretical underpinnings came from the medieval traditions of guilds and craft-based economics, and later, syndicalism. A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers Syndicalism is a type of movement which aims to degrade capitalist societies through action by the Working class on the industrial front Corporatism was encouraged by Pope Pius XI in his 1931 encyclical Quadragesimo Anno. Pope Pius XI ( Latin: Pius PP XI; Italian: Pio XI; May 31 1857 &ndash February 10 1939) born Quadragesimo Anno is an Encyclical by Pope Pius XI, issued 15 May 1931, 40 years after Rerum Novarum (thus the

Gabriele D'Annunzio and syndicalist Alceste de Ambris incorporated principles of corporative philosophy in their Charter of Carnaro. Gabriele d'Annunzio ( 12 March 1863 &ndash 1 March 1938) was an Italian Poet, Journalist, Novelist Syndicalism is a type of movement which aims to degrade capitalist societies through action by the Working class on the industrial front Alceste De Ambris (1874 - 1934 was an Italian syndicalist, the brother of Amilcare De Ambris. The Charter of Carnaro ( Carta del Carnaro in Italian) was the constitution of the Italian Regency of Carnaro, a short-lived government in Fiume

One early and important theorist of corporatism was Adam Müller, an advisor to Prince Metternich in what is now eastern Germany and Austria. Adam Heinrich Müller ( June 30, 1779 - January 17, 1829) was a German publicist literary critic political economist theorist of the state Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Müller propounded his views as an antidote to the twin "dangers" of the egalitarianism of the French Revolution and the laissez-faire economics of Adam Smith. Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do” Adam Smith ( baptised 16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of Political economy. In Germany and elsewhere there was a distinct aversion among rulers to unrestricted capitalism, owing to the feudalist and aristocratic tradition of giving state privileges to the wealthy and powerful. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations

In Italy, corporatism became influential amongst Italian nationalists, Alfredo Rocco spoke of a corporative state and declared corporatist ideology in detail, Rocco would go on to become a member of the Italian Fascist regime. Alfredo Rocco (1875-1935 was an Italian politician and jurist ^[2] Under fascism in Italy, business owners, employees, trades-people, professionals, and other economic classes were organized into 22 guilds, or associations, known as "corporations" according to their industries, and these groups were given representation in a legislative body known as the Camera dei Fasci e delle Corporazioni. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology See Mussolini's essay discussing the corporatist state, Doctrine of Fascism. " The Doctrine of Fascism " (" La dottrina del fascismo " is a seminal essay signed by Benito Mussolini and officially attributed to him although

Similar ideas were also ventilated in other European countries at the time. For instance, Austria under the Dollfuß dictatorship had a constitution modelled on that of Italy; but there were also conservative philosophers and/or economists advocating the corporate state, for example Othmar Spann. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Othmar Spann ( October 1, 1878 - July 8, 1950) was a conservative Austrian philosopher sociologist and economist whose radical anti-liberal In Portugal, a similar ideal, but based on bottom-up individual moral renewal, inspired Salazar to work towards corporatism. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ He wrote the Portuguese Constitution of 1933, which is credited as the first corporatist constitution in the world. The first Portuguese Constitution was drafted in 1822 Several Revolutions led to the constitutions of 1826, 1838 ( Liberal Wars) 1911 ( Historically corporatism (corporativismo refers to a political or Economic system in which power is held by civic assemblies that represent Economic See also: Fascism as an international phenomenon. This article discusses regimes and movements that are alleged to have been either fascist or sympathetic to fascism

State corporatism

While classical corporatism and its intellectual successor, neo-corporatism (and their critics) emphasize the role of corporate bodies in influencing government decision-making, corporatism used in the context of the study of authoritarian or autocratic states, particularly within East Asian studies, usually refers instead to a process by which the state uses officially-recognized organizations as a tool for restricting public participation in the political process and limiting the power of civil society. Historically corporatism (corporativismo refers to a political or Economic system in which power is held by civic assemblies that represent Economic Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. East Asian Studies is a distinct Multidisciplinary field of scholarly enquiry and education that promotes a broad Humanistic understanding of East Asia Civil society is composed of the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning Society as opposed to the force-backed

