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For the Blackadder episode, see Corporal Punishment (Blackadder). "Corporal Punishment"' is the second episode of Blackadder Goes Forth, the fourth season of the BBC Sitcom Blackadder

Corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of pain and suffering intended to punish a person or change his/her behavior. Punishment is the practice of imposing something unpleasant or aversive on a person or animal usually in response to disobedient or morally wrong behavior Historically speaking, most punishment, whether in judicial, domestic, or educational settings, were corporal in basis. Global progress towards achieving full prohibition of all corporal punishment of children is accelerating worldwide. The UN Study on Violence against Children sets a target date of 2009 for universal prohibition, including in the home. School discipline in the West generally avoids physical correction altogether. School discipline is a form of Discipline appropriate to the regulation of Children and the maintenance of order in Schools The term refers to The United States, where paddling remains legal in several states, is now the only significant exception to this (Canadian corrective force is widely reported[1] as being of a non-corporal nature). In most European countries it was banned at varying points in the 20th century. On the other hand, school corporal punishment, though probably on the decline overall, is lawful and remains in use in various other parts of the world, and is commonplace in some countries in Africa, the Caribbean and Asia, notably in former British territories but also in a few countries that were never under British rule, such as South Korea and (until very recently) Thailand. According to the Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, at least 106 countries do not prohibit the use of corporal punishment in schools, 147 countries do not prohibit it within alternative care settings.

Unofficially, physical punishment in schools also persists in some countries where it is technically illegal, such as South Africa and China.

Corporal punishment is still widely used by parents in the home, but since 2007 it has been banned in 23 countries. These legal bans are mostly of recent date. [2]. The exemption of corporal punishment from criminal assault in Canada stipulates that the assailant must be a teacher or parent (or guardian assuming all the obligations of a parent), that the force must be used "by way of correction" (sober, reasoned uses of force that address the actual behaviour of the child and are designed to restrain, control or express some symbolic disapproval of his or her behaviour), the child must be capable of benefiting from the correction (ie: not under the age of 2, disabled, etc), the use of force must also be "reasonable under the circumstances" - ie: it results neither in harm nor in the prospect of bodily harm. Corporal punishment which involves slaps or blows to the head is harmful. [3]

Contents

History of corporal punishment

While the early history of corporal punishment is unclear, the practice was certainly present in classical civilizations, being used in Greece, Rome, Egypt and the ancient kingdom of Israel, for both judicial and educational discipline. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The Kingdom of Israel ( ( KJV Israel in Samaria) was one of the successor states to the older United Monarchy (also often called the 'Kingdom of Israel' Practices varied greatly, though scourging and beating with sticks were common. Flagellation is the act of whipping (Latin flagellum, "whip" the human body Some states gained a reputation for using such punishments cruelly; Sparta, in particular, used frequently as part of a disciplinary regime designed to build willpower and physical strength. The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη Although the Spartan example was unusually extreme, corporal punishment was possibly the most frequent type of punishment. The maximum penalty allowed in the Roman Empire was 39 lashes with a whip, applied to the back and shoulders or "fasces"(similar to more modern birch rod, though consisting of 8-10 lengths of willow rather than birch), applied to the buttocks. Fasces (ˈfæsiːz a Plurale tantum, from the Latin word fascis, meaning "bundle" symbolize summary power and Jurisdiction Such punishments would commonly draw blood, and were frequently inflicted in public. In the Roman Empire (which covered most of Europe, Germany and Russia excepted, at its height) by Law the maximum penalty was 40 "lashes" or "strokes", though it was common practice to administer 39, to ensure the Law was not broken. Amongst those who suffered this punishment the most notable were perhaps the English Queen Boadicea in c. 55BC,[4] and, according to the Bible, Jesus Christ. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) [5]

In Medieval Europe, corporal punishment was encouraged by the attitudes of the medieval church towards the human body, with flagellation being a common means of self-discipline. Flagellation is the act of whipping (Latin flagellum, "whip" the human body In particular, this had a major influence on the use of corporal punishment in schools, as educational establishments were closely attached to the church during this period. Nevertheless, corporal punishment was not used uncritically; as early as the eleventh century Saint Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury was speaking out against what he saw as the cruel treatment of children. Saint Anselm of Canterbury (1033 &ndash April 21, 1109) was an Italian medieval Philosopher, theologian, and church official The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the [6]