Asian corporatism

Under such a system, as described by Jonathan Unger and Anita Chan in their essay China, Corporatism, and the East Asian Model ^[3],

at the national level the state recognizes one and only one organization (say, a national labour union, a business association, a farmers' association) as the sole representative of the sectoral interests of the individuals, enterprises or institutions that comprise that organization's assigned constituency. The state determines which organizations will be recognized as legitimate and forms an unequal partnership of sorts with such organizations. The associations sometimes even get channelled into the policy-making processes and often help implement state policy on the government's behalf.

By establishing itself as the arbitrator of legitimacy and assigning responsibility for a particular constituency with one sole organization, the state limits the number of players with which it must negotiate its policies and co-opts their leadership into policing their own members. A constituency is any cohesive corporate unit or body bound by shared structures goals or loyalty This arrangement is not limited to economic organizations such as business groups or trade unions; examples can also include social or religious groups. Examples abound, but one such would be the People's Republic of China's Islamic Association of China, in which the state actively intervenes in the appointment of imams and controls the educational contents of their seminaries, which must be approved by the government to operate and which feature courses on "patriotic reeducation" ^[4]. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Islamic Association of China (中国伊斯兰教协会 Pinyin: Zhōngguó Yīsīlánjiào xiéhuì claims to represent Chinese Muslims nationwide An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community Another example is the phenomenon known as "Japan, Inc. ", in which major industrial conglomerates and their dependent workforces were consciously manipulated by the Japanese MITI to maximize post-war economic growth. A conglomerate is a large Company that consists of seemingly unrelated Business sections The Ministry of International Trade and Industry (通商産業省 Tsūsho-sangyō-shō or MITI) was one of the most powerful agencies in the Japanese government

Russian corporatism

On October 9, 2007, an article signed by Viktor Cherkesov, head of the Russian Drug Enforcement Administration, was published in Kommersant, where he used the term "corporativist state" in a positive way to describe the evolution of Russia. Viktor Vasilyevich Cherkesov (Виктор Васильевич Черкесов b Kommersant ( Cyrillic: Коммерса́нтъ (which literally translates as "The Businessman" is a commerce-oriented newspaper published in He claimed that the administration officials detained on criminal charges earlier that month are the exception rather than the rule and that the only development scenario for Russia that is both realistic enough and relatively favorable is to continue evolution into a corporativist state ruled by security service officials. ^[5]

Here is some background. In December 2005, Andrei Illarionov, former economic adviser to Vladimir Putin, claimed that Russia had become a corporativist state. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Andrey Nikolayevich Illarionov ( Андре́й Никола́евич Илларио́нов) (born September 16 1961) is Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, USSR; now Saint Petersburg, Russia was the second President of Russia Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

"The process of this state evolving into a new corporativist (sic) model reached its completion in 2005. . . . The strengthening of the corporativist state model and setting up favorable conditions for quasi-state monopolies by the state itself hurt the economy. . . . Cabinet members or key Presidential Staff executives chairing corporation boards or serving on those boards are the order of the day in Russia. In what Western country—except in the corporativist state that lasted for 20 years in Italy—is such a phenomenon possible? Which, actually, proves that the term 'corporativist' properly applies to Russia today. "^[6]

All political powers and most important economic assets in the country are controlled by former state security officials ("siloviks"), according to some researchers ^[7]. Political power ( Imperium in Latin is a type of power held by a group in a Society which allows administration of some or all of In Business and Accounting, assets are everything owned by a person or company (all tangible and intangible property that can be converted into cash. National security is the entire scope of measures undertaken by the Governments of Nation-states in providing assurance of national Sovereignty A Silovik (силови́к plural siloviks or siloviki силовики́ from a Russian word for force) is a Russian politician The takeover of Russian state and economic assets has been allegedly accomplished by a clique of Putin's close associates and friends ^[8] who gradually became a leading group of Russian oligarchs and who "seized control over the financial, media and administrative resources of the Russian state" ^[9] and restricted democratic freedoms and human rights ^[7]

Illarionov described the present situation in Russia as a new socio-political order, "distinct from any seen in our country before". A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. A clique ( IPA:/'klɪk/ in America /'kliːk/ elsewhere is an exclusive group of people who share interests views purposes patterns of behavior or ethnicity At the very beginning of his presidency Vladimir Putin announced that he was going to consolidate political powers in Russia into the so-called power vertical. During his presidency Vladimir Putin proposed 227 legislative acts of the Russian Federation (as of January 18[[ 007]] Human rights in the Soviet Union The rights and liberties of the citizens of the Russian Federation are granted by Chapter 2 of the Constitution adopted in 1993 In this model, members of the Corporation of Intelligence Service Collaborators [Russian abbreviation KSSS] took over the entire body of state power, follow an omerta-like behavior code, and "are given instruments conferring power over others – membership “perks”, such as the right to carry and use weapons". Omertà is a popular attitude common in areas of southern Italy, such as Sicily, Calabria, and Campania, where criminal organizations like the According to Illarionov, this "Corporation has seized key government agencies – the Tax Service, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Parliament, and the government-controlled mass media – which are now used to advance the interests of KSSS members. Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation (Министерство обороны Российской Федерации exercises operational leadership of the armed A minister for foreign affairs, or foreign minister, is a governmental cabinet minister who helps form the Foreign policy of a sovereign nation A Duma (Ду́ма is any of various representative assemblies in modern Russia and Russian history Through these agencies, every significant resource of the country – security/intelligence, political, economic, informational and financial – is being monopolized in the hands of Corporation members" ^[10]

Analyst Andrei Piontkovsky also considers the present situation as "the highest and culminating stage of bandit capitalism in Russia” ^[11]. Andrey Andreevich Piontkovsky (born 1940 Moscow) is Russian Scientist and political writer and Analyst. He believes that "Russia is not corrupt. Corruption is what happens in all countries when businessmen offer officials large bribes for favors. Political corruption is the use of governmental powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain Today’s Russia is unique. The businessmen, the politicians, and the bureaucrats are the same people. " ^[12]

Italian fascist corporativism

Part of the Politics series on Fascism

Definitions of fascism Varieties Arrow Cross Austrofascism Brazilian Integralism Clerical fascism Falangism Greek fascism Iron Guard Italian Fascism Japanese fascism National Socialism National Syndicalism Neo-Fascism Rexism Ustaše Organizations Fascism as an international phenomenon List of fascist movements by country History 4th of August Regime Beer Hall Putsch Fascio Fascist Italy Italian Social Republic March on Rome Nazi Germany Related Subjects Acerbo Law Actual Idealism Anti-fascism · Benito Mussolini Black Brigades Blackshirts Class collaboration Corporatism Economics of fascism Falange Fascism and ideology Fascist symbolism Fascist unification rhetoric Giovanni Gentile Grand Council of Fascism Italian Nationalist Association Nazi salute Quadrumvirs Roman salute Social fascism Third Position Enrico Corradini