From the sixteenth century onwards, new trends were seen in corporal punishment. Judicial punishments were increasingly made into public spectacles, with the public beatings of criminals intended as a deterrent to other would-be miscreants. Meanwhile, early writers on education, such as Roger Ascham, complained of the arbitrary manner in which children were punished. Roger Ascham (c 1515 - 23 December 1568) English scholar and didactic writer famous for his prose style his promotion of the vernacular [7] Probably the most influential writer on the subject was the English philosopher John Locke, whose Some Thoughts Concerning Education explicitly criticized the central role of corporal punishment in education. John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. Some Thoughts Concerning Education is a 1693 treatise Locke's work was highly influential, and in part influenced Polish legislators to ban corporal punishment from Poland's schools in 1783. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland [8]

During the eighteenth century, corporal punishment was heavily used, both by philosophers and legal reformers. Merely inflicting pain on miscreants was seen as inefficient, influencing the subject merely for a short period of time and effecting no permanent change in their behaviour. Some believed that the purpose of punishment should be reformation, not retribution. This is perhaps best expressed in Jeremy Bentham's idea of a panoptic prison, in which prisoners were controlled and surveyed at all times, perceived to be advantageous in that this system reduced the need of measures such as corporal punishment. Jeremy Bentham ( IPA: or) (15 February 1748&ndash6 June 1832 was an English Jurist, Philosopher, and legal and Social reformer The Panopticon is a type of Prison building designed by English architect Jeremy Bentham in 1785 [9]

Corporal punishment as whipping was especially popular in French Revolution. For example one of leaders of revolution Theroigne de Mericourt went mad, ending her days in an asylum after public whipping. On the 31 May 1793 the Jacobin women seized her, stripped her naked, and flogged her on bare bottom in the public garden of the Tuileries. The Palais des Tuileries was a royal Palace in Paris. It stood on the right bank of the River Seine until 1871, when it was destroyed After humilation shameless and bloodthirsty in delirium she started to live naked - refused to wear any garments, in memory of the outrage she had suffered. [10]

A consequence of this mode of thinking was a diminution of corporal punishment throughout the nineteenth century in Europe and North America. In some countries this was encouraged by scandals involving individuals seriously hurt during acts of corporal punishment. For instance, in Britain, popular opposition to punishment was encouraged by two significant cases, the death of Private Frederick John White, who died after a military flogging in 1847, and the death of Reginald Cancellor, who was killed by his schoolmaster in 1860. Heston is a place in the London Borough of Hounslow, West London. [11] Events such as these mobilized public opinion, and in response, many countries introduced thorough regulation of the infliction of corporal punishment in state institutions.

The use of corporal punishment declined through the twentieth century, though the practice has proved most persistent as a punishment for violation of prison rules, as a military field punishment, and in schools. A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils"

Administration of punishment

In formal punishment medical supervision is often considered necessary to assess whether the target of punishment is in a fit condition to be beaten and to oversee the punishment to prevent serious injury from occurring. The role of the medical officer was particularly important in the nineteenth century, a time in which severe punishment was common, but growing public criticism of the practice encouraged medical regulation.

One common problem with corporal punishment is the difficulty with which an objective measure of pain can be determined and delivered. In the nineteenth century scientists such as Alexander Bain and Francis Galton suggested scientific solutions to this, such as the use of electricity. A different Alexander Bain invented the electric clock Facsimile machine and Earth battery. Sir Francis Galton FRS ( 16 February 1822 &ndash 17 January 1911) half-cousin of Charles Darwin, was an [12] These were, however, unpopular and perceived as cruel. The difficulty in inflicting a set measure of pain makes it difficult to distinguish punishment from abuse, and has contributed to calls for the abolition of the practice.

Modern use

In the modern world, corporal punishment remains a common way of disciplining children; however its use has declined significantly since the 1950s. It has been outlawed[2] in many countries; however, some legal systems permit parents to use mild corporal punishment on their children.

Race and gender have a significant influence on corporal punishment in the western world. Black children and male children are much more likely to be hit at home and school[13] and corporal punishment of boys tends to be more severe, more frequent and more aggressive than corporal punishment administered to girls. [14] Ironically, while the research suggests that corporal punishment is potentially counterproductive for children, it is even more counterproductive for boys than girls. [15]

In terms of punishment in educational settings, approaches vary throughout the world. School corporal punishment is banned in most western nations and in industrialized nations outside the west. All of Western Europe, most of Eastern Europe, New Zealand, Japan and South Africa have banned school corporal punishment, as have many other countries. Corporal punishment is legal in some parts of Canada. In Australia, corporal punishment is banned in all state schools but continues in private schools in a couple of states. [16] In the United States, 23 states allow corporal punishment in schools. There is some disagreement about how much paddling occurs in US schools. Some estimates place the number of paddlings at approximately 350,000 a year, while the National Association of School Psychologists[17] places the number at 1. 5 million cases a year. [18] Evidence suggests that in the United States, racial and sexual discrimination play a large role in school corporal punishment, with black students being much more likely to be hit than white students, and male students being much more likely to be hit than female students, for the same infractions. [19]

Corporal punishment of male students also tends to be more severe and more aggressive. [20] In some places, this sexual discrimination has the force of law. For instance, in Queensland, Australia, school corporal punishment of girls was banned in 1934 but corporal punishment of boys in private schools is still legal in 2007. [21]

When used in the home as a form of domestic punishment for children, smacking (spanking in American English) is the most common form of corporal punishment, although this form of punishment of children is in declining use and/or banned in many countries. Spanking is a form of Corporal punishment that generally consists of striking the Buttocks of a Child or Teenager, usually by the parents

Some societies retain widespread use of judicial corporal punishment, including Malaysia and Singapore. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Singapore In Singapore, male offenders are typically sentenced to caning in addition to a prison term. Caning is used as a form of judicial or private Corporal punishment of males in Singapore. The Singaporean practice of caning became much discussed in the U. S. in 1994 when American teenager Michael P. Fay was sentenced to such punishment for an offence of car vandalism. Michael Peter Fay (born May 30, 1975) is an American who was caned in Singapore as an 18-year-old (25 days before turning 19 on May

The legality of punishment

Legality of corporal punishment in Europe      Corporal punishment prohibited in schools and the home      Corporal punishment prohibited in schools only      Corporal punishment not prohibited
Legality of corporal punishment in Europe      Corporal punishment prohibited in schools and the home      Corporal punishment prohibited in schools only      Corporal punishment not prohibited

While the domestic corporal punishment of children is still accepted in some countries, it is illegal in a number of countries. The practice has been banned in Austria, Bulgaria, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands, Ukraine,[2] Uruguay, Venezuela and New Zealand. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island [22] In Canada, corporal punishment is banned in schools and restricted in the home to children between 2 and 12 years of age. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page [23] In France, it was technically legal to practice corporal punishment in schools, but in 2000 a French court declared corporal punishment is no longer allowed under the laws of "right to correction" in schools, basically abolishing it. These developments are comparatively recent, with Sweden, in 1979, being the first country to forbid corporal punishment by law. [24] In a number of other countries there is active debate about its continued usage. In the United Kingdom its total abolition has been discussed. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located [25] The Australian state of Tasmania also is continuing to review the state's laws on the matter, and may seek to ban the use of corporal punishment by parents. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. [26] The matter is also under review in other Australian states.

United Nations human rights standards strongly discourage corporal punishment. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled [27]

Such debates, however, do not always lead to the banning of domestic corporal punishment and The Supreme Court of Canada recently reaffirmed in Foundation v. Canada the right of a parent or guardian to use corporal punishment on children between the ages of two and twelve; this decision was contentious, being based upon s. The Supreme Court of Canada ( French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian Foundation for Children Youth and the Law v Canada, 1 SCR 76 2004 SCC 4 - known also as the spanking case - is a leading Charter decision of the 43 of the Criminal Code of Canada, a provision enacted in 1892. [28] Similarly, despite some opposition to corporal punishment in the U.S., spanking children is legal, with 49 states -every state except Minnesota - explicitly allowing it in their law - and 23 US states allowing its use in public schools. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For other uses see Paddle (disambiguation spanking paddle is a usually wooden instrument with a long flat face and narrow neck so called because Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers [29]. A ban has been proposed in Massachusetts and California, on all corporal punishment of children, including by parents, and a series of laws in Minnesota severely restrict the use of corporal punishment of children.