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In Italian Fascism, this non-elected form of state "officializing" of every interest into the state was professed to better circumvent the marginalization of singular interests (as would allegedly happen by the unilateral end condition inherent in the democratic voting process). Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology What constitutes a definition of Fascism and fascist Governments is a highly disputed subject that has proved complicated and contentious The Arrow Cross Party ( Hungarian: Nyilaskeresztes Párt – Hungarista Mozgalom, literally "Arrow Cross Party-Hungarist Movement" was a Far-right Austrofascism (Austrofaschismus is a term which is frequently used by historians to describe the authoritarian rule installed in Austria between 1934 and 1938 Brazilian Integralism (Integralismo brasileiro was a Brazilian political movement created in October 1932 Clerical fascism is an ideological construct that combines the political and economic doctrines of Fascism with Theology or religious tradition This article is about the Spanish political party For the Lebanese Phalange see the Kataeb Party. From 1936 to 1941, Greece was ruled by an authoritarian regime under the leadership of General The Iron Guard is the name most commonly given in English to a Far-right ultra- nationalist Antisemitic, fascist movement and political party The term Italian Fascism denotes the totalitarian Fascismo political movement that ruled Italy from 1922 until 1943 under leader Benito Mussolini The general term Japanese fascism has been used to refer to Japanese nationalist thinking its ideological foundation and the outlines of its political implementation Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German National syndicalism is a variant of Syndicalism typically associated with the Labor movement in Italy which would later become a basis of Benito Mussolini This page specifically pertains to fascism after World War II Rexism was a fascist political movement in the first half of the twentieth century in Belgium. For the militiamen of the Military Frontier, see Uskoci The Ustaša - Croatian Revolutionary Movement ( Croatian: This article discusses regimes and movements that are alleged to have been either fascist or sympathetic to fascism This is a list of political parties organizations and movements that have been claimed to follow some form of fascist ideology From 1936 to 1941, Greece was ruled by an authoritarian regime under the leadership of General The Beer Hall Putsch (also known as the Munich Putsch) was a failed Coup d'état that occurred between the evening of Thursday November 8 Fascio (plural fasci) is an Italian word that effectively means "league" in English and which was used in the late 19th century to refer to Political This articles covers the history of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars. The Italian Social Republic ( Italian: Repubblica Sociale Italiana or RSI) was a Puppet state of Nazi Germany led by the "Duce of the The March on Rome ( Marcia su Roma) was a Coup d'état by which Mussolini 's National Fascist Party ( Partito Nazionale Fascista Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Acerbo Law was a Italian electoral law proposed by Baron Giacomo Acerbo and forced through the Italian Parliament in 1923 Actual Idealism was a form of Idealism developed by Giovanni Gentile that grew into a 'grounded' idealism contrasting the Transcendental Idealism of Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascist ideologies organizations governments and people Black Brigades (Brigate Nere were one of the Fascist Paramilitary groups operating in the Italian Social Republic (in northern Italy) For other uses and meanings see Blackshirts (disambiguation. The Blackshirts ( Italian: camicie nere, Class collaboration is a principle of social organization that forms part of Fascist philosophy The economics of fascism refers to the economic policies implemented by fascist governments This article is about the Spanish political party For the Lebanese Phalange see the Kataeb Party. There are numerous debates concerning fascism and ideology. The position of fascism on the political spectrum is a point of contention As there were many different manifestations of Fascism, especially during the interwar years there were also many different symbols of Fascist movements. The Rhetoric of Hitler's "Battle" was an influential essay written by Kenneth Burke in 1939 which offered a rhetorical analysis of Adolf Hitler Giovanni Gentile (dʒoˈvɑnni dʒenˈtile May 30, 1875 April 15, 1944) was an Italian neo- Hegelian Idealist The Grand Council of Fascism (Gran Consiglio del Fascismo was the main body of Mussolini 's Fascist government in Italy. The Italian Nationalist Association, Associazione Nazionalista Italiana (ANI was Italy's first nationalist political party founded in 1910 The Hitler salute (Hitlergruß also known in Germany during World War II as the Deutscher Gruß (literally German Greeting) or in English as the The quadrumvirs were a group of four leaders that led Benito Mussolini 's March on Rome in October 1922 The Roman salute is a gesture in which the arm is held out forward straight with palm down Social fascism was a theory supported by the Communist International (Comintern during the late 1920s and early 1930s which stated that Social democracy was a variant Third Position is the name applied to a nationalist political strand that seeks to emphasise its opposition to both Communism and Capitalism. Enrico Corradini (1865 &mdash 1931 was an Italian Novelist Essayist journalist and nationalist political figure The term Italian Fascism denotes the totalitarian Fascismo political movement that ruled Italy from 1922 until 1943 under leader Benito Mussolini Corporativism would instead better recognize or 'incorporate' every divergent interest as it stands alone into the state "organically", according to its supporters, thus being the inspiration behind their use of the term totalitarian, perceivable to them as not meaning a coercive system but described distinctly as without coercion in the 1932 Doctrine of Fascism as thus;