In most parts of Eastern Asia (including China, Taiwan, Japan, Philippines, and Korea) it is legal to punish one's own child using physical means. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. In Singapore and Hong Kong, punishing one's own child with corporal punishment is either legal but discouraged, or illegal but without active enforcement of the relevant laws. Singapore Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Culturally, people in the region generally believe a minimal amount of corporal punishment for their own children is appropriate and necessary, and thus such practice is tolerated by the society as a whole. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions

In the Philippines, corporal punishment is used on children at the home, but prohibited at school. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The parents use belts, their hands, and caning to discipline their children. A belt is a flexible band typically made of Leather or heavy Cloth, and worn around the Waist. The hands ( med / lat: manus pl manūs are the two intricate prehensile multi- Fingered body parts normally located at the end of each arm of a Caning is a Physical punishment (see that article for generalities and alternatives consisting of a number of hits (known as "strokes" or "cuts" with [30]

The People's Republic of China and Taiwan have made corporal punishment against children illegal in the school system, but it is still known to be practiced in some form in many areas (see Corporal punishment in Taiwan). Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Corporal punishment is currently banned in the penal and education systems of the Republic of China ( Taiwan), even though there are no laws banning The most common forms of punishment are mild chastisements, such as shaking by the arm or shoulder, or slapping the back of the head or ear; more serious punishments, such as striking with the cane, are less common. Such incidents are increasingly leading to public outcry, and in recent years have led to the dismissal of teaching staff. Similarly, in South Korea, corporal punishments occur for students if they forget their homework, violate school rules, or are tardy to school. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː

There is resistance, particularly from conservatives, against making the corporal punishment of children by their parents or guardians illegal. In 2004, the United States declined to become a signatory of the United Nations's "Rights of the Child" because of its sanctions on parental discipline, citing the tradition of parental authority in that country and of privacy in family decision-making. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, often referred to as CRC or UNCRC, is an international convention setting out the civil political However, it should be noted that the Convention does not actually mention corporal punishment.

Many countries have banned the use of corporal punishment in schools, beginning with Poland in 1783. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The practice is still used in schools in some parts of the United States (approximately 1/2 the states but varying by school districts within them), though it is banned in others. Many schools, even within the 23 states, require written parent approval before any physical force is used upon a child.

The Supreme Court of India banned corporal punishment in schools in 2000 and by law, it is banned in the states of Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, Goa and Tamil Nadu. The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of the land as established by Part V Chapter IV of the Constitution of India. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. However, in spite of being illegal, several incidents of corporal punishment take place and most go unreported. Significantly, in one of its judgments, the Delhi High Court held that children should be allowed to acquire education with dignity and in an atmosphere free from fear of punishment, physical or otherwise. The High Court of Delhi (दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालय is the High Court of Delhi. They should not be slapped or caned by teachers in schools and corporal punishment is violative of the children's fundamental rights to equality before law and the life and personal liberty. The new guidelines issued by National Commission for Protection of Child Rights, which have not entered into law as on September 11, 2007 make it a crime to scold students or call them "stupid" or "mindless" in class. [3]

Criticism of corporal punishment

Academic studies have established that under some circumstances, corporal punishment of children can increase short-term compliance with parental commands, although comparisons in the same studies with alternative punishments such as one-minute time-outs did not establish that corporal punishment was more effective. [31]

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), however, in an official policy statement [4] (reaffirmed in 2004) states that "Corporal punishment is of limited effectiveness and has potentially deleterious side effects. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that parents be encouraged and assisted in the development of methods other than spanking for managing undesired behavior. " In particular, the AAP believes that any corporal punishment methods other than open-hand spanking on the buttocks or extremities "are unacceptable" and "should never be used". The policy statement points out, summarizing several studies, that "The more children are spanked, the more anger they report as adults, the more likely they are to spank their own children, the more likely they are to approve of hitting a spouse, and the more marital conflict they experience as adults. "[32] Spanking has been associated with higher rates of physical aggression, more substance abuse, and increased risk of crime and violence when used with older children and adolescents. [33]"

The American Psychological Association opposes the use of corporal punishment in schools, juvenile facilities, child care nurseries, and all other institutions, public or private, where children are cared for or educated (Conger, 1975). They state that corporal punishment is violent, unnecessary, may lower self-esteem, is likely to train children to use physical violence, and is liable to instill hostility and rage without reducing the undesired behavior. [34]

The Canadian Pediatrics Society policy on corporal punishment states "The Psychosocial Paediatrics Committee of the Canadian Paediatric Society has carefully reviewed the available research in the controversial area of disciplinary spanking (7-15). . . The research that is available supports the position that spanking and other forms of physical punishment are associated with negative child outcomes. The Canadian Paediatric Society, therefore, recommends that physicians strongly discourage disciplinary spanking and all other forms of physical punishment"[35]

England's Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health and Royal College of Psychiatrists have called for a complete ban on all corporal punishment, stating "We believe it is both wrong and impracticable to seek to define acceptable forms of corporal punishment of children. Such an exercise is unjust. Hitting children is a lesson in bad behaviour. "[36] and that "it is never appropriate to hit or beat children"[37]

The Australian Psychological Society holds that physical punishment of children should not be used as it has very limited capacity to deter unwanted behavior, does not teach alternative desirable behavior, often promotes further undesirable behaviors such as defiance and attachment to "delinquent" peer groups, encourages an acceptance of aggression and violence as acceptable responses to conflicts and problems[38]

UNESCO states "During the Commission on Human Rights, UNESCO launched a new report entitled "Eliminating Corporal Punishment - The Way Forward to Constructive Child Discipline". The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child has consistently recommended States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child to prohibit corporal punishment and other forms of violence against children in institutions, in schools, and in the homes. . . To discipline or punish through physical harm is clearly a violation of the most basic of human rights. Research on corporal punishment has found it to be counterproductive and relatively ineffective, as well as dangerous and harmful to physical, psychological and social well being. While many States have developed child protection laws and systems violence still continues to be inflicted upon children"[39]

The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child recommends that States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child to prohibit corporal punishment in institutions, in schools, and in the home. [40]

Many opponents of corporal punishment argue that any form of violence is by definition abusive. Psychological research indicates that corporal punishment causes the deterioration of trust bonds between parents and children. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Children subjected to corporal punishment may grow resentful, shy, insecure, or violent. Adults who report having been slapped or spanked by their parents in childhood have been found to experience elevated rates of anxiety disorder, alcohol abuse or dependence and externalizing problems as adults. [41] Some researchers believe that corporal punishment actually works against its objective (normally obedience), since children will not voluntarily obey an adult they do not trust. A child who is physically punished may have to be punished more often than a child who is not. Researcher Elizabeth Gershoff, Ph. D. , in a 2002 meta-analytic study that combined 60 years of research on corporal punishment, found that the only positive outcome of corporal punishment was immediate compliance; however, corporal punishment was associated with less long-term compliance. [42] Corporal punishment was linked with nine other negative outcomes, including increased rates of aggression, delinquency, mental health problems, problems in relationships with their parents, and likelihood of being physically abused.

Opponents claim that much child abuse begins with spanking: a parent accustomed to using corporal punishment may find it all too easy, when frustrated, to step over the line into physical abuse. Child abuse is the physical, psychological or sexual maltreatment of children Spanking is a form of Corporal punishment that generally consists of striking the Buttocks of a Child or Teenager, usually by the parents One study found that 40% of 111 mothers were worried that they could possibly hurt their children. [43] It is argued that frustrated parents turn to spanking when attempting to discipline their child, and then get carried away (given the arguable continuum between spanking and hitting). This "continuum" argument also raises the question of whether a spank can be "too hard" and how (if at all) this can be defined in practical terms. This in turn leads to the question whether parents who spank their children "too hard" are crossing the line and beginning to abuse them.

Before 1997, although there were many studies linking spanking with higher levels of misbehaviour in children, people could argue that it was the misbehaviour that caused the spanking. However, since that time several studies have examined changes in behaviour over time and propose a link between corporal punishment and increasing relative levels of misbehaviour compared to similar children who were not corporally punished. Reasons for corporal punishment possibly causing increased misbehaviour in the long run may include: children imitating the corporally-punishing behaviour of their parents by hitting other people; acting out of resentment stemming from corporal punishment; reduced self-esteem; loss of opportunities to learn peaceful conflict resolution; punishing the parents for the acts of corporal punishment; and assertion of freedom and dignity by refusing to be controlled by corporal punishment.