"… (The state) is not simply a mechanism which limits the sphere of the supposed liberties of the individual…" & "…Neither has the Fascist conception of authority anything in common with that of a police ridden State…" but rather clearly connoting "…Far from crushing the individual, the Fascist State multiplies his energies, just as in a regiment a soldier is not diminished but multiplied by the number of his fellow soldiers…"

This prospect in Italian Fascist Corporativism claimed to be the direct heir of Georges Sorel's anarcho-syndicalism, wherein each interest was to form as its own entity with separate organizing parameters according to their own standards, only however within the corporative model of Italian Fascism each was supposed to be incorporated through the auspices and organizing ability of a statist construct. Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private " The Doctrine of Fascism " (" La dottrina del fascismo " is a seminal essay signed by Benito Mussolini and officially attributed to him although Georges Eugène Sorel ( 2 November, 1847 &ndash 29 August, 1922) was a French Philosopher and theorist of Revolutionary Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. This was by their reasoning the only possible way to achieve such a function, i. e. when resolved in the capability of an indissoluble state.

Neo-corporatism

In social science

Some contemporary political scientists and sociologists use the term neo-corporatism to describe a process of bargaining between labor, capital, and government identified as occurring in some small, open economies (particularly in Europe) as a means of distinguishing their observations from popular pejorative usage and to highlight ties to classical theories. Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge"

In the recent literature of social science, corporatism (or neo-corporatism) lacks negative connotation. In the writings of Philippe Schmitter, Gerhard Lehmbruch, and their followers, "neo-corporatism" refers to social arrangements dominated by tri-partite bargaining between unions, the private sector (capital), and government. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Such bargaining is oriented toward (a) dividing the productivity gains created in the economy "fairly" among the social partners and (b) gaining wage restraint in recessionary or inflationary periods.

Most political economists believe that such neo-corporatist arrangements are only possible in societies in which labor is highly organized and various labor unions are hierarchically organized in a single labor federation. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Such "encompassing" unions bargain on behalf of all workers, and they have a strong incentive to balance the employment cost of high wages against the real income consequences of small wage gains. Many of the small, open European economies, such as Finland, Sweden, Austria, Norway, Ireland, Belgium and the Netherlands fit this classification. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands In the work of some scholars, such as Peter J. Katzenstein, neo-corporatist arrangements enable small open economies to effectively manage their relationship with the global economy. Peter Katzenstein (b February 17, 1945) is the Walter S Carpenter Jr The adjustment to trade shocks occurs through a bargaining process in which the costs of adjustment are distributed evenly ("fairly") among the social partners.