The problem with the use of corporal punishment is that, if punishments are to maintain their efficacy, the amount of force required may have to be increased over successive punishments. This was observed by the American Academy of Pediatrics, [5] which stated that: "The only way to maintain the initial effect of spanking is to systematically increase the intensity with which it is delivered, which can quickly escalate into abuse". Additionally, the Academy noted that: "Parents who spank their children are more likely to use other unacceptable forms of corporal punishment. "[44]

Another problem with corporal punishment, according to the skeptics, is that it polarizes the parent-child relationship, reducing the amount of spontaneous cooperation on the part of the child. The AAP policy statement says ". . . reliance on spanking as a discipline approach makes other discipline strategies less effective to use". Thus it has an addiction-like effect: the more one spanks, the more one feels a need to spank, possibly escalating until the situation is out of control.

Corporal punishment, fetishism, and BDSM

Corporal punishment is sometimes fetishized, and is the basis of a number of paraphilias, most notably erotic spanking. Sexual fetishism, or erotic fetishism, is the Sexual attraction to materials and objects not conventionally viewed as being sexual in nature Erotic spanking is the practice of Spanking another person for the sexual gratification of either or both parties This phenomenon was first noted by the German psychologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing, who suggested that sadism and masochism often developed out of the experience of children receiving corporal punishment at school. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing ( August 14 1840 &ndash December 22 1902) was an Austro-German sexologist and Psychiatrist Sadism refers to Sexual or non-sexual gratification in the infliction of Pain or humiliation upon or by another person [45] Whilst this has been a popular interpretation, it was disputed by Sigmund Freud, who suggested that a sexual interest in corporal punishment developed in early childhood and rarely related to actual experiences of punishment. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded [46]

Anatomical target

A crucial, inevitable choice is which part of the body is to suffer the painful treatment; sometimes a combination of several targets is chosen, so as to maximize the longer-lasting discomfort.

Several considerations can be taken into account, mainly :

Different parts of the anatomy represent different considerations for punishment:

Still other methods are aimed at the interior, such as non-lethal intoxication, forced-feeding; at the muscles (difficult positions, exercices); or at the whole body, as with hunger, thirst, exhaustion. The buttocks (singular buttock) are rounded portions of the anatomy located on the posterior of the Pelvic region of the Apes including Humans Spanking is a form of Corporal punishment that generally consists of striking the Buttocks of a Child or Teenager, usually by the parents Foot whipping, variously known as bastinado, falanga ( phalanga) and falaka ( falaqa) is a form of Torture wherein the Force-feeding, which in some circumstances is also called gavage, is the practice of feeding a person or an animal against their will Corporal punishment can be directed at a number of different anatomical targets, the choice depending on a number of factors. The humiliation and pain of a particular punishment have always been primary concerns, but convenience and custom are also factors. There is an additional concern in the modern world about the permanent harm that can result from punishment, though this was rarely a factor before the nineteenth century. The intention of corporal punishment is to discipline an individual with the infliction of a measure of pain, and permanent injury is considered counterproductive.

Ritual and punishment

Corporal punishment in formal settings, such as schools and prisons, is often highly ritualised, sometimes even staged in a highly theatrical manner. To a great extent the spectacle of punishment is intended to act as a deterrent to others and a theatrical approach is one result of this.

One consequence of the ritualised nature of much punishment has been the development of a wide variety of equipment used. Formal punishment often begins with the victim stripped of some or all of their clothing and secured to a piece of furniture, such as a trestle, frame[7] (X-cross), punishment horse or falaka. The St Andrew's Cross, Crux decussata, X-cross or saltire cross, is a common sight in BDSM dungeons because of its practicality and Spanking is a form of Corporal punishment that generally consists of striking the Buttocks of a Child or Teenager, usually by the parents Foot whipping, variously known as bastinado, falanga ( phalanga) and falaka ( falaqa) is a form of Torture wherein the A variety of implements are then used to inflict blows on the victim. The terms used to describe these are not fixed, varying by country and by context. There are, however, a number of common types which are frequently encountered when reading about corporal punishment. These are:

In some instances the victim of punishment is required to prepare the implement which will be used upon them. For instance, sailors were employed in preparing the cat o' nine tails which would be used upon their own back, whilst children were sent to cut a switch or rod. The cat o' nine tails, commonly shortened to 'the cat' is a type of multi-tailed whipping device that originated as an implement for severe Physical punishment

In contrast, informal punishments, particularly in domestic settings, tend to lack this ritual nature and are often administered with whatever object comes to hand. It is common, for instance, for belts, wooden spoons, slippers or hairbrushes to be used in domestic punishment, whilst rulers and other classroom equipment have been used in schools.

In parts of England, boys were formerly beaten under the old tradition of "Beating the Bounds" when a boy was paraded around the boundary of an area of a city or district and would often ask to be beaten on the buttocks. Rogation days are in the calendar of the Western Church four days traditionally set apart for solemn processions to invoke God's mercy One famous "Beating the Bounds" happened around the boundary of St Giles and the area where Tottenham Court Road now stands in London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The actual stone that separated the boundary is now under the Centerpoint office block. See "London" by Peter Ackroyd for more information on this subject. Peter Ackroyd (born 5 October 1949, East Acton, London) is an English Author.

See also

References

  1. ^ Abolition of school corporal punishment in Canada, Feb 2004 - CORPUN ARCHIVE cas00402
  2. ^ a b c Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. Birching is a Corporal punishment with a Birch rod typically applied to the recipient's bare buttocks although occasionally to the back and/or shoulders Caning is a Physical punishment (see that article for generalities and alternatives consisting of a number of hits (known as "strokes" or "cuts" with Caning is used as a form of judicial or private Corporal punishment of males in Singapore. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Domestic violence (also known as domestic abuse or spousal abuse) occurs when a family member partner or ex-partner attempts to physically or psychologically dominate Hazing is an often Ritualistic test and a task which may constitute Harassment, Abuse or Humiliation with requirements to perform random often Hotsaucing is the act of disciplining a child by putting Hot sauce on his Tongue. Corporal punishment is forced pain intended to change a person's behaviour or to punish them For other uses see Paddle (disambiguation spanking paddle is a usually wooden instrument with a long flat face and narrow neck so called because Punishment is the practice of imposing something unpleasant or aversive on a person or animal usually in response to disobedient or morally wrong behavior School discipline is a form of Discipline appropriate to the regulation of Children and the maintenance of order in Schools The term refers to Spanking is a form of Corporal punishment that generally consists of striking the Buttocks of a Child or Teenager, usually by the parents Washing out mouth with soap, also known as mouth soaping, is a form of Corporal punishment, usually given to children for cursing (using profanity Corporal punishment is banned in: Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Ukraine. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.
  3. ^ CanLII - 2004 SCC 4 (CanLII)
  4. ^ Collingwood, V. Boadicea, 2005
  5. ^ Bible, Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke
  6. ^ Wicksteed J. The Challenge of Childhood. London: Chapman & Hall Ltd. , 1936: 34-35
  7. ^ Ascham R. The Schoolmaster. Roger Ascham (c 1515 - 23 December 1568) English scholar and didactic writer famous for his prose style his promotion of the vernacular London: John Daye, 1571: 1
  8. ^ Newell P. A Last Resort? Corporal Punishment in Schools. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972: 9
  9. ^ Bentham J. Chrestomathia. Jeremy Bentham ( IPA: or) (15 February 1748&ndash6 June 1832 was an English Jurist, Philosopher, and legal and Social reformer Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983: 34, 106
  10. ^ Roudinesco, Elisabeth. (1992) Madness and Revolution: The Lives and Legends of Theroigne de Mericourt, Verso. ISBN 0-86091-597-2. p. 198
  11. ^ Middleton J. Thomas Hopley and mid-Victorian attitudes to corporal punishment. History of Education 2005
  12. ^ Bain A. Mind and Body. A different Alexander Bain invented the electric clock Facsimile machine and Earth battery. London: Henry S. King & Co. , 1873: 65
  13. ^ Day, Randal. , Predicting Spanking of Younger and Older Children by their Mothers and Fathers. Journal of Marriage and the Family 60 (February 1998): 79-94
  14. ^ Straus, 1994; Kipnis, 1999; Kindlon and Thompson, 1999; Newberger, 1999; Hyman, 1997
  15. ^ (Murray A. Straus and Julie H. Stewart. "Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review", Vol. 2, No. 2, 1999)
  16. ^ http://www.criminology.unimelb.edu.au/staff/alastair_nicholson/Hug_Not_Hit.pdf
  17. ^ NASP Position Statement - Corporal Punishment
  18. ^ Owen, S. S. (2005). The relationship between social capital and corporal punishment in schools: A theoretical inquiry. Youth and Society, 37, 85-112.
  19. ^ Gregory, James F. Crime of punishment: Racial and gender disparities in the use of corporal punishment in U. S. public schools, The. Journal of Negro Education. Fall 1995.