Examples of modern neocorporatism include the ILO Conference, the Economic and Social Committee of the European Union, the collective agreement arrangements of the Scandinavian countries, the Dutch Poldermodel system of consensus, and the Republic of Ireland's system of Social Partnership. The International Labour Organization The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The polder model is a term with uncertain origin that was first used to describe the internationally acclaimed Dutch version of Consensus policy in economics specifically Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Social partnership ( Irish: Pairtíocht sóisialta) is the term used for the tripartite triennial national agreements reached in the Republic of Ireland In Australia, the Labor Party governments of 1983-96 fostered a set of policies known as The Accord, under which the Australian Council of Trade Unions agreed to hold back demands for pay increases, the compensation being increased expenditure on the "social wage", Prime Minister Paul Keating's name for broad-based welfare programs. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Australian Council of Trade Unions ( ACTU) is the largest A wage is a compensation workers receive in exchange for their labor. Guaranteed minimum income (GMI is a proposed system of Social welfare provision that guarantees that all Citizens or families have an income sufficient Paul John Keating (born 18 January 1944 was the 24th Prime Minister of Australia, from 1991 to 1996 Welfare is financial assistance paid to people by governments In Singapore, the National Wages Council and other state-created entities form a tripartite arrangement between the major trade unions (NTUC), employers, and the Government that co-ordinates the national economy. Singapore In Italy, the Carlo Azeglio Ciampi administration inaugurated in July 23' 1993 a concertation (Italian: concertazione) policy of peaceful agreement on salary rates between government, the three main trade unions and the Confindustria employers' federation. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest (born 9 December 1920) is an Italian politician and banker He was Prime Minister of Italy from 1993 to 1994 and was President from 1999 Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Confindustria is the Italian Employers' federation, founded in 1910 Before that, salary augmentations were always beset by strikes. Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work. In 2001 the Silvio Berlusconi administration put an end to concertation. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. (born 29 September 1936 is an Italian politician, Entrepreneur, Real estate and Insurance Tycoon, Bank and Media proprietor

Most theorists agree that traditional neo-corporatism is undergoing a crisis. In many classically corporatist countries, traditional bargaining is on the retreat. This crisis is often attributed to globalization, with increasing labour mobility and competition from developing countries (see outsourcing). Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones Outsourcing is Subcontracting a process such as product design or Manufacturing, to a Third-party company However, this claim is not undisputed with nations like Singapore still strongly following neo-corporatist models.

In popular usage

Contemporary popular (as opposed to social science) usage of the term is more pejorative, especially when used in the shorter form corporatism (corporativism usually implies only the Italian construct indicating public rather than private organizing), emphasizing the role of business corporations in government decision-making at the expense of the public. The power of business to affect government legislation through lobbying and other avenues of influence in order to promote their interests is usually seen as detrimental to those of the public. Lobbying includes all attempts to influence Legislators and officials whether by other legislators constituents or organized groups In this respect, corporatism may be characterized as an extreme form of regulatory capture, and is also termed corporatocracy, a form of plutocracy. Regulatory capture is a term used to refer to situations in which a Government regulatory agency created to act in the public interest instead acts in favor of the commercial Corporatocracy is a Neologism that describes a Government dominated by corporate influence banks and governments Plutocracy is rule by the wealthy or power provided by wealth If there is substantial military-corporate collaboration it is often called militarism or the military-industrial complex. A military-industrial complex (MIC is a concept commonly used to refer to Policy relationships between Governments national Armed forces, and industrial

Criticism of Corporatism

Corporatism or neo-corporatism is often used popularly as a pejorative term in reference to perceived tendencies in politics for legislators and administrations to be influenced or dominated by the interests of business enterprises, employers' organizations, and industry trade groups. A legislator (or lawmaker) is a person who writes and passes laws especially someone who is a member of a Legislature. Public administration can be broadly described as the development implementation and study of branches of government Policy. An employers' organization, employers' association or employers' federation is an association of Employers A Trade union, which organizes An industry trade group, also known as a trade association, is an organization founded and funded by Businesses that operate in a specific Industry. The influence of other types of corporations, such as labor unions, is perceived to be relatively minor. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming In this view, government decisions are seen as being influenced strongly by which sorts of policies will lead to greater profits for favored companies.

Corporatism is also used to describe a condition of corporate-dominated globalization. Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones Points enumerated by users of the term in this sense include the prevalence of very large, multinational corporations that freely move operations around the world in response to corporate, rather than public, needs; the push by the corporate world to introduce legislation and treaties which would restrict the abilities of individual nations to restrict corporate activity; and similar measures to allow corporations to sue nations over "restrictive" policies, such as a nation's environmental regulations that would restrict corporate activities. Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers

In the United States, corporations representing many different sectors are involved in attempts to influence legislation through lobbying including many non-business groups, unions, membership organizations, and non-profits. While these groups have no official membership in any legislative body, they can often wield considerable power over law-makers. In recent times, the profusion of lobby groups and the increase in campaign contributions has led to widespread controversy and the McCain-Feingold Act. The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 ( BCRA, McCain–Feingold Act,) is United States federal law that amended the Federal Election Campaign