  20. ^ Straus, 1994; Kipnis, 1999; Kindlon and Thompson, 1999; Newberger, 1999; Hyman, 1997
  21. ^ Queensland Department of Education, http://education.qld.gov.au/information/service/libraries/edhistory/topics/corporal/regulations.html
  22. ^ "Anti-smacking bill becomes law", NZPA, 2007-05-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Retrieved on 2007-05-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.  
  23. ^ Legal Reforms Worldwide
  24. ^ Save The Children Sweden. [1]
  25. ^ "Calling time on the "Hit Squad"", Malaysia Sun. Retrieved on 2007-07-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls,  
  26. ^ [2]
  27. ^ Hitting people is wrong – and children are people too. Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, Save the Children Sweden (2003-03-09). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Retrieved on 2007-04-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
  28. ^ CBC News Indepth: Spanking
  29. ^ Facts About Corporal Punishment.
  30. ^ Corporal punishment in school, Philippines, Feb 2004 - CORPUN ARCHIVE phs00402
  31. ^ Larzelere, Robert E. A Review of the Outcomes of Parental Use of Nonabusive or Customary Physical Punishment. Pediatrics 1996; 98: 824-831 . It should be noted that neither the pro-spanking or anti-spanking studies are truly scientific - they cannot be modeled or reproduced by other researchers, and the studies are often heavily biased toward producing a result that affirms the researcher's personal beliefs. Another serious flaw in many of the anti-spanking studies is the lumping together of all types of physical violence and assaults by adults upon kids, and referring to this as corporal punishment. For the purposes of truthful disclosure, the term corporal punishment should only refer to what is commonly called spanking, paddling, strapping or caning (based upon the implement used), and where the forceful blows are applied only to the buttocks. To term any other act such as punching, kicking, face-slapping, burning with cigarettes, striking the back or shoulders with a 2 X 4 and similar acts, is to muddy the waters with violent assaultive action that is technically not corporal punishment. These acts may certainly be punitive in some measure and they are certainly directed at the physical (corporal) body, but they are not the typical parental or educational punishment to which the term "corporal punishment" is intended to typify
  32. ^ Straus MA. Spanking and the making of a violent society. Pediatrics 1996; 98:837-842 PMID 8885984
  33. ^ Cohen P. How can generative theories of the effects of punishment be tested? Pediatrics 1996; 98:834-836 PMID 8885983
  34. ^ CYF Resolutions: Corporal Punishment
  35. ^ CPS position statement: Psychosocial Paediatrics: Effective discipline for children
  36. ^ Domestic smacking and spanking, UK, Sep 1998 - CORPUN ARCHIVE ukdm9809
  37. ^ Community Pediatrics: Role of Physicians and Organizations - Lynch 112 (3): 732 - Pediatrics
  38. ^ 0293 - AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY—PUNISHMENT AND BEHAVIOUR CHANGE
  39. ^ Canadian Children's Rights Council - Supreme Court of Canada - Corporal Punishment Decision
  40. ^ Canadian Children's Rights Council - Supreme Court of Canada - Corporal Punishment Decision
  41. ^ MacMillan, HL. , et al. , Slapping and spanking in childhood and its association with lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a general population. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1999; 161(7):805-9
  42. ^ Gershoff, E. Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin. 2002; 128(4):539-579
  43. ^ Straus, M. , Beating the Devil out of Them: Corporal Punishment in American Families and Its Effects on Children. Transaction Publishers: New Brunswick, New Jersey, 2001: 85 ISBN 0-7658-0754-8
  44. ^ Graziano AM, Hamblen JL, Plante WA. Subabusive violence in child rearing in middle-class American families. Pediatrics 1996; 98:845-848 PMID 8885986
  45. ^ Krafft-Ebing, R. Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing ( August 14 1840 &ndash December 22 1902) was an Austro-German sexologist and Psychiatrist Psychopathia Sexualis. London & Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co. , 1892
  46. ^ Freud, S. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded "A child is being beaten". International Journal of Psychoanalysis 1919; 1:371

External links

The Mississippi Teacher Corps ( MTC) is a two-year teaching program that recruits college graduates to teach in "critical-need areas" of Mississippi, specifically

Dictionary

corporal punishment

-noun

  1. A form of punishment achieved by inflicting blows to the victim's body.
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