Many critics of free market theories, such as George Orwell, have argued that corporatism (in the sense of an economic system dominated by massive corporations) is the natural result of free market capitalism. Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer

Critics of capitalism often argue that any form of capitalism would eventually devolve into corporatism, due to the concentration of wealth in fewer and fewer hands. Wealth condensation is a theoretical process by which in certain conditions newly-created Wealth tends to become concentrated in the possession of already-wealthy individuals A permutation of this term is corporate globalism. John Ralston Saul argues that most Western societies are best described as corporatist states, run by a small elite of professional and interest groups, that exclude political participation from the citizenry. John Ralston Saul CC (born June 19, 1947) is a Canadian author and Essayist.

Other critics say that they are pro-capitalist, but anti-corporatist. They support capitalism but only when corporate power is separated from state power. These critics can be from both the right and the left.

In the United States Republican President Ronald Reagan^[13][14] echoed Republican President Herbert Hoover and others who claimed that Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal programs represented a move in the direction of a corporatist state. Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10 1874 &ndash October 20 1964 was the thirty-first President of the United States (1929–1933 The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D These claims are highly disputed. In particular these critics focussed on the National Recovery Administration. National Recovery Administration (NRA created in the United States of America under the 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act, was one of the New Deal In 1935 Herbert Hoover described^[15] some of the New Deal measures as "Fascist regimentation. Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10 1874 &ndash October 20 1964 was the thirty-first President of the United States (1929–1933 " In his 1951 memoirs^[16] he used the phrases "early Roosevelt fascist measures", and "this stuff was pure fascism", and "a remaking of Mussolini's corporate state". For sources and more info see The New Deal and corporatism. See also Corporatism, New Deal When Franklin D Roosevelt became President of the United States in March 1933 he expressly adopted a variety of measures

These claims continue to be aired in right-wing publications. These authors also discuss modern American corporatism. ^[17][18]

Other critics, namely Mancur Olson in The Logic of Collective Action, argue that corporatist arrangements exclude some groups, notably the unemployed, and are thus responsible for high unemployment. Mancur Lloyd Olson Jr ( 1932 - February 19, 1998) was a leading American economist and Social scientist who at the time The Logic of Collective Action Public Goods and the Theory of Groups is a book by Mancur Olson Jr

See also: Fascism and ideology and Economics of fascism

Corporatism and Fascism

Some critics equate too much corporate power and influence with fascism. There are numerous debates concerning fascism and ideology. The position of fascism on the political spectrum is a point of contention The economics of fascism refers to the economic policies implemented by fascist governments Often they cite a quote claimed to be from Mussolini: "Fascism should more properly be called corporatism because it is the merger of state and corporate power. " Several variations of the alleged quote exist. However no text written by Mussolini has yet been found with any variation of the alleged quote. [3]. Despite this, the alleged quote has entered into modern discourse, and it appears on thousands of web pages [4], and in books [5], and even an alternative media advertisement in the Washington Post. [6]. However, the alleged quote contradicts almost everything else written by Mussolini on the subject of the relationship between corporations and the Fascist State. [7].

In one 1935 English translation of what Mussolini wrote, the term "corporative state" is used,[8] but this has a different meaning from modern uses of the terms used to discuss business corporations. In that same translation, the phrase "national Corporate State of Fascism," refers to syndicalist corporatism. National syndicalism is a variant of Syndicalism typically associated with the Labor movement in Italy which would later become a basis of Benito Mussolini The dubious quote is sometimes claimed to more accurately summarize what Mussolini did and not what he said. However many scholars of fascism reject this claim. See Fascism and ideology. There are numerous debates concerning fascism and ideology. The position of fascism on the political spectrum is a point of contention

There is a very old argument about who controlled whom in the fascist states of Italy and Germany at various points in the timeline of power. It is agreed that the army, the wealthy, and the big corporations ended up with much more say in decision making than other elements of the corporative state [9] [10] [11]. There was a power struggle between the fascist parties/leaders and the army, wealthy, and big corporations. It waxed and waned as to who had more power at any given time. Scholars have used the term "Mussolini's corporate state" in many different ways[12].

Franklin D. Roosevelt in an April 29, 1938 message to Congress warned that the growth of private power could lead to fascism:

The first truth is that the liberty of a democracy is not safe if the people tolerate the growth of private power to a point where it becomes stronger than their democratic state itself. That, in its essence, is fascism--ownership of government by an individual, by a group, or by any other controlling private power. ^[19][20][21]

From the same message:

The Growing Concentration of Economic Power. Statistics of the Bureau of Internal Revenue reveal the following amazing figures for 1935: "Ownership of corporate assets: Of all corporations reporting from every part of the Nation, one-tenth of 1 percent of them owned 52 percent of the assets of all of them. "^[19][21]

See also

• Anti-globalization
• Antitrust
• Capitalism
• Collectivism
• Corporate nationalism
• Corporate police state
• Corporate Statism
• Corporatization
• Crony capitalism
• Democratic Leadership Council
• Government financial reports
• Economic fascism
• Globalization
• National syndicalism
• Neoconservatism
• Neofeudalism
• New Deal
• Plutocracy
• Quango
• Regulatory capture
• The New Deal and corporatism
• Third Way (centrism)

References

Sources

On Italian Corporatism

• Constitution of Fiume
• Rerum Novarum: encyclical of Pope Leo XIII on capital and labor
• Quadragesimo Anno: encyclical of Pope Pius XI on reconstruction of the social order
• There is an essay on "The Doctrine of Fascism" credited to Benito Mussolini that appeared in the 1932 edition of the Enciclopedia Italiana, and excerpts can be read at Doctrine of Fascism. " The Doctrine of Fascism " (" La dottrina del fascismo " is a seminal essay signed by Benito Mussolini and officially attributed to him although There are also links there to the complete text.

On Neo-Corporatism

• Katzenstein, Peter: Small States in World Markets, Ithaca, 1985.
• Olson, Mancur: Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, (Harvard Economic Studies), Cambridge, 1965.
• Schmitter, P. C. and Lehmbruch, G. (eds. ), Trends toward Corporatist Intermediation, London, 1979.
• Rodrigues, Lucia Lima: "Corporatism, liberalism and the accounting profession in Portugal since 1755," Journal of Accounting Historians, June 2003. [13]

On Fascist Corporatism

• Baker, David, The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?, New Political Economy, Volume 11, Issue 2 June 2006 , pages 227 – 250.

External links

• corporatism, or corporate state, or corporativism, or corporativismo, or state corporatism (ideology). Britannica Online Encyclopedia. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc
• "Corporatist Ideology in Kemalist Turkey Progress or Order?", Corporatist Ideology in Kemalist Turkey Progress or Order? by Taha Parla and Andrew Davison, 2004, Syracuse University Press, ISBN 0815630549
• "Mussolini on the Corporate State" by Chip Berlet, 2005, Political Research Associates; Somerville, Massachusetts, USA — includes study of alleged Mussolini quote on corporatism, and quotes from Mussolini texts on corporatism.
• "Economic Fascism" by Thomas J. DiLorenzo, The Freeman, Vol. 44, No. 6, June 1994, Foundation for Economic Education; Irvington-on-Hudson, New York, USA.
• 2 Mussolini autobiographies in one book. English. Searchable. Click on the result titled "My Rise and Fall" (usually the top result). Then use the search form in the left column titled "search within this book. "
• The 1928 autobiography of Benito Mussolini. Online. My Autobiography. Book by Benito Mussolini; Charles Scribner's Sons, 1928.
• Corporatism by Michael A. Rizzotti
• Corporatism by Jeffrey Grupp

